576:
patriotic service, should be treated with such apparent callousness. But there can be no doubt that in an overwhelming proportion of cases, these patients succumb to ‘shock’ because they get something out of it. To give them this reward is not ultimately a benefit to them because it encourages the weaker tendencies in their character. The nation cannot call on its citizens for courage and sacrifice and, at the same time, state by implication that an unconscious cowardice or an unconscious dishonesty will be rewarded.
646:) to open up a $ 10 million study of the blast effects on the human brain. The study revealed that, while the brain remains intact immediately after low-level blast effects, the chronic inflammation afterwards is what ultimately leads to many cases of shell shock and PTSD. As of 2024, the Department of Defense allocates nearly $ 1 billion annually to study brain damage.
1700:
342:… you are able to explain to him that there is really nothing wrong with him, give him a rest at the aid post if necessary and a day or two's sleep, go up with him to the front line, and, when there, see him often, sit down beside him and talk to him about the war and look through his periscope and let the man see you are taking an interest in him.
1712:
350:, which would normally be close enough to the front line to hear artillery fire, a casualty might be evacuated to one of four dedicated psychiatric centers which had been set up further behind the lines, and were labeled as "NYDN – Not Yet Diagnosed Nervous" pending further investigation by medical specialists.
228:, and hypersensitivity to noise. While these symptoms resembled those that would be expected after a physical wound to the brain, many of those reporting sick showed no signs of head wounds. By December 1914, as many as 10% of British officers and 4% of enlisted men were experiencing "nervous and mental shock".
485:
When cases are sufficiently severe to necessitate more scientific and elaborate treatment they should be sent to special
Neurological Centres as near the front as possible, to be under the care of an expert in nervous disorders. No such case should, however, be so labelled on evacuation as to fix the
436:
of shell shock meant that it was not, in itself, considered an admissible defense. Although some doctors or medics did try to cure soldiers' shell shock, it was first done in a brutal way. Doctors would provide electric shock to soldiers in hopes that it would shock them back to their normal, heroic,
386:
on the brains of deceased armed forces service members found that "all five cases with chronic blast exposure showed prominent astroglial scarring that involved the subpial glial plate, penetrating cortical blood vessels, gray–white matter junctions, and structures lining the ventricles; all cases of
353:
Although the Battle of
Passchendaele generally became a byword for horror, the number of shell-shock cases were relatively few: 5,346 shell-shock cases reached the Casualty Clearing Station, or roughly 1% of the British forces engaged; 3,963 (or just under 75%) of these men returned to active service
316:
of shell shock. If men were "uninjured" it was easier to return them to the front to continue fighting. Another consequence was an increasing amount of time and effort devoted to understanding and treating shell-shock symptoms. Soldiers who returned with shell shock generally could not remember much
575:
There should be no excuse given for the establishment of a belief that a functional nervous disability constitutes a right to compensation. This is hard saying. It may seem cruel that those whose sufferings are real, whose illness has been brought on by enemy action and very likely in the course of
562:
Something was wrong. They put on civilian clothes again and looked to their mothers and wives very much like the young men who had gone to business in the peaceful days before August 1914. But they had not come back the same men. Something had altered in them. They were subject to sudden moods, and
492:
When evacuation to the base hospital is necessary, cases should be treated in a separate hospital or separate sections of a hospital, and not with the ordinary sick and wounded patients. Only in exceptional circumstances should cases be sent to the United
Kingdom, as, for instance, men likely to be
478:
No soldier should be allowed to think that loss of nervous or mental control provides an honourable avenue of escape from the battlefield, and every endeavour should be made to prevent slight cases leaving the battalion or divisional area, where treatment should be confined to provision of rest and
368:
There were so many officers and men with shell shock that 19 British military hospitals were wholly devoted to the treatment of cases. Ten years after the war, 65,000 veterans of the war were still receiving treatment for it in
Britain. In France it was possible to visit aged shell-shock victims in
304:
At first, shell-shock casualties were rapidly evacuated from the front line – in part because of fear over their frequently dangerous and unpredictable behavior. As the size of the
British Expeditionary Force increased, and manpower became in shorter supply, the number of shell-shock
499:
The establishment of an atmosphere of cure is the basis of all successful treatment, the personality of the physician is, therefore, of the greatest importance. While recognising that each individual case of war neurosis must be treated on its merits, the
Committee are of opinion that good results
276:
At the same time, an alternative view developed describing shell shock as an emotional, rather than a physical, injury. Evidence for this point of view was provided by the fact that an increasing proportion of men with shell-shock symptoms had not been exposed to artillery fire. Since the symptoms
449:
describes a patient who had, over the course of nine months, been subjected unsuccessfully to numerous treatments for his mutism; these included strong application of electricity to his throat, lit cigarette ends applied to the tip of his tongue, and "hot plates" placed in the back of his mouth.
453:
Executions of soldiers in the
British Army were not commonplace. While there were 240,000 courts martial and 3080 death sentences handed down; in only 346 cases was the sentence carried out. In total, 266 British soldiers were executed for "Desertion", 18 for "Cowardice", 7 for "Quitting a post
390:
There is also evidence to suggest that the type of warfare faced by soldiers would affect the probability of shell-shock symptoms developing. First-hand reports from medical doctors at the time note that rates of such conditions decreased once the war was mobilized again during the 1918 German
503:
The committee are of opinion that the production of hypnoidal state and deep hypnotic sleep, while beneficial as a means of conveying suggestions or eliciting forgotten experiences are useful in selected cases, but in the majority they are unnecessary and may even aggravate the symptoms for a
427:
Some men with shell shock were put on trial, and even executed, for military crimes including desertion and cowardice. While it was recognized that the stresses of war could cause men to break down, a lasting episode was likely to be seen as symptomatic of an underlying lack of character. For
412:
investigation found that U.S. Navy SEALs who died by suicide suffered brain damage from years of repeated blast exposure during training and combat. The damage was markedly different from the chronic traumatic encephalopathy which is found in football players and other athletes who have been
381:
in 2015 found that the brain tissue of combat veterans who had been exposed to improvised explosive devices exhibited a pattern of injury in the areas responsible for decision making, memory, and reasoning. This evidence has led the researchers to conclude that shell shock may not only be a
510:
In the state of convalescence, re-education and suitable occupation of an interesting nature are of great importance. If the patient is unfit for further military service, it is considered that every endeavour should be made to obtain for him suitable employment on his return to active
264:
The number of shell-shock cases grew during 1915 and 1916; however, it remained poorly understood medically and psychologically. Some physicians held the view that it was a result of hidden physical damage to the brain, with the shock waves from bursting shells creating a cerebral
152:(PTSD) that many soldiers experienced during the war, before PTSD was officially recognized. It is a reaction to the intensity of the bombardment and fighting that produced helplessness, which could manifest as panic, fear, flight, or an inability to reason, sleep, walk, or talk.
68:
337:
You must send your commotional cases down the line. But when you get these emotional cases, unless they are very bad, if you have a hold of the men and they know you and you know them (and there is a good deal more in the man knowing you than in you knowing the
500:
will be obtained in the majority by the simplest forms of psycho-therapy, i.e., explanation, persuasion and suggestion, aided by such physical methods as baths, electricity and massage. Rest of mind and body is essential in all cases.
545:
By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions – about 15% of all pensioned disabilities – and another 44,000 or
457:
Many soldiers and officers had some level of fear, but many chose to hide this in order to keep up their appearances. But as shell shock continued to become a talked about subject, soldiers started opening up about their fears.
288:".' If, however, the man's breakdown did not follow a shell explosion, it was not thought to be 'due to the enemy'; and he was to labelled 'Shell-shock, S' (for sickness) and was not entitled to a wound stripe or a pension."
387:
acute blast exposure showed early astroglial scarring in the same brain regions." Immense pressure changes are involved in shell shock. Even mild changes in air pressure from weather have been linked to changes in behavior.
324:
in 1917, the
British Army had developed methods to reduce shell shock. A man who began to show shell-shock symptoms was best given a few days' rest by his local medical officer. Col. James Samuel Yeaman Rogers (1868–1949),
284:'Shell-shock and shell concussion cases should have the letter W prefixed to the report of the casualty, if it was due to the enemy: in that case the patient would be entitled to rank as "wounded" and to wear on his arm a "
642:, approximately 380,000 U.S. troops, about 19% of those deployed, were estimated to have sustained brain injuries from explosive weapons and devices. This prompted the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
633:
Although the term "shell shocked" is typically used in discussions of WWI to describe early forms of PTSD, its high-impact explosives–related nature provides modern applications as well. During their deployment in
454:
without authority", 5 for "Disobedience to a lawful command", and 2 for "Casting away arms". On 7 November 2006, the government of the United
Kingdom gave them all a posthumous conditional pardon.
280:
In spite of this evidence, the
British Army continued to try to differentiate those whose symptoms followed explosive exposure from others. In 1915, the British Army in France was instructed that:
365:
The treatment of chronic shell shock varied widely according to the details of the symptoms, the views of the doctors involved, and other factors including the rank and class of the patient.
309:
in 1916, as many as 40% of casualties were shell-shocked, resulting in concern about an epidemic of psychiatric casualties, which could not be afforded in either military or financial terms.
567:
alternating with a restless desire for pleasure. Many were easily moved to passion where they lost control of themselves, many were bitter in their speech, violent in opinion, frightening.
155:
During the war, the concept of shell shock was poorly defined. Cases of "shell shock" could be interpreted as either a physical or psychological injury. Although the United States'
383:
291:
However, it often proved difficult to identify which cases were which, as the information on whether a casualty had been close to a shell explosion or not was rarely provided.
354:
without being referred to a hospital for specialist treatment. The number of shell-shock cases reduced throughout the battle, and the epidemic of illness was ended.
382:
psychological disorder, since the symptoms exhibited by affected individuals from the First World War are very similar to these injuries. Additional research from
312:
Among the consequences of this were an increasing official preference for the psychological interpretation of shell shock, and a deliberate attempt to avoid the
1737:
235:
to reflect an assumed link between the symptoms and the effects of explosions from artillery shells. The term was first published in 1915 in an article in
1126:"James Samuel Yeaman Rogers :: Great War Dundee - This is Dundee's story of those that served in the First World War, and of the people left at home"
714:
159:
still uses the term to describe certain aspects of PTSD, it is mostly a historical term, and is often considered to be the signature injury of the war.
817:
1742:
209:
907:
967:
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520:(1) If the symptoms of neurosis are of such a character that the soldier cannot be treated overseas with a view to subsequent useful employment.
357:
During 1917, "shell shock" was entirely banned as a diagnosis in the British Army, and mentions of it were censored, even in medical journals.
639:
554:. There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg.
1027:
801:
1227:
Shively, Sharon Baughman; Horkayne-Szakaly, Iren; Jones, Robert V.; Kelly, James P.; Armstrong, Regina C.; Perl, Daniel P. (August 2016).
621:, basing many of her characters on real historical figures and drawing on the writings of the First World War poets and the army doctor
601:
Shell shock has had a profound impact in British culture and the popular memory of World War I. At the time, war-writers like the poets
532:
It is, however, considered that many of such cases could, after recovery, be usefully employed in some form of auxiliary military duty.
1626:
1589:
915:
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854:
269:
that caused the symptoms and could potentially prove fatal. Another explanation was that shell shock resulted from poisoning by the
1295:
van der Hart, Onno (2001). "Somatoform Dissociation in Traumatized World War I Combat Soldiers: A Neglected Clinical Heritage".
764:
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offensive, following the 1916–1917 period where the highest rates of shell shock can be found. This could suggest that it was
156:
149:
133:
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unfit for further service of any kind with the forces in the field. This policy should be widely known throughout the Force.
1080:"War Neurosis and Cultural Change in England, 1914-22: The Work of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into 'Shell-Shock'"
1690:
1747:
1229:"Characterisation of interface astroglial scarring in the human brain after blast exposure: a post-mortem case series"
31:
1315:
523:(2) If the breakdown is of such severity as to necessitate a long period of rest and treatment in the United Kingdom.
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405:
326:
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appeared in men who had no proximity to an exploding shell, the physical explanation was clearly unsatisfactory.
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While Sassoon did not in fact suffer from shell shock, he was declared insane at the instigation of his friend
378:
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321:
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58:
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said that shell shock was a weakness and was not found in "good" units. The continued pressure to avoid
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395:, and the experience of siege warfare specifically, that led to the development of these symptoms.
306:
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197:
100:
529:(4) If the disability is a mental breakdown or psychosis requiring treatment in a mental hospital.
1464:
1107:
859:
112:
95:
78:
veterans displaying a few of the myriad of symptoms associated with 'shell shock'/'war-neurosis'.
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There are terms that exist that describe similar characteristics of shell shock, like the
170:, which is a similar but not identical response to the trauma of warfare and bombardment.
75:
67:
404:
article indicated that U.S. soldiers assigned to round-the-clock artillery duties during
1281:
The relationship between weather and children's behavior: a study of teacher perceptions
1013:
1679:
Our Present Needs a Past: A Historical Look at Shell Shock Tedx Talk by Annessa Stagner
1182:
989:
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745:"(1918) WWI veterans: Shell shock sequels, war neurosis.[4k, 60fps, colorized]"
446:
433:
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392:
313:
232:
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818:"SHELL SHOCK NOT SERIOUS.; Physically Sound Soldiers Are Immune, Allied Surgeons Find"
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903:
690:
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Soldiers should not be returned to the fighting line under the following conditions:
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586:
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instance, in his testimony to the post-war Royal Commission examining shell shock,
285:
246:
182:
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comfort for those who need it and to heartening them for return to the front line.
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and weakness of mind by military leadership. In recent decades and following the
330:
258:
190:
186:
145:
1619:
Shell Shock. Traumatic Neurosis and the British Soldiers of the First World War
1609:
1173:
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suffered concussive brain damage, causing lasting psychological damage. A 2024
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744:
660:
614:
237:
88:
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1103:
868:
829:
1452:
589:, the term "shell shock" was banned by the British Army, though the phrase "
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174:
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998:
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17:
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635:
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213:
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116:
1560:"Pattern of Brain Damage is Pervasive in Navy SEALs Who Died by Suicide"
1468:
1436:
1342:"Pattern of Brain Damage Is Pervasive in Navy SEALs Who Died by Suicide"
749:
538:
217:
1111:
1079:
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dealt with shell shock in their work. Sassoon and Owen spent time at
266:
254:
225:
104:
305:
cases became a growing problem for the military authorities. At the
1597:"The Limits of Endurance: Shell Shock and Dissent in World War One"
208:
During the early stages of World War I, in 1914, soldiers from the
166:
and beyond, the diagnosis of "shell shock" was replaced by that of
1483:"Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into "Shell-Shock""
1437:"Patriotism, the Great War and the Decline of Victorian Manliness"
908:"Shell Shock and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Historical Review"
643:
537:
Part of the concern was that many British veterans were receiving
470:
which was published in 1922. Recommendations from this included:
1667:
Shell Shock during World War I, by Professor Joanna Bourke - BBC
1421:
1316:"A Secret War, Strange New Wounds and Silence From the Pentagon"
468:
Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into "Shell-Shock"
317:
because their brain would shut out all the traumatic memories.
173:
Despite medical alerts, long-term trouble was disregarded as a
1206:"Combat Veterans' Brains Reveal Hidden Damage from IED Blasts"
715:"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Doctors Lounge (TM)"
790:
To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918
693:
in order to avoid prosecution for his anti-war publications.
507:
They do not recommend psycho-analysis in the Freudian sense.
526:(3) If the disability is anxiety neurosis of a severe type.
249:, while 10% displayed what would now be termed symptoms of
1632:
Myers, C.S. "A contribution to the study of shell shock".
1534:"Preventing Violent Explosive Neurologic Trauma (PREVENT)"
212:
began to report medical symptoms after combat, including
1061:
A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists, 1914–1994
617:
explored the causes and effects of shell shock in her
1688:
1314:
Philipps, Dave; Callahan, Matthew (5 November 2023).
1644:
1367:"BBC Inside Out Extra - Shell Shock - March 3, 2004"
593:" was used to describe similar traumatic responses.
384:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
1648:
855:"What if PTSD Is More Physical Than Psychological?"
346:If symptoms persisted after a few weeks at a local
245:. Some 60–80% of shell-shock cases displayed acute
123:
94:
82:
49:
44:
780:
778:
550:… were getting pensions for "soldier's heart" or
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
486:idea of nervous breakdown in the patient’s mind.
1558:Philipps, Dave; Holston, Kenny (30 June 2024).
1340:Philipps, Dave; Holston, Kenny (30 June 2024).
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
613:, which treated shell-shock casualties. Author
1672:An Address on the Repression of War Experience
963:"Shell shock, Gordon Holmes and the Great War"
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
1404:"Shot at Dawn: Cowards, Traitors or Victims?"
231:The term "shell shock" was coined during the
8:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
437:pre-war selves. While illustrating cases of
200:, which both come from the stresses of war.
181:, shell shock has been linked to biological
571:One British writer between the wars wrote:
1645:
1584:, Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012.
1155:"The Life and Death of Private Harry Farr"
41:
1608:
1246:
1181:
988:
1391:. London : Macmillan. pp. 7–8.
1162:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
968:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1695:
706:
682:
27:Term for post-traumatic stress disorder
1402:Taylor-Whiffen, Peter (1 March 2002).
558:War correspondent Philip Gibbs wrote:
7:
1297:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
1738:Obsolete terms for mental disorders
1420:. ShotAtDawn.org.uk. Archived from
1418:"War Pardons receives Royal Assent"
1601:The Journal of New Zealand Studies
916:The American Journal of Psychiatry
765:"Is Shell Shock the Same as PTSD?"
466:The British government produced a
25:
1674:, by W.H. Rivers, 4 December 1917
1153:Wessely, Simon (September 2006).
144:is a term that originated during
1743:Military medicine in World War I
1710:
1698:
563:queer tempers, fits of profound
541:and had long-term disabilities.
66:
1389:Hysterical Disorders of Warfare
1084:Journal of Contemporary History
902:Jones, Edgar; Fear, Nicola T.;
443:Hysterical Disorders of Warfare
423:British Army during World War I
1753:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1018:(1 ed.). Harrow, London:
929:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071180
157:Department of Veterans Affairs
150:post-traumatic stress disorder
134:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1248:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30057-6
1621:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
413:repeatedly hit in the head.
1636:, 1, 1915, pp. 316–320
629:Modern cases of shell shock
514:Return to the fighting line
462:Committee of Enquiry report
210:British Expeditionary Force
1769:
1610:10.26686/jnzs.v0ins27.5175
1435:Fletcher, Anthony (2014).
1174:10.1177/014107680609900913
1096:10.1177/002200948902400203
981:10.1177/014107680409700215
611:Craiglockhart War Hospital
420:
406:Operation Inherent Resolve
327:Regimental Medical Officer
29:
796:. pp. xv, 242, 348.
794:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
591:postconcussional syndrome
581:Development of psychiatry
348:Casualty Clearing Station
189:and micro-tearing of the
74:
65:
1387:Yealland, Lewis (1918).
379:Johns Hopkins University
148:to describe the type of
61:, operational exhaustion
1595:Horrocks, John (2018).
1453:10.1111/1468-229X.12044
1012:Robson, Stuart (2007).
961:Macleod, A. D. (2004).
482:In neurological centres
322:Battle of Passchendaele
656:Combat stress reaction
578:
569:
556:
535:
344:
273:formed by explosions.
168:combat stress reaction
719:www.doctorslounge.com
573:
560:
543:
472:
335:
1278:Dabb, C (May 1997).
1078:Bogacz, Ted (1989).
619:Regeneration Trilogy
585:At the beginning of
30:For other uses, see
1748:Military psychology
1424:on 6 December 2006.
1015:The First World War
725:on 28 November 2022
666:Thousand-yard stare
597:Society and culture
434:medical recognition
369:hospitals in 1960.
307:Battle of the Somme
251:conversion disorder
198:thousand-yard stare
101:Thousand yard stare
1575:General references
1564:The New York Times
1509:"The Shock of War"
1447:(1 (334)): 40–72.
1346:The New York Times
1320:The New York Times
860:The New York Times
822:The New York Times
753:. 31 October 2021.
496:Forms of treatment
113:inability to speak
1662:
1661:
1580:Coulthart, Ross.
1208:. 14 January 2015
1029:978-1-4058-2471-2
923:(11): 1641–1645.
906:(November 2007).
803:978-0-547-75031-6
603:Siegfried Sassoon
489:In base hospitals
361:Chronic treatment
139:
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39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1733:1910s neologisms
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853:(10 June 2016).
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786:Hochschild, Adam
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769:Psychology Today
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721:. Archived from
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475:In forward areas
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329:, 4th Battalion
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109:sensory overload
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1020:Pearson Longman
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623:W. H. R. Rivers
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552:Effort Syndrome
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373:Physical causes
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271:carbon monoxide
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76:First World War
55:soldier's heart
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1617:Leese, Peter.
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401:New York Times
393:trench warfare
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314:medicalization
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1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1422:the original
1412:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
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1296:
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1280:
1273:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1200:
1165:
1161:
1129:. Retrieved
1120:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1060:
1032:– via
1014:
1007:
975:(2): 86–89.
972:
966:
920:
914:
872:. Retrieved
858:
845:
833:. Retrieved
821:
812:
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768:
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748:
739:
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
718:
709:
685:
632:
607:Wilfred Owen
600:
587:World War II
584:
574:
570:
561:
557:
544:
536:
467:
465:
456:
452:
445:, therapist
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441:in his book
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377:Research by
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286:wound stripe
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253:, including
247:neurasthenia
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164:World War II
161:
154:
141:
140:
53:Bullet air,
36:
1543:13 February
1518:13 February
1513:Smithsonian
874:20 December
835:20 December
640:Afghanistan
398:In 2023, a
331:Black Watch
187:concussions
146:World War I
142:Shell shock
50:Other names
45:Shell shock
18:Shell-shock
1727:Categories
1717:Psychology
1325:5 November
1131:22 January
1063:. London:
792:. Boston:
729:30 January
672:References
661:Concussion
615:Pat Barker
565:depression
421:See also:
295:Management
238:The Lancet
185:, such as
89:Psychiatry
32:Shellshock
1493:13 August
1461:0018-2648
1372:24 August
1257:1474-4465
1212:12 August
1104:0022-0094
869:0362-4331
830:0362-4331
701:Citations
430:Lord Gort
417:Cowardice
222:headaches
175:cowardice
84:Specialty
1705:Medicine
1469:24430110
1265:27291520
1192:16946385
1059:(2000).
999:14749410
937:17974926
788:(2012).
650:See also
539:pensions
214:tinnitus
130:Insomnia
117:tinnitus
96:Symptoms
1691:Portals
1684:YouTube
1441:History
1183:1557889
990:1079301
750:YouTube
320:By the
226:tremors
218:amnesia
105:tremors
1634:Lancet
1625:
1588:
1489:. HMSO
1467:
1459:
1351:2 July
1263:
1255:
1190:
1180:
1112:260822
1110:
1102:
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997:
987:
935:
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548:
439:mutism
340:
333:wrote:
267:lesion
255:mutism
204:Origin
1465:JSTOR
1303:: 38.
1158:(PDF)
1108:JSTOR
911:(PDF)
677:Notes
644:DARPA
511:life.
504:time.
300:Acute
259:fugue
1623:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1545:2019
1520:2019
1495:2020
1457:ISSN
1374:2020
1353:2024
1327:2023
1261:PMID
1253:ISSN
1214:2016
1188:PMID
1133:2024
1100:ISSN
1024:ISBN
995:PMID
933:PMID
876:2023
865:ISSN
837:2023
826:ISSN
798:ISBN
731:2017
638:and
636:Iraq
605:and
338:man)
257:and
1682:on
1605:doi
1449:doi
1243:doi
1178:PMC
1170:doi
1092:doi
985:PMC
977:doi
925:doi
921:164
241:by
162:In
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