1479:
more peripheral – parts of this region. On the other hand, these languages also show a high degree of diversity, with individual languages taking part in various subareal configurations or transit zones that are represented in the region, further complicating any attempts at defining them collectively in more exact, or exclusive, areal terms. We must therefore bear in mind that any collective reference to these languages, be it
Hindukush Indo-Aryan or any other term, will have to be interpreted as a highly gradient notion, acknowledging the apparent lack of any complete list of innovations, let alone retentions, that would cover more than a subset of them.
1874:
suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping (in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use), and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly... Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language
Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.
501:
493:
196:
461:, often said to belong to an eastern Dardic language subfamily. Kachru notes that "the Kashmiri language used by Kashmiri Hindu Pandits has been powerfully influenced by Indian culture and literature, and the greater part of its vocabulary is now of Indian origin, and is allied to that of Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages of northern India".
1657:
languages... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant hill-languages which, in their relative isolation, accented in many cases by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of
Midland (Madhyadesha) innovations, being left free to develop on their own.
2152:
developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and
Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages
1593:
The seventeen Dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern-most Indo-Aryan languages. They fall into several small phylogenetic groups of Indo-Aryan, but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a "Dardic
352:
dialects... There is not a single common feature distinguishing Dardic, as a whole, from the rest of the languages... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant hill-languages which, in their relative isolation, accented in many cases by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have
1873:
Palula belongs to a group of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages spoken in the
Hindukush region that are often referred to as "Dardic" languages... It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity... On the one hand, Strand
1478:
On the one hand, it is obvious that these languages form a continuum together with the main Indo-Aryan languages of the northwestern
Subcontinent, with a gradually increased clustering of more prototypical Hindukush-Karakoram features toward the central – but in relation to the rest of Indo-Aryan
434:
scheme corresponds to recent scholarly consensus. As such, the historic Dardic's position as a legitimate genetic subfamily has been repeatedly called into question; it is widely acknowledged that the grouping is more geographical in nature, as opposed to linguistic. Indeed, Buddruss rejected the
1656:
Dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old . They have simply retained a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most
Prakrit dialects... There is not a single common feature distinguishing Dardic, as a whole, from the rest of the
263:
Rather than close linguistic or ethnic relationships, the original term Dardic was a geographical concept, denoting the northwesternmost group of Indo-Aryan languages. There is no ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor can the languages be traced to a single
1314:
rules in
Sanskrit allow the combination of multiple neighboring words together into a single word: for instance, word-final 'ah' plus word-initial 'a' merge into 'o'. In actual Sanskrit literature, with the effects of sandhi, this sentence would be expected to appear as
2614:... 'Dardic metathesis,' wherein pre- or postconsonantal 'r' is shifted forward to a preceding syllable ... earliest examples come from the Aśokan inscriptions ... priyadarśi ... as priyadraśi ... dharma as dhrama ... common in modern Dardic languages ...
1982:
Khowar and
Kalasha are among the most archaic Indo-Aryan languages. Both are related to Gandhari and share some very characteristic archaisms (for instance old Indo-Aryan -t-, disappeared from other Indo-Ayran languages, -l/r- in Kalasha and
1298:
actually includes a
Kashmiri half-vowel, which is difficult to render in the Urdu, Devnagri and Roman scripts alike. Sometimes, an umlaut is used when it occurs in conjunction with a vowel, so the word might be more accurately rendered as
2262:, p. 209: Throughout the northwest, beginning with Sindhi and including 'Lahnda', Dardic, Romany and West Pahari, there has been a tendency to transfer of 'r' from medial clusters to a position after the initial consonant.
2361:
At one period, the Dardic languages spread over a very much wider extent, but before the oncoming 'outer Aryans' as well as owing to the subsequent expansion of the 'Inner Aryans', the Dards fell back to the inaccessible
1402:
Khan, Sawar, et al. "Ethnogenetic analysis reveals that Kohistanis of Pakistan were genetically linked to west Eurasians by a probable ancestral genepool from Eurasian steppe in the bronze age." Mitochondrion 47 (2019):
268:. After further research, the term "Eastern Dardic" is now a legitimate grouping of languages that excludes some languages in the Dardistan region that are now considered to be part of different language families.
480:, and purportedly even further afield. Some linguists have posited that Dardic lects may have originally been spoken throughout a much larger region, stretching from the mouth of the Indus (in
1358:
is also grammatically correct but indicates a dramatic revelation or other surprise. This dramatic form is often used in news headlines in Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and other Indo-Aryan languages.
2333:... must have covered nearly the whole of the Punjabi ... still show traces of the earlier Dardic languages that they superseded. Still further south, we find traces of Dardic in Sindhi ...
2685:
The literature on the verb-second construction has concentrated largely on Germanic ... we can compare with the Germanic phenomena, however: Kashmiri ... in two 'Himachali' languages,
348:
Dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old . They have simply retained a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most
2427:... the Dradic branch remained in northwest India – the Daradas, Kasmiras, and some of the Khasas (some having been left behind in the Himalayas of Nepal and Kumaon) ...
464:
While it is true that many Dardic languages have been influenced by non-Dardic languages, Dardic may have also influenced neighbouring Indo-Aryan lects in turn, such as
1717:
Nowadays, the term "Dardic" is used as an areal term that refers to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, without claiming anything specific about their mutual relatedness.
1575:
Strand, Richard F. (13 December 2013). "Dardic and Nūristānī languages". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John Abdallah; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
407:
points out that the term Dardic is geographic, not a linguistic expression. Taken literally, it allows one to believe that all the languages spoken in Dardistan are
328:, who conducted an extensive fieldwork in the region during the early 20th century, revised Grierson's classification and came to the view that only the "Kafiri" (
2798:
2258:, p. 452: ... agreed with Grierson in seeing Rajasthani influence on Pahari and 'Dardic' influence on (or under) the whole Northwestern group + Pahari.
450:, with "Mountain languages", such as Dardic. Kogan has also suggested an 'East-Dardic' sub-family; comprising the 'Kashmiri', 'Kohistani' and 'Shina' groups.
322:. However, Grierson's formulation of Dardic is now considered to be incorrect in its details, and has therefore been rendered obsolete by modern scholarship.
1687:
The designation "Dardic" implies neither ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor that they can all be traced to a single stammbaum-model node.
1343:
Hindi-Urdu, and other non-Dardic Indo-Aryan languages, also sometimes utilize a "verb second" order (similar to Kashmiri and English) for dramatic effect.
2399:
It may be possible that the Dardic speaking Aryans were still in the process of settling in other parts of the western Himalaya in the Mauryan times ...
2471:
Based on historical sub-grouping approximations and geographical distribution, Bashir (2003) provides six sub-groups of the Dardic languages ...
484:) northwards in an arc, and then eastwards through modern day Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon. However, this has not been conclusively established.
2768:
2748:
2678:
2546:
2457:
2207:
2097:
2065:
2007:
1975:
1936:
1897:
1866:
1839:
1812:
1785:
1710:
1680:
1649:
1586:
1556:
1529:
1502:
72:
2791:
2142:
2002:. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien-Institut Universität Heidelberg. Vol. Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. pp. 1–10.
279:, from circa 1500 BCE, was Dardic in nature. Linguistic evidence has linked Gandhari with some living Dardic languages, particularly
4327:
2637:
2600:
2385:
2326:
657:
Virtually all Dardic languages have experienced a partial or complete loss of voiced aspirated consonants. Khowar uses the word
725:
region, where Dardic dialects were and still are widespread. Examples include a tendency to spell the Classical Sanskrit words
3197:
369:, several types of clusters of consonants, and archaic or antiquated vocabulary lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages.
3979:
3014:
2784:
500:
423:
in reference to people outside Kashmir, has come to have ethnographic, geographic, and even political significance today.
3950:
3770:
3616:
2933:
1607:
594:
4513:
815:
also share this Dardic tendency to metathesis, though they are considered non-Dardic, for example cf. the Punjabi word
381:, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form. For example
4481:
4337:
2720:... the verbs, positioned in the middle of the sentences (rather than at the end) intensify the dramatic quality ...
1670:
890:. All other Dardic languages, and more generally within Indo-Iranian, follow the subject-object-verb (SOV) pattern.
283:
and other Kohistani languages. There is limited evidence that the Kohistani languages are descended from Gandhari.
4047:
3484:
4622:
4486:
4187:
4161:
3600:
693:
has developed in most (but not all) Dardic languages, such as Khowar and Pashai, as a compensation. Punjabi and
4382:
3143:
2693:, he finds word-order patterns quite similar ... they are sometimes said to be part of a 'Dardic' subfamily ...
1700:
714:
694:
473:
386:
370:
291:
827:
Dardic languages also show other consonantal changes. Kashmiri, for instance, has a marked tendency to shift
315:
115:
1389:
The Comparative study of Urdu and Khowar. Badshah Munir Bukhari National Language Authority Pakistan 2003.
419:. A term used by classical geographers to identify the area inhabited by an indefinite people, and used in
298:, in its broadest sense, became the basis for the classification of the languages in the north-west of the
4590:
4459:
3735:
3529:
3346:
2881:
697:
similarly lost aspiration but have virtually all developed tonality to partially compensate (e.g. Punjabi
555:
333:
319:
120:
4260:
4073:
3559:
3524:
3519:
3358:
3341:
2861:
2024:
2000:
Cultures of the Hindukush: selected papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgård 1970
977:
547:
361:
Due to their geographic isolation, many Dardic languages have preserved archaisms and other features of
276:
210:
1392:
National Institute of Pakistani Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics
4548:
4523:
4392:
4362:
4219:
3999:
3989:
3799:
3378:
2807:
2690:
1998:(1974). "Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions". In Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (eds.).
1376:
Morgenstierne, G. Die Stellung der Kafirsprachen. In Irano-Dardica, 327-343. Wiesbaden, Reichert 1975
1252:
378:
337:
299:
241:
125:
1440:"Profiling Indo-Aryan in the Hindukush-Karakoram: A preliminary study of micro-typological patterns"
4595:
4402:
4123:
4108:
4040:
4014:
4004:
3929:
3646:
3436:
3363:
3336:
3088:
2918:
1995:
1324:
1257:
1113:
883:
718:
717:
where a "pre- or postconsonantal 'r' is shifted forward to a preceding syllable". This was seen in
633:
431:
325:
206:
201:
4407:
4320:
4285:
4057:
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3000:
2928:
2923:
2512:
1469:
641:
637:
590:
436:
58:
1802:
4444:
4430:
1379:
Decker, Kendall D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Volume 5. Languages of Chitral.
4600:
4414:
4083:
4052:
4030:
3994:
3836:
3794:
3699:
3641:
3406:
3328:
3323:
3232:
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3133:
3055:
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2897:
2830:
2764:
2744:
2736:
2686:
2674:
2633:
2596:
2542:
2504:
2453:
2381:
2322:
2272:
2203:
2138:
2093:
2087:
2061:
2055:
2003:
1971:
1932:
1926:
1893:
1862:
1835:
1808:
1781:
1775:
1706:
1676:
1645:
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1498:
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1201:
955:
933:
867:
574:
535:
516:
492:
454:
404:
341:
272:
245:
50:
1889:
Counterinsurgency, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity in India: From Warfare to Welfare?
1887:
1856:
1829:
1546:
1519:
344:
families, and determined that the Dardic languages were unmistakably Indo-Aryan in character.
4518:
4508:
4454:
4387:
4290:
4265:
4255:
4234:
4229:
4204:
4143:
4035:
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3921:
3867:
3820:
3779:
3730:
3675:
3636:
3585:
3504:
3474:
3421:
3411:
3269:
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3256:
3242:
3192:
3148:
3060:
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280:
158:
94:
54:
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4352:
4239:
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4166:
4118:
4078:
3984:
3934:
3905:
3883:
3815:
3725:
3685:
3651:
3595:
3590:
3549:
3534:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3401:
3396:
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3368:
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3279:
3274:
3237:
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3039:
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887:
875:
808:
629:
623:
614:
570:
566:
559:
551:
543:
374:
318:, with scant data, borrowed the term and proposed an independent Dardic family within the
110:
86:
2670:
Aspects of the theory of clitics: Volume 11 of Oxford studies in theoretical linguistics
2298:
Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume
439:. Other scholars, such as Strand and Mock, have similarly voiced doubts in this regard.
4573:
4315:
4224:
4156:
4151:
4133:
4113:
3900:
3893:
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3704:
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3461:
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3113:
3078:
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3034:
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2851:
2025:"Kalasha Grammar Based on Fieldwork Research, written by Elizabeth Mela-Athanasopoulou"
1332:
1021:
879:
804:
690:
582:
578:
531:
504:
Map showcasing the areas where each Dardic language is spoken with subdivisions visible
458:
362:
90:
2485:"Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh"
1760:
182:
4616:
4558:
4214:
4128:
4103:
3888:
3227:
3128:
1736:"Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum"
1473:
871:
447:
874:
as the normal grammatical form. This is similar to many Germanic languages, such as
4553:
3318:
2592:
A new version of the Gandhari Dharmapada and a collection of previous-birth stories
2149:'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which
2130:
1420:
1328:
62:
411:. It also allows one to believe that all the people speaking Dardic languages are
2758:
2705:
2668:
2627:
2590:
2536:
2447:
2412:
2375:
2346:
2316:
2296:
2276:
1965:
1576:
3631:
3446:
2949:
606:
477:
303:
253:
214:
82:
1494:
Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies
713:
Both ancient and modern Dardic languages demonstrate a marked tendency towards
17:
3740:
3709:
3680:
2500:
2303:... Konkani is spoken. It shows a good deal of Dardic (Paisachi) influence ...
2040:
1274:
The Khowar word for 'earth' is more accurately represented, with tonality, as
610:
329:
265:
195:
2508:
1613:
1465:
1327:), so e.g. the second word is pronounced . Pitch accent is indicated with an
4530:
4439:
4419:
3108:
3103:
2835:
1456:
1439:
524:
442:
However, Kachru contrasts "Midland languages" spoken in the plains, such as
353:
been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of Midland (
295:
257:
172:
98:
1702:
Argument structure in Kashmiri: Form and function of pronominal suffixation
4568:
4310:
3661:
3123:
3118:
3098:
2856:
1157:
722:
401:
366:
307:
102:
2516:
2484:
2238:
2225:
4502:
4373:
3846:
3580:
3093:
2776:
1735:
349:
311:
3841:
3690:
3665:
3222:
3214:
3138:
3029:
2954:
1311:
1043:
734:
598:
520:
508:
Dardic languages have been organized into the following subfamilies:
76:
2283:... greater Dardic influence in the western dialects of Garhwali ...
2165:
Buddruss, Georg (1985). "Linguistic Research in Gilgit and Hunza".
3656:
3554:
1320:
925:
499:
491:
481:
249:
68:
4357:
3670:
999:
2780:
4449:
1925:
Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A. (21 November 2016).
1491:
Garbo, Francesca Di; Olsson, Bruno; Wälchli, Bernhard (2019).
2741:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
2089:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
1641:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
496:
Map showcasing the areas where each Dardic language is spoken
435:
Dardic grouping entirely, and placed the languages within
2589:
Timothy Lenz; Andrew Glass; Dharmamitra Bhikshu (2003),
357:) innovations, being left free to develop on their own.
2560:
In others, traces remain as tonal differences (Khowar
2710:, Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University, 2001
2446:
S. Munshi (2008), Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.),
2113:
2111:
2109:
1967:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
1804:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
2081:
2079:
2077:
397:"tear" in Khowar is identical to the Sanskrit word.
302:
linguistic area (which includes present-day eastern
4539:
4495:
4472:
4428:
4371:
4345:
4336:
4303:
4278:
4248:
4197:
4186:
4179:
4142:
4096:
4066:
4023:
3960:
3949:
3914:
3876:
3855:
3829:
3808:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3749:
3718:
3624:
3615:
3568:
3460:
3377:
3309:
3302:
3255:
3213:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3069:
3048:
3022:
3013:
2963:
2942:
2906:
2890:
2844:
2823:
2814:
1931:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 285.
1729:
1727:
1725:
171:
142:
109:
44:
34:
1323:, (similar to the ending 'e' in the German name,
2707:Hindi: language, discourse, and writing, Volume 2
2295:Dayanand Narasinh Shanbhag; K. J. Mahale (1970),
2183:Strand, Richard (2001), "The Tongues of Peristân"
1350:is the normal conversational form in Hindi-Urdu.
1444:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
1373:Morgenstierne, G. Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden 1973;
332:) languages formed an independent branch of the
256:. This region has sometimes been referred to as
2153:constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
1335:, which was inherited from Proto-Indo-European.
346:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2449:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
2414:Racial affinities of early North Indian tribes
2133:(2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.).
2054:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
1669:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
457:is peculiar. Its Dardic features are close to
2792:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2251:
2249:
2247:
8:
2345:Irach Jehangir Sorabji Taraporewala (1932),
2278:Profiles in Indian languages and literatures
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
1368:Academic literature from outside South Asia
4342:
4194:
4183:
3957:
3784:
3775:
3621:
3306:
3182:
3175:
3019:
2820:
2799:
2785:
2777:
2220:
2218:
2202:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 4–5,
1861:. Language Science Press. pp. 13–14.
1807:Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 64–67.
1551:. Language Science Press. pp. 13–14.
2191:
2189:
1455:
2318:The origin and growth of Sindhi language
1319:. Also, word-final 'a' is Sanskrit is a
892:
2743:, Allied Publishers, pp. 142–147,
2629:The phonology and morphology of Panjabi
1644:. Allied Publishers. pp. 142–147.
1412:
2259:
2255:
2117:
1970:Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 66.
1912:
1855:Liljegren, Henrik (26 February 2016).
1545:Liljegren, Henrik (26 February 2016).
31:
2535:George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (2007),
2239:https://jolr.ru/index.php?article=157
2226:https://jolr.ru/index.php?article=130
1831:Himalayan Languages: Past and Present
1699:Verbeke, Saartje (20 November 2017).
1578:Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three 2013-4
1521:Himalayan Languages: Past and Present
1497:. Language Science Press. p. 8.
141:
7:
1951:
1633:
1631:
1594:branch" of the Indo-Aryan languages.
1570:
1568:
721:(erected 269 BCE to 231 BCE) in the
2632:, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers,
2348:Elements of the science of language
1384:Academic literature from South Asia
866:Unique among the Dardic languages,
761:. Modern-day Kalasha uses the word
709:Dardic metathesis and other changes
377:are the most archaic of all modern
2739:, in Vennelakanti Prakāśam (ed.),
2595:, University of Washington Press,
2092:. Allied Publishers. p. 143.
2023:Baldi, Sergio (28 November 2016).
1438:Liljegren, Henrik (1 March 2017).
803:Western Pahari languages (such as
25:
1834:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 35.
1774:Kuzʹmina, Elena Efimovna (2007).
1524:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 35.
163:
153:
148:
4505:(unknown further classification)
2411:Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1973),
1886:Bhan, Mona (11 September 2013).
1761:"Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Dardic"
847:'person' is cognate to Sanskrit
194:
27:Subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages
2377:Kumaun: the land and the people
2086:Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008).
1777:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
1638:Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008).
701:for 'house', compare with Urdu
365:. These features include three
238:Hindu-Kush Indo-Aryan languages
2763:, Cambridge University Press,
797:'work' or 'action' (Sanskrit:
733:(one of the titles of Emperor
1:
2301:, Konkani Sahitya Prakashan,
851:'person or living being' and
677:) and Kashmiri uses the word
415:and the area they live in is
2667:Stephen R. Anderson (2005),
2281:, Indian Languages Society,
1828:Saxena, Anju (12 May 2011).
1606:Kellens, Jean. "DARDESTĀN".
1518:Saxena, Anju (12 May 2011).
2673:, Oxford University Press,
2321:, Institute of Sindhology,
1581:. Brill. pp. 101–103.
1053:. / Feminine: Dā yawa aspa
4639:
2374:Sharad Singh Negi (1993),
2137:. Routledge. p. 905.
2060:. Routledge. p. 973.
1964:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
1801:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
1675:. Routledge. p. 822.
1060:Mūng/Mūẓ̌ ba Ṭokyo ta/tar
789:'impoverished' (Sanskrit:
512:Eastern Dardic languages:
252:and parts of northeastern
4582:
2757:Masica, Colin P. (1993),
2501:10.1163/1573384X-20150302
2041:10.1163/24685631-12340012
1928:Linguistics in South Asia
1892:. Routledge. p. 59.
1331:in the case of the older
968:Watashitachi wa Tōkyō ni
882:, as well as Uto-Aztecan
653:Loss of voiced aspiration
240:, are a group of several
217:, etc. are now separated)
193:
111:Linguistic classification
39:
4383:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2760:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2626:Amar Nath Malik (1995),
2538:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2483:Nicolaus, Peter (2015).
2351:, University of Calcutta
2196:Kachru, Braj B. (1981),
2135:The Indo-Aryan languages
2057:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2029:Annali Sezione Orientale
1672:The Indo-Aryan Languages
1286:indicates a rising tone.
902:Second example sentence
886:and Northeast Caucasian
813:Lahnda (Western Punjabi)
781:'birch tree' (Sanskrit:
695:Western Pahari languages
665:), Pashai uses the word
474:Central Pahari languages
336:languages separate from
149:Eastern Dardic languages
2735:Koul, Omkar N. (2008),
2489:Iran & the Caucasus
2167:Journal of Central Asia
1457:10.1515/jsall-2017-0004
1425:Encyclopædia Britannica
899:First example sentence
862:Verb position in Dardic
661:for 'earth' (Sanskrit:
389:is nearly identical to
316:George Abraham Grierson
4591:Indo-Iranian languages
2417:, Munshiram Manoharlal
2237:Kogan, Anton (2015), "
2224:Kogan, Anton (2013), "
1780:. BRILL. p. 318.
681:for 'milk' (Sanskrit:
505:
497:
432:George Morgenstierne's
359:
320:Indo-Iranian languages
4261:Maharashtrian Konkani
2315:Gulam Allana (2002),
1609:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1049:Masculine: Dā yaw as
819:'tree' (from Persian
565:Kohistani languages:
503:
495:
277:Gandhara civilization
215:Kalasha-ala (Waigali)
40:Hindu-Kush Indo-Aryan
4549:Andaman Creole Hindi
3980:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3800:Caribbean Hindustani
2808:Indo-Aryan languages
2380:, Indus Publishing,
1996:Morgenstierne, Georg
1740:www.mockandoneil.com
1705:. BRILL. p. 2.
1253:Indo-Aryan languages
605:Chitrali languages:
515:Kashmiri languages:
379:Indo-Aryan languages
242:Indo-Aryan languages
200:Dardic languages by
4596:Nuristani languages
4328:Mitanni superstrate
2934:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2199:Kashmiri Literature
1858:A grammar of Palula
1548:A grammar of Palula
1258:Nuristani languages
719:Ashokan rock edicts
669:for 'smoke' (Urdu:
595:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
569:(Indus Kohistani),
326:Georg Morgenstierne
211:Kamkata-vari (Kati)
207:Nuristani languages
202:Georg Morgenstierne
4482:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4363:Early Ardhamagadhi
2737:"Dardic Languages"
2564:, 'earth', Pashai
1616:on 5 December 2017
1421:"Dardic languages"
773:'weak' (Sanskrit:
765:'long' (Sanskrit:
506:
498:
437:Central Indo-Aryan
59:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4610:
4609:
4601:Iranian languages
4468:
4467:
4388:Dramatic Prakrits
4299:
4298:
4274:
4273:
4175:
4174:
4092:
4091:
4048:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3945:
3944:
3765:
3764:
3611:
3610:
3601:list of languages
3298:
3297:
3251:
3250:
3167:
3166:
3009:
3008:
2770:978-0-521-29944-2
2750:978-81-8424-279-9
2680:978-0-19-927990-6
2548:978-0-415-77294-5
2459:978-0-08-087774-7
2273:Arun Kumar Biswas
2209:978-3-447-02129-6
2099:978-81-8424-279-9
2067:978-1-135-79710-2
2009:978-3-515-01217-1
1977:978-969-35-1231-1
1938:978-3-11-081950-2
1899:978-1-134-50983-6
1868:978-3-946234-31-9
1841:978-3-11-089887-3
1814:978-969-35-1231-1
1787:978-90-04-16054-5
1712:978-90-04-34678-9
1682:978-1-135-79711-9
1651:978-81-8424-279-9
1588:978-90-04-25269-1
1558:978-3-946234-31-9
1531:978-3-11-089887-3
1504:978-3-96110-180-1
1244:
1243:
785:). Kashmiri uses
628:Kunar languages:
530:Shina languages:
273:Gandhari language
246:northern Pakistan
222:
221:
154:Chitral languages
73:Jammu and Kashmir
51:Northern Pakistan
16:(Redirected from
4630:
4623:Dardic languages
4487:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4343:
4266:Canarese Konkani
4195:
4184:
3958:
3785:
3776:
3622:
3307:
3183:
3176:
3020:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2753:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2557:
2555:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2035:(1–2): 265–266.
2020:
2014:
2013:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:. Archived from
1603:
1597:
1596:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1342:
1310:
1293:
1273:
1097:Heeu hiku ghoro
893:
824:
620:Pashai languages
472:, including the
470:Pahari languages
393:in Sanskrit and
226:Dardic languages
198:
189:
188:(Eastern Dardic)
185:
159:Pashai languages
55:Gilgit-Baltistan
32:
21:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4578:
4541:
4535:
4491:
4474:
4464:
4424:
4367:
4353:Ashokan Prakrit
4332:
4295:
4270:
4244:
4189:
4171:
4138:
4088:
4062:
4019:
3952:
3941:
3910:
3872:
3851:
3825:
3804:
3761:
3745:
3714:
3686:Hyderabadi Urdu
3607:
3564:
3456:
3373:
3294:
3247:
3238:Pahari-Pothwari
3209:
3163:
3144:Pahari Kinnauri
3065:
3044:
3005:
2971:Indus Kohistani
2964:Hazara Division
2959:
2938:
2902:
2886:
2840:
2810:
2805:
2771:
2756:
2751:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2587:
2574:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2145:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1397:Further reading
1365:
1339:
1307:
1290:
1270:
1266:
1249:
1070:Indus Kohistani
961:Kore wa uma de
864:
802:
769:). Palula uses
711:
655:
650:
648:Characteristics
544:Kohistani Shina
490:
429:
289:
248:, northwestern
218:
204:
187:
181:
180:
164:Kunar languages
80:
66:
46:
28:
23:
22:
18:Shina languages
15:
12:
11:
5:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Lisan ud-Dawat
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2754:
2749:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2697:
2679:
2659:
2638:
2618:
2601:
2572:
2568:, 'smoke') ...
2547:
2522:
2495:(3): 201–264.
2475:
2458:
2431:
2403:
2386:
2366:
2337:
2327:
2307:
2287:
2275:, ed. (1985),
2264:
2243:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2185:
2176:
2157:
2144:978-0415772945
2143:
2122:
2105:
2098:
2073:
2066:
2046:
2015:
2008:
1987:
1976:
1956:
1954:, p. 142.
1944:
1937:
1917:
1915:, p. 461.
1905:
1898:
1878:
1867:
1847:
1840:
1820:
1813:
1793:
1786:
1766:
1752:
1721:
1711:
1691:
1681:
1661:
1650:
1627:
1598:
1587:
1564:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1483:
1450:(1): 107–156.
1430:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1336:
1333:Vedic language
1304:
1287:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1185:Yo euta ghoda
1183:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
995:
988:
981:
974:
973:
966:
959:
952:
951:
944:
937:
930:
929:
918:
911:
904:
903:
900:
897:
863:
860:
710:
707:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
626:
617:
603:
602:
601:
563:
528:
489:
486:
428:
427:Classification
425:
405:Gérard Fussman
363:Old Indo-Aryan
288:
285:
275:, used by the
220:
219:
199:
191:
190:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
144:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
113:
107:
106:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4635:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Haflong Hindi
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4514:Chinali–Lahul
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4460:Khasa Prakrit
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Chhattisgarhi
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Rathwi Bareli
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Mahasu Pahari
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2641:
2639:81-215-0644-1
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2602:0-295-98308-6
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2541:, Routledge,
2540:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2387:81-85182-89-2
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:9789694050515
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Bashir, Elena
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:Yeh ek ghoṛā
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Eṣá ékóśvósti
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1226:(Indo-Aryan)
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:Yuu ek ghoda
1206:
1204:(Indo-Aryan)
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1182:(Indo-Aryan)
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1160:(Indo-Aryan)
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:Iha ikk kòṛa
1140:
1138:(Indo-Aryan)
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:(Indo-Aryan)
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1094:(Indo-Aryan)
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:"verb second"
869:
861:
859:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
758:
752:
750:
744:
742:
737:) as instead
736:
732:
730:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
511:
510:
509:
502:
494:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
433:
426:
424:
422:
421:Rajatarangini
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
356:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
216:
212:
208:
203:
197:
192:
184:
179:
176:
174:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:Indo-European
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:Northeastern
78:
74:
70:
67:Northwestern
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4554:Bombay Hindi
4496:Unclassified
4393:Ardhamagadhi
4220:Berar Deccan
4074:Chittagonian
4067:Chittagonian
3560:Vaagri Booli
3525:Pauri Bareli
3520:Palya Bareli
3485:Dhodia–Kukna
3359:Parkari Koli
3172:Northwestern
2862:Kundal Shahi
2815:
2759:
2740:
2729:Bibliography
2719:
2712:, retrieved
2706:
2700:
2684:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2643:, retrieved
2628:
2621:
2613:
2606:, retrieved
2591:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2552:, retrieved
2537:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2470:
2463:, retrieved
2452:, Elsevier,
2448:
2426:
2419:, retrieved
2413:
2406:
2398:
2391:, retrieved
2376:
2369:
2360:
2353:, retrieved
2347:
2340:
2332:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2233:
2198:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2134:
2125:
2088:
2056:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1966:
1959:
1947:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1823:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1734:Mock, John.
1716:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1640:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1608:
1601:
1592:
1577:
1547:
1540:
1520:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1477:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1329:acute accent
1316:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1278:rather than
1275:
1271:
1237:
1230:
1229:Yo ek ghwad
1215:
1208:
1193:
1186:
1171:
1164:
1163:Ye ek ghōṛā
1149:
1142:
1127:
1120:
1119:Ye ek ghoṛa
1105:
1104:Asaan Tokyo
1098:
1083:
1082:Be Tokyo ye
1076:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1035:
1034:Be Tokyo et
1028:
1027:Anu ek aspo
1013:
1012:Mâ ba Tokyo
1006:
1000:Dari Persian
991:
984:
980:(Nuristani)
978:Kamkata-vari
969:
962:
947:
940:
921:
914:
865:
855:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
820:
816:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
748:
746:
740:
738:
728:
726:
712:
702:
698:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:, Sanskrit:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
640:(Grangali),
548:Kundal Shahi
507:
488:Subdivisions
463:
453:The case of
452:
441:
430:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
394:
390:
382:
360:
354:
347:
334:Indo-Iranian
324:
290:
271:The extinct
270:
262:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
177:
143:Subdivisions
130:
121:Indo-Iranian
63:Azad Kashmir
47:distribution
29:
4542:and creoles
4524:Lahul Lohar
4403:Maharashtri
4000:Mal Paharia
3990:Kharia Thar
3632:Braj Bhasha
2260:Masica 1993
2256:Masica 1993
2173:(1): 27–32.
2118:Masica 1993
1913:Masica 1993
1745:25 February
1192:Hami Tokyo
1148:Asin Tokyo
1106:veendaaseen
1075:Shu ek gho
1005:In yak asb
910:(Germanic)
478:Uttarakhand
355:Madhyadesha
306:, northern
304:Afghanistan
254:Afghanistan
83:Afghanistan
57:, northern
4445:Apabhraṃśa
4431:Apabhraṃśa
4408:Shauraseni
4124:Bodo Parja
4109:Sambalpuri
4041:Goalpariya
4015:Tanchangya
4005:Noakhailla
3930:Bote-Darai
3741:Fiji Hindi
3710:Sadhukkadi
3681:Judeo-Urdu
3647:Hindustani
3437:Shekhawati
3379:Rajasthani
3364:Saurashtra
3089:Bhadarwahi
2919:Gawar-Bati
2655:'tree' ...
1408:References
1236:Ham Tokyo
1214:Ham Tokyo
1170:Āsā Tokyo
1126:Ham Tokyo
1114:Hindi-Urdu
1046:(Iranian)
1014:xâhem raft
1002:(Iranian)
990:Imo Tokyo
958:(Japonic)
715:metathesis
634:Gawar-Bati
611:Urtsuniwar
402:Indologist
385:"long" in
338:Indo-Aryan
300:Indo-Aryan
244:spoken in
126:Indo-Aryan
45:Geographic
4531:Sheikhgal
4475:languages
4440:Abahattha
4420:Paishachi
4321:Classical
4286:Maldivian
4058:Surjapuri
4024:Kamarupic
3926:Kuswaric
3788:Bhojpuric
3576:Khandeshi
3109:Chambeali
3104:Bilaspuri
3001:Mankiyali
2929:Shumashti
2924:Nangalami
2836:Kishtwari
2509:1609-8498
1952:Koul 2008
1474:132833118
1466:2196-078X
1325:Nietzsche
1294:The word
1194:jānechhaũ
1072:(Dardic)
1024:(Dardic)
983:Ina ušpa
943:akh gur.
936:(Dardic)
917:a horse.
896:Language
870:presents
858:'life').
642:Shumashti
638:Nangalami
591:Mankiyali
525:Kishtwari
417:Dardistan
367:sibilants
330:Nuristani
296:Dardistan
258:Dardistan
173:Glottolog
99:Nangarhar
4617:Category
4587:See also
4569:Nefamese
4564:Nagamese
4455:Kamarupi
4415:Gāndhārī
4372:Middle (
4311:Sanskrit
4249:Konkanic
4198:Marathic
4188:Marathi–
4180:Southern
4084:Rohingya
4053:Rangpuri
4031:Assamese
3995:Kurmukar
3973:dialects
3953:Kamarupa
3837:Maithili
3830:Maithili
3795:Bhojpuri
3700:Kannauji
3662:Hinglish
3642:Haryanvi
3407:Dhundari
3347:Wadiyara
3329:Jandavra
3324:Gujarati
3311:Gujarati
3233:Khetrani
3198:dialects
3154:Sirmauri
3134:Jaunsari
3124:Mandeali
3119:Pangwali
3099:Bhateali
3056:Garhwali
3015:Northern
2981:Chilisso
2857:Brokskat
2831:Kashmiri
2824:Kashmiri
2687:Kotgarhi
2517:43899199
1983:Khowar).
1356:ek ghoṛā
1282:, where
1247:See also
1202:Garhwali
1158:Mandeali
956:Japanese
950:Tokiyo.
934:Kashmiri
868:Kashmiri
723:Gandhara
691:Tonality
685:, Urdu:
575:Chilisso
536:Brokskad
517:Kashmiri
455:Kashmiri
308:Pakistan
266:ancestor
209:such as
183:dard1244
103:Nuristan
4540:Pidgins
4519:Chinali
4509:Bazigar
4503:Badeshi
4398:Magadhi
4374:Prakrit
4291:Sinhala
4279:Insular
4256:Konkani
4235:Katkari
4230:Phudagi
4210:Varhadi
4205:Marathi
4190:Konkani
4162:Bhunjia
4036:Kamrupi
4010:Sylheti
3968:Bengali
3961:Bengali
3922:Kumhali
3889:Kochila
3877:Tharuic
3868:Kurmali
3856:Sadanic
3847:Bajjika
3821:Khortha
3771:Eastern
3731:Bagheli
3719:Eastern
3676:Deccani
3652:Kauravi
3637:Bundeli
3625:Western
3617:Central
3586:Dawoodi
3581:Lambadi
3505:Bhilori
3475:Bhilali
3422:Marwari
3412:Harauti
3342:Parkari
3303:Western
3270:Kholosi
3265:Jadgali
3243:Saraiki
3193:Punjabi
3186:Eastern
3179:Punjabi
3149:Hinduri
3094:Churahi
3071:Western
3061:Kumaoni
3049:Central
3023:Eastern
2950:Kalasha
2943:Chitral
2898:Pashayi
2891:Pashayi
2867:Kalkoti
2653:drakhat
1620:6 April
1363:Sources
1224:Kumaoni
1150:jāvange
1136:Punjabi
1084:bay-tho
970:ikimasu
948:gatshav
922:will go
908:English
884:O'odham
853:Persian
821:darakht
817:drakhat
791:daridra
787:drạ̄lid
775:durbala
771:drubalu
607:Kalasha
587:Torwali
540:Kalkoti
466:Punjabi
444:Punjabi
400:French
387:Kalasha
371:Kalasha
350:Prakrit
342:Iranian
312:Kashmir
292:Leitner
287:History
281:Torwali
205:(Note:
186:
95:Laghman
4473:Proto-
4429:Late (
4338:Middle
4240:Kadodi
4167:Nahari
4144:Halbic
4119:Bhatri
4079:Chakma
3985:Hajong
3951:Gauda–
3935:Danwar
3915:Others
3906:Musasa
3842:Angika
3816:Magahi
3809:Magahi
3780:Bihari
3750:Others
3726:Awadhi
3691:Rekhta
3666:Urdish
3596:Romani
3591:Domari
3569:Others
3550:Vasavi
3535:Pardhi
3515:Magari
3510:Mawchi
3500:Bauria
3490:Dhanki
3480:Chodri
3452:Nimadi
3442:Dhatki
3432:Mewari
3427:Mewati
3402:Gujari
3397:Loarki
3392:Goaria
3369:Vaghri
3290:Sindhi
3285:Memoni
3280:Luwati
3275:Kutchi
3257:Sindhi
3223:Hindko
3215:Lahnda
3159:Sarazi
3139:Kullui
3084:Kangri
3040:Nepali
3030:Doteli
2996:Tirahi
2991:Kalami
2976:Bateri
2955:Khowar
2914:Dameli
2877:Palula
2872:Ushoji
2816:Dardic
2767:
2747:
2714:28 May
2677:
2645:26 May
2636:
2608:11 May
2599:
2554:11 May
2545:
2515:
2507:
2465:11 May
2456:
2421:12 May
2393:12 May
2384:
2355:12 May
2325:
2206:
2141:
2096:
2064:
2006:
1974:
1935:
1896:
1865:
1838:
1811:
1784:
1709:
1679:
1648:
1585:
1555:
1528:
1501:
1472:
1464:
1403:82-93.
1312:Sandhi
1301:drölid
1296:drolid
1180:Nepali
1128:jāenge
1092:Sindhi
1044:Pashto
888:Ingush
876:German
843:(e.g.
809:Sindhi
793:) and
783:bhurja
777:) and
767:dirgha
739:priyad
735:Ashoka
727:priyad
683:dugdha
630:Dameli
624:Pashai
615:Khowar
599:Tirahi
571:Bateri
560:Ushoji
552:Palula
521:Poguli
468:, the
409:Dardic
391:dīrghá
375:Khowar
310:, and
236:), or
234:Pisaca
228:(also
131:Dardic
87:Kapisa
77:Ladakh
35:Dardic
4574:Vedda
4346:Early
4316:Vedic
4225:Varli
4157:Kamar
4152:Halbi
4134:Kupia
4114:Desia
3901:Majhi
3894:Buksa
3884:Tharu
3863:Sadri
3757:Parya
3705:Sansi
3657:Hindi
3555:Wagdi
3545:Kalto
3540:Gamit
3495:Dubli
3470:Bhili
3417:Malvi
3387:Bagri
3337:Kachi
3333:Koli
3205:Sansi
3114:Gaddi
3079:Dogri
3035:Jumli
2986:Gowro
2907:Kunar
2852:Shina
2845:Shina
2513:JSTOR
1470:S2CID
1321:schwa
1264:Notes
1238:jaunl
1216:Jaula
1062:lāṛšū
1036:bujun
1022:Shina
992:âćamo
926:Tokyo
913:This
880:Dutch
805:Dogri
799:karma
795:krama
779:brhuj
763:driga
675:dhūma
671:dhuān
663:bhumi
583:Gawro
579:Gawri
567:Maiya
532:Shina
482:Sindh
459:Shina
413:Dards
383:driga
250:India
230:Dardu
91:Kunar
69:India
4358:Pāli
4215:Andh
4129:Reli
4104:Odia
4097:Odia
3671:Urdu
3462:Bhil
3228:Inku
2882:Sawi
2765:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2716:2010
2691:Koci
2689:and
2675:ISBN
2651:...
2647:2010
2634:ISBN
2610:2010
2597:ISBN
2562:buúm
2556:2010
2543:ISBN
2505:ISSN
2467:2010
2454:ISBN
2423:2010
2395:2010
2382:ISBN
2357:2010
2323:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1747:2022
1707:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1622:2022
1583:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1462:ISSN
1354:hain
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1347:hain
1280:buum
1276:buúm
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1172:jāṇā
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1099:aahe
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745:and
703:ghar
687:dūdh
667:duum
659:buum
556:Savi
448:Urdu
446:and
395:ašrú
373:and
340:and
224:The
178:None
4450:Elu
4304:Old
3319:Aer
2566:dum
2497:doi
2362:...
2037:doi
1452:doi
1209:cha
1077:thu
1051:day
1029:han
1007:ast
985:âsa
963:aru
941:chu
939:Yi
924:to
920:We
856:jān
849:jan
845:zon
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831:to
807:),
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753:as
743:shi
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699:kár
689:).
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476:of
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