Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions

1043:, the last in the area. This served as the basis for their own surveying which they saw as one of their main purposes. They traversed the Duraishi and Dibrughita high grazing areas and descended to just below the confluence of the Rhamani and the Rishi rivers, halfway up the gorge and eight days march from Joshimath. Base camp was set up near the confluence of the two rivers and here the porters were paid off. At this point the gorge is a box canyon for a distance of about 2 miles (3 km) with walls rising 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the river. The five men relayed five hundredweight (250 kg) of supplies along the perilous cliffs, sometimes overhanging the river, at various heights above the bed of the gorge but in doing so lost a rucksack with nearly all their lentils, which removed their staple food and would reduce their expedition by two days. For seven days they ascended the upper gorge, repeatedly being forced to cross and re-cross the river. 1226:, 22,320 feet (6,800 m)) which looked technically straightforward so, while Tilman continued surveying with Pasang, the other three made the first ascent of the peak in conditions, according to Shipton, "almost up to Everest standards". The three men had to share a two-man tent so, at night, when one turned they all had to. The Sherpas found this tremendously funny – Shipton less so. On their return, Shipton and Tilman explored a subsidiary ridge to the south ridge of Nanda Devi itself merely thinking it might provide a good view of the southern Sanctuary. At 20,500 feet (6,200 m) they had to turn back but they had decided that this ridge gave a good chance of reaching the summit for a suitably prepared expedition. On 17 September the entire party started the climb to Ruttledge's col to look down the 6,000 feet (1,800 m) precipice and icefall to the 795: 1354:

Houston and Odell who, with the others in support, climbed to 23,400 feet (7,100 m) where they set up a precarious camp. The next day Houston and Odell climbed strongly but they realised they would not reach the summit that day so they retreated to their bivouac camp where Houston ate meat which had become contaminated so that he was unable to continue on the climb. Odell called down the mountain "Charlie is ill" but the American Carter who heard the shout, not well-attuned to Odell's posh English accent, misheard the message as "Charlie is killed". A very sorrowful party set off on the six-hour journey to retrieve the corpse with Tilman the only person taking his full climbing kit. When they arrived they were greeted by a cheerful Odell calling "Hello, you blokes, have some tea".

1358: 653:– Longstaff's expeditions only ever involved a small number of people, each one carrying his own gear. They reached a high col just east of Nanda Devi's summit which is on the ridge of peaks surrounding the mountain itself but they were unable to descend to the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary is an area of about 250 square miles (650 km) that is encircled by a ridge nowhere less than 18,000 feet (5,500 m) in height except for the Rishi Ganga gorge which had proved to be an insuperable obstacle. The Sanctuary, completely cut off from human intrusion, had become an area of immense interest to explorers and mountaineers. Two years later the same team returned along with 1125:– that are the destinations for Hindu pilgrims. This region is very mountainous and the watershed had never been crossed. Leaving Joshimah for Badrinath, the party hired porters and set off on 12 July for the Bhagirath Kharak glacier. Finding there was no pass at the head of the glacier they explored four subsidiary glaciers entering from the south-west but none were passable. Instead, they headed north to the Arwa River – climbing a 21,500-foot (6,600 m) peak on the way – to where a previous expedition had reached the watershed but had not completed a traverse. The team found a way over the watershed and, guided by the sight of 1176: 1350:

he had kept hidden so everyone celebrated. Base camp was on shale at the top of scree slopes leading to the subsidiary ridge to the mountain's south ridge (discovered in 1934) and it was stocked with at least three weeks' food and fuel. Camp one was at 19,200 feet (5,900 m) but it had to be on four small separate platforms dug out from the deep snow that had been falling. Tilman was very impressed with how everyone was acclimatising. With considerable difficulty due to continuing snowfall, camp two was established on 14 August at about 20,400 feet (6,200 m).and then camp three at about 21,400 feet (6,500 m).

1258:'s reception of Shipton's February 1935 Nanda Devi presentation was "close to rapturous" and of particular note was that the full cost of the entire expedition had been 287 pounds sterling (equivalent to £21,700 in 2023). Shipton and Tilman were both lauded by the top brass of the RGS but there was no support for any immediate return to Nanda Devi because Tibet had just given permission for attempts on Mount Everest in 1935 and 1936. With the RGS only having £1,400 (equivalent to £105,000 in 2023) readily available, it was inevitable that a 1366:

the summit in cold, fine weather. They had reached the top of the highest mountain ever climbed – 25,643 feet (7,816 m). Tilman, who was a very reticent individual but who also had a wry sense of humour, wrote self-mockingly "I believe we so far forgot ourselves as to shake hands on it". Lloyd would have been able to take part in a second bid for the summit but everyone else either had frostbite or had already gone back down the mountain. They descended to be told that Kitar had died and the Sherpas had already built a cairn over his grave.

822: 415: 1082: 31: 139: 1142: 1073:

were forced upstream to where they found an easy crossing point and a route back to Dibrughita from where they raced back to civilisation. In a letter Shipton wrote of the Sanctuary "There was a tremendous variety of birds and any amount of game – most of which can never have seen a man, and stared at us incredulously. I was glad we did not have guns – it would have been a crime to shoot them. It was perhaps the most wonderful three weeks of my life, and I shall never forget a moment of it...".

634:, and guided by local inhabitants, he took a route slightly north of the river and he was able to reach the gorge part way up. To the west of Nanda Devi the encircling ring becomes double with an inner ring enclosing the inner part of the Sanctuary and an outer part of the Sanctuary lying between the two ridges of the ring. By crossing the outer ring and avoiding the lower part of the gorge Graham had reached the outer part of the Sanctuary but he could not get any further. 132: 638: 1150: 829: 486: 1056: 470: 438: 422: 454: 893: 1315:

Expedition" to the "British–American Himalayan Expedition". Later, in 1999, Houston wrote, "It's hard to believe how naïve and presumptuous we were ... Four American college kids ... inviting the best British climbers on a major climb in the Himalayas". Houston was being self-effacing – although young, the Americans were accomplished mountaineers and formed a very cohesive team.

1187:. So enthusiastic were the porters that thirteen accompanied the team up the Rishi Ganga gorge and into the Sanctuary itself. Shipton "came to have a considerable respect for them as cragsmen" and was sorry that they had to leave. This time the team explored the southern part of the basin especially looking for a way out over the rim so as to avoid a fourth passage of the gorge. 1064:(4,000 m). To the north the river emerges from a large glacier and it was in this direction they started their survey. They saw for the first time the vast northern face of Nanda Devi – an unbroken sweep of 9,000 feet (2,700 m). They reached the rim of the northeastern encircling mountains at over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) and looked over to the east to the 845: 877: 861: 1342: 1163:

predicted) and not the Gangotri Glacier (as Shipton had expected). Immediately they were faced by an ice precipice of hundreds of feet with ice pinnacles and crevasses. Shipton and Tilman felt they might have to turn back but the Sherpas were determined and eventually it was Ang Tharkay who found a route down, albeit a most difficult one.

1333:. A few days later the entire party came together and they set off for the Sanctuary. Trouble came when the porters would not go beyond Rhamani and the Sherpas all became ill (Kitar was to die three weeks later) and it was left to the sahibs to carry the supplies through the Sanctuary towards the mountain and up its foothills. 1191:

It would be difficult to give an adequate description of the loveliness of the country in which we found ourselves. Beauty of the wild, riotous kind such as one usually finds in high mountain regions we had expected; but we found, as well, luxuriant pasture, brilliant with wild flowers, and lakes, on

1166:

What they presumed would be a two-day trek to Kedarnath turned out to be a far more serious journey. There was a precipice of 2,200 feet (670 m), scrub and jungle that had to be cut through, and rivers that were almost impossible to cross. Eventually, and after over a week, they reached villages

1046:

On 4 June they reached an impasse on the north bank so Tilman and Ang Tharkay reconnoitred a buttress to the south which appeared to be insurmountable. From the north bank they appeared "like ants on a gigantic wall" but at the end of the day they returned to camp having found a clear path beyond the

1404:

also joined as Sherpas. They met Lloyd who was descending the Rishi Ganga gorge ahead of the main party and so heard that the mountain had just been climbed. Writing to a friend Shipton said "What a glorious effort of Bill and Odell to have climbed Nanda Devi. I am overjoyed that it was Bill who did

310:

watershed for the first time, a feat that was not repeated until 1998. After the monsoon they again ascended the Rishi Ganga gorge and climbed part way up Nanda Devi's southeast ridge thereby discovering the route to the summit that was to be used in 1936. They left the Sanctuary by traversing a col

1353:

The logistics of moving people and supplies between the various small camps had become too difficult to handle with communal decisions. Therefore, it was agreed to have a secret ballot to choose a named leader. Tilman was chosen and, after delays caused by a blizzard, he decided on a summit team of

1349:

A camp they called Moraine Camp was established at 15,000 feet (4,600 m) at the foot of the western slopes of Nanda Devi and juniper wood was taken here for fuel so that paraffin could be saved for the actual ascent. Pleased with progress, after supper Loomis produced a flask of apricot brandy

1072:

the weather deteriorated and the Sherpas effectively took the lead when both Europeans were ill. On 24 June the monsoon arrived and they started their retreat, urged on by the Sherpas. In heavy rain they descended the gorge to the Rhamani river in two days. This river had become torrential and they

1063:

The monsoon was expected in about three weeks and the gorge would then be completely closed with floods so their exploration of the Sanctuary could only be brief. They had difficulty crossing the Rishi – at this point is the confluence of a northern and southern arm at a height of about 13,100 feet

744:

where he developed his mountaineering skills. Reading of this in the newspapers, Tilman wrote asking for advice and this drew the two men into a climbing partnership. So, in 1930, despite Tilman's almost complete lack of mountaineering experience, they succeeded in climbing Mount Kenya's west ridge

1479:

Tilman also said "The map of Garhwal in use up to 1936 was made from a survey in 1868 which was, rightly, only carried up to the snow-line, and above this, not so rightly, it was largely filled in by guess-work. There is nothing but praise and thankfulness for the accuracy of the surveyed portion,

1365:

Houston insisted on going down to allow someone else to take his place at the bivouac and, because Tilman was the only person fully equipped, he joined Odell in moving the tent up to an upper bivouac at 24,000 feet (7,300 m) so that on 29 August 1936 in eight hours they were able to ascend to

1157:

There was a legend of a high priest who used to hold services in the Badrinath and Kedernath temples both on the same day. Tradition told that, to avoid the hundred-mile journey using known tracks, he would take a shortcut over the mountains, a distance of less than three miles. Wanting to explore

1266:. The reconnaissance was a conspicuous success so Shipton was again appointed to the team for 1936, but not as leader due to Machiavellian RGS politics. In 1935 Tilman had not acclimatised well to altitude over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) so he was dropped from the 1936 team, with his agreement. 735:

but educated in Britain, he became interested in mountaineering, particularly during a snowless skiing holiday in the Alps. He turned down an opportunity to go to Cambridge University and instead took a course in estate management which set him up to become an apprentice on a coffee estate near

699:

separately from the rest of the party and this experience convinced him that small expeditions could be more enjoyable than large ones and, he suspected, more successful as well. Inspired by Longstaff and attracted by Garhwal and the unexplored Rishi Ganga gorge, Shipton decided to plan his own

1162:

on 4 August, knowing it would delay their return to the Sanctuary. It took difficult route-finding and awkward ice climbing to reach the head of the glacier. Eventually they were able to see to the west of the divide to discover that they were at the head of the Kedarnath valley (as Tilman had

1314:

also agreed to be part of the British contingent. Loomis went to London to purchase equipment where he was advised that Nanda Devi might be a more achievable option. Tilman, however, personally favoured Kanchenjunga. The Americans changed the expedition's name from the "Harvard Kanchenjunga

394:

was measured. Some geographers doubted a height as great as this and thought it had been overestimated – it is now known the overestimate was only 24 feet (7.3 m). The survey also identified a ring of very high mountains encircling Nanda Devi and it identified this region, and not

778:

to which Shipton replied by inviting him on a seven-month expedition to Himalaya. Tilman accepted by return of post. In 1969 Shipton wrote that, but for the serendipity of being able to be together at the right time, the course of both their lives would have been profoundly different.

786:, "Eric slung his ice axe beside many a memsahib's bed". Tilman was taciturn and monkish and he avoided society, particularly that of women. Both men were tremendously strong and reliable. They were to become the ideal climbing partnership – they could rely on each other completely. 601:

in Garhwal are very important for Hindu pilgrims because they are at four sources of the river Ganga. However, the source of the Rishi Ganga tributary is inaccessible. Nanda Devi, the Goddess of Bliss, lived on the top of the mountain that is named after her and which is where the

290:

had reached an eastern col in 1905 and had been able to see into the Sanctuary but he did not try the formidable descent. The immensely deep and narrow gorge by which the Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary had never been ascended despite many attempts. However, before the 1934

661:, southwest of the Sanctuary, and this remained the highest summit to be climbed for twenty-three years. Their attempt to get into the Sanctuary had been impeded because, according to Tilman, "though the map did credit to the maker's imagination it was apt to mislead". 761:

shrines but Longstaff urged him to attempt to enter and map the Nanda Devi Sanctuary itself. Noel Humphreys, his first choice for a climbing partner, was unavailable but then a letter arrived from Tilman who had decided to visit Britain by cycling across Africa from

1391:

Knowing of Shipton's 1934 explorations, Gordon Osmaston, director of the Survey of India's triangulation of Great Himalaya, planned to improve the survey of the Sanctuary using a phototheodolite. As he set off from Darjeeling he met Shipton returning from the

1047:

buttress. They named the location "Pisgah" because from there they could see the summit of Nanda Devi. Two days later the team became the first people to enter the Sanctuary. They had taken nine days to cover four miles and success had always been in doubt.

1405:

the touchdown – he so thoroughly deserves every inch of his success I confess I wished I had been with them instead of wasting time on that ridiculous Everest business". He also said "By Jove, it will shake the old fools at home", referring to the RGS

1380:

Tilman wrote, "I remember, in the small hours when the spark of life burns lowest, the feeling which predominated over all was one of remorse at the fall of a giant. It is the same sort of contrition that one feels at the shooting of an elephant".

593:

had successfully invaded. The British annexation in 1815 had little impact on the local culture. So, a very relaxed form of Hinduism developed, one which closely coexisted with Buddhism. Buddhist prayer flags sometimes adorned the Hindu temples.

1323:

and Pasang Phuta with whom he travelled to Ranikhet, and arranged for four more Sherpas to find their own way there. They joined up with Loomis at Ranikhet and wired ahead to Joshimath for food supplies and for fifteen porters from

1167:

where they could get food but when they reached the pilgrims' road to Kedarnath they decided there was no time to go north on the trail to the temple and they turned south instead, taking the pilgrim route back to Joshimath.

1318:

Tilman went ahead to Calcutta where, after being refused permission for Kanchenjunga, he prepared for Nanda Devi instead. With many Himalayan expeditions under way the choice of Sherpas was limited – Tilman chose

630:. The Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary though an extremely deep gorge and he attempted to ascend along this route. He found the lowest part of the gorge impassable. Then, after almost reaching the summit of 1328:

with the intention of taking some food supplies up the Rishi Ganga gorge in advance of the main party. By 16 June 1936 they had together hauled 900 pounds (410 kg) to beyond Pisgah and had then returned to

748:

Back in Britain following his 1932 Kamet expedition, Shipton advanced his plans to again explore the Garhwal region. His initial idea was for a lightweight expedition to explore the mountainous area between the

299:, Pasang and Kusang – became the first people to find a way through the gorge and to set foot in the Sanctuary in what has been described as "the most exciting story in the whole saga of mountain discovery". 561:

are both important religions in the state of Uttarakhand and the two faiths have intermixed to a considerable extent. The Garhwal area had been venerated by Buddhists until they were expelled by

318:

when a jointly-led American expedition, which eventually passed the leadership to Bill Tilman, reached its 25,643-foot (7,816 m) summit by climbing the southeast ridge. Tilman had chosen

1420:, crossed the Bagini Pass and descended the Bagini glacier to the north. Returning to Joshimath he took up a phototheodolite and went south to survey the Rinti glacier and the saddle between 343:, thought to be reaching up to about 20,000 feet (6,100 m), were the highest mountains in the world. Some Himalayan peaks were measured to be higher although measurements of those in 1357: 3373: 1259: 63: 1230:. It took two days to discover a route down the precipice and Ang Tharkay was the person who found the way that was at last successful. Descending the valley they reached the 2851: 821: 414: 794: 585:

had originally come from Tibet and their traditional work was to transport goods over the mountain passes between India and Tibet. Garhwal was never conquered by the

1702: 1068:

hoping there might be an alternative way out of the Sanctuary. They also went to the northernmost part of the ring but while they were exploring the foothills of

1516: 3378: 1369:

Most of the party set off down the gorge but, as an additional challenge, Tilman, Houston and Pasang Kikuli traversed Longstaff's 1905 col and descended to

3393: 1935: 1480:

but for the unsurveyed part we should all prefer to have a map which, like the crew of the Snark, we can all understand, 'a perfect and absolute blank'."

3143: 626:, who was the first climber to visit Himalaya purely for sporting purposes, attempted to reach the basin inside the protecting ring, the so-called 1537:

From the village of Lata the route goes to Lata Kharak, Dharansi Pass, Duraishi and Dibrughita all the time navigating by keeping an eye open for

2961: 673: 315: 252: 1900: 3217: 3173: 2014: 1603: 1599: 1393: 1303: 1263: 964: 946: 803: 688: 539: 1291:. They had never been to Himalaya; it was an unclimbed peak – the third-highest in the world – and if they succeeded it would be the first 1089:

Back at Joshimath on 2 July and expecting travel through the gorge would not be possible before 10 August, they embarked on a crossing from

1192:

whose deep blue and green surfaces was reflected the crusts of icy peaks; birds of great variety and brilliant colours, and large herds of

1862: 1302:, a friend of Houston, who accepted the invitation to join in. He extended the invitation to Shipton, who was unavailable because of the 1175: 1624:

Tilman names the other four Sherpas as Nuri, Da Namgyal, Nima Tsering and Kitar. When he refers to "Pasang" he implies Pasang Kikuli.

724:

and he was still less than 21 years old when the war was over. As part of his demobilisation he was awarded a square mile of land in

684:

which, because of the beautiful flora and dramatic scenery, Shipton described as "by far the most enjoyable part of the expedition".

3065: 3043: 1772: 1751: 1204:, which were so tame and regarded these strange new visitors with such curiosity, that I was almost glad we had not brought a rifle. 1667: 606:

were driven by the demons before they finally became seven stars in the sky. Nanda Devi left her mountain to live with her husband

131: 1437: 302:

During their retreat from the Sanctuary for the duration of the monsoon, the 1934 expedition continued exploring by crossing the

2051: 2635: 2530: 2843: 676:– a 25,000-foot (7,600 m) peak had never been climbed before. Subsequently, the expedition explored the mountains around 3238: 3196: 2604: 1455:

to be climbed. Ang Tharkay was the expedition's sirdar. Nanda Devi's main peak was climbed for the second time in 1964. The

1133:

at Gaumukh. With insufficient food to include Gangotri on their itinerary, they returned to Badrinath via the Arwa valley.

382:) was surveyed before the Nepalese and Tibetan regions. By 1820 the highest mountain to have been measured was Peak XIV in 2099: 1416:

glacier. While Osmaston turned to the southern glacier, Shipton descended the Rishi Ganga gorge, made a failed attempt on

1512: 56: 1126: 717: 1255: 355: 3348: 1341: 1311: 1923: 1396:. Shipton immediately agreed to join the Osmaston's party, hoping to join up with Tilman's Nanda Devi climbers. 1692: 371: 251:, as part of an American–British team, climbed to the 25,643-foot (7,816 m) summit making Nanda Devi the 228:

in northern India, just west of Nepal, and at one time it was thought to be the highest mountain in the world.

1406: 721: 654: 728:. He was lucky with his allocation and he converted his patch of bush into a successful coffee plantation. 622:

No real attempt had been made to cross the ring of mountains enclosing Nanda Devi until 1883. In that year

3388: 3383: 1227: 1024: 720:

where he was twice seriously wounded and was twice awarded the Military Cross. He fought and survived the

664:

Shipton's first visit to the region (and his first visit to Himalaya) was in 1931 on an expedition led by

623: 1280: 1081: 1008: 867: 319: 292: 1141: 30: 3268: 243:

and their three accomplished Sherpas succeeded in finding a climbing route into the Sanctuary via the

3331: 2949: 1551: 1298:

At Loomis' suggestion, they decided to get support from experienced British climbers so they invited

627: 283: 278:

Except for the Rishi Ganga gorge to the west, Nanda Devi is encircled by a ring of mountains with no

232: 326:

for the summit attempt but mischance led to Tilman rather than Houston partnering Odell to the top.

3285: 1892: 1538: 1463:

watershed was crossed for the second time in 1998 by a group including Shipton's son John Shipton.

1417: 1299: 725: 631: 582: 3034:

Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

614:

in Tibet but once a year, in October, she returns and this is a time of celebration for pilgrims.

3318: 3130: 3092: 282:

lower than 18,000 feet (5,500 m). This mountain chain surrounds and completely encloses the

1615:

Tilman had had similar difficulties on Nanda Devi but it had not seemed to be a serious problem.

1218:

The col discovered by Longstaff in 1905 seemed less suitable than one further south, spotted by

745:

for the first time and went on to make the first traverse of its two peaks, Batian and Neilion.

351:

were over very great distances from Indian territory and so were known not to be very accurate.

3234: 3213: 3192: 3169: 3061: 3039: 2600: 2010: 1850: 1768: 1747: 1159: 1028: 3163: 1370: 967:. Equipment and supplies were basic and the plan was to eat in the same way as the Sherpas – 3310: 3207: 3122: 3084: 1452: 1448: 1292: 1130: 1122: 1118: 754: 750: 637: 570: 396: 383: 375: 363: 267: 225: 186: 164: 1696: 1284: 1114: 1106: 1040: 955:

Shipton asked Karma Paul, who had been on Everest expeditions since 1922, to engage three

767: 713: 708:

Bill Tilman was born in 1898. He did well at school but, in 1914 with the outbreak of the

681: 598: 574: 543: 367: 2095: 782:

Shipton was a very gregarious, sociable person who was attractive to women. According to

569:

when their temples were adopted as Hindu while aspects of the two religions were merged.

1149: 3185: 2650: 1739: 1444: 1440: 1401: 1219: 1194: 807: 692: 263: 259: 179: 111: 3249: 3367: 3032: 2043: 1559: 1490: 1320: 1065: 956: 775: 646: 611: 586: 391: 287: 2518: 1663: 1183:

They left Joshimath on 30 August with a group of porters they had hired locally, at

1055: 770:

using a map torn from a magazine, and then taking a steamer to his family home near

1664:"High Asia I: The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of Nepal)" 1425: 1374: 1288: 1231: 1036: 665: 562: 236: 198: 3162:

Shipton, Eric; Perrin, Jim; Venables, Stephen; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).

3228: 1436:

It was only in 1950 that a higher summit than Nanda Devi was reached when on the

1262:

was immediately launched with Shipton and Tilman at the helm as a precursor to a

295:, Shipton and Tilman along with three Sherpas who they regarded as co-climbers – 3206:

Tilman, H W; Venables, Stephen; Perrin, Jim; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).

2645: 1397: 1325: 1184: 1032: 960: 783: 741: 547: 379: 359: 296: 244: 240: 208: 168: 2091:

Five months in the Himalaya: a record of mountain travel in Garhwal and Kashmir

2089: 311:

to the south and making a descent that had previously been thought impossible.

3053: 1413: 1412:

Osmaston surveyed the Sanctuary's northern glacier while Shipton explored the

1307: 1102: 1069: 992: 806:, no one had even reached the foot of Nanda Devi, the highest mountain in the 696: 650: 603: 566: 387: 358:

of India reached Himalaya early in the 19th century and because it was in the

323: 248: 221: 204: 1717: 1704: 78: 65: 1460: 1456: 1330: 1110: 1090: 1012: 996: 980: 899: 851: 771: 709: 677: 476: 444: 428: 307: 303: 235:

which, despite decades of attempts, no one had been able to enter. In 1934

1409:

and the fact that the expedition had been conceived in the United States.

1279:

Four American students from Harvard Mountaineering Club – Farnie Loomis,

1239: 1235: 1223: 1000: 988: 883: 758: 558: 554: 460: 1361:

Nanda Devi from the east, showing the ridge, left, ascended (1939 photo)

339:

At the beginning of the 19th century geographers generally believed the

3134: 3096: 1094: 968: 737: 3322: 3301:

Emmons, Arthur B. (January 1938). "Mapping in the Nanda Devi Basin".

1494: 1421: 1200: 1098: 972: 763: 732: 658: 590: 578: 400: 46: 3126: 3088: 2694: 2692: 1689: 3314: 3113:

Shipton, Eric (August 1937). "More Explorations Round Nanda Devi".

1145:

Sketch map of Badrinath – Gaukukh, and Badrinath – Kedernath routes

774:. Tilman's letter had suggested a fortnight's rock climbing in the 649:

and two Italian guides, the Brocherel brothers, set off to explore

1555: 1498: 1356: 1340: 1179:

Hauling loads below the "Pisgah" buttress in the Rishi Ganga gorge

1174: 1148: 1140: 1080: 1054: 1007:

porters, purchased food at the market and were driven by lorry to

793: 669: 641:

Survey of India map of Badrinath, 1882. (Nanda Devi middle right).

636: 607: 348: 344: 340: 172: 1287:– had decided on a lightweight Himalayan expedition, possibly to 1222:

in 1932. However they were distracted by Trisul East (now called

2931: 2929: 1489:

To consider Nanda Devi the highest it is necessary to disregard

1035:

gorge, and climbed the Lata hills north of the gorge to reach a

1011:

where they were met by the porters. A ten-day trek took them to

1004: 976: 1633:

Tilman wrote of "Odell's familiar yodel, like a donkey braying.

1571:

Shipton calls the Bhagirath Kharak glacier the "Bhagat Kharak".

963:, Pasang Bhotia and Kusang Namgir, all of whom had been on the 687:

After Shipton's very creditable performance on the large-scale

1097:. The sources of the three main rivers that together form the 1085:

Bhagirath Kharak: enclosing wall and head of glacier tributary

1003:

where they arrived on 9 May. They arranged to take on a dozen

279: 231:

Nanda Devi is surrounded by a ring of mountains enclosing the

3075:

Shipton, Eric (1935). "Nanda Devi and the Ganges Watershed".

1234:. At last reaching Sameswar they were able to board a bus to 270:. Nanda Devi itself was climbed for the second time in 1964. 2542: 2540: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2339: 2337: 2071: 2069: 1798: 1796: 1783: 1781: 1015:

from where the exploration towards the Sanctuary started.

258:

It was only in 1950 that a higher summit was reached when

2985: 2983: 1580:

Shipton refers to the Chaturangi Glacier as "'X' glacier"

1501:

border. At the time Sikkim was nominally outside the Raj.

1589:

Shipton says the distance is at least twenty-four miles.

386:

at 25,669 feet (7,824 m). It had the local name of

1129:, descended the Chaturangi Glacier to the snout of the 3030:

Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (1 February 2010).

1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1260:

1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition

1059:

Sketch map of expeditions' routes in 1934 & 1936

3254:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. 197: 192: 178: 160: 119: 99: 94: 55: 45: 40: 23: 3184: 3031: 2630: 2628: 1513:"Bill Tilman: Nepal's very first trekking tourist" 390:and it remained the highest known until 1847 when 979:. On 6 April 1934 Shipton and Tilman sailed from 577:has a style of architecture and a stone image of 1746:, Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, 581:that are characteristically Buddhist. The local 3108:(1st ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2094:. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 1189: 2935: 2722: 2698: 2644:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). 2379: 991:. They met the Sherpas who had travelled from 1510:A photograph of the five men is available at 731:Eric Shipton was nine years younger. Born in 668:that succeeded in making the first ascent of 224:is a Himalayan mountain in what was then the 16:Himalayan mountaineering expeditions in 1930s 8: 672:. Shipton was in the party that reached the 3374:Mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas 3230:Nanda Devi: A Journey to the Last Sanctuary 1270:British–American Himalayan Expedition, 1936 810:, even though many attempts had been made. 103: 3349:"Nanda Devi And The Sources Of The Ganges" 1658: 1656: 1654: 716:. At the age of 17 he was fighting on the 316:highest mountain ever to have been climbed 253:highest mountain ever to have been climbed 20: 2599:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 163, 210. 802:By 1934, despite mountaineers having got 3013: 2974: 2044:"Graham, William Woodman (1859-unknown)" 1924:"The Great Game of Mapping the Himalaya" 1606:to Mount Everest each cost over £10,000. 1451:, 26,545 feet (8,091 m), the first 1158:this crossing, the party set off up the 2989: 2920: 2872: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2492: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2391: 2355: 2292: 2256: 2160: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1886: 1884: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1787: 1699:gives the coordinates of Nanda Devi as 1650: 1472: 975:– luxuries taken were tea, lentils and 3001: 2964:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2908: 2896: 2884: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2710: 2683: 2671: 2619: 2546: 2533:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2504: 2480: 2408: 2367: 2343: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2280: 2268: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2075: 2029: 2009:. Vertebrate Publishing. p. 149. 1875: 1814: 1802: 1670:from the original on 24 September 2015 2054:from the original on 22 December 2015 1938:from the original on 31 December 2014 1865:from the original on 21 January 2016. 1238:and they went their separate ways at 689:1933 British Mount Everest expedition 218:Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions 7: 1903:from the original on 10 October 2015 1763:Andy Fanshawe and Stephen Venables, 674:highest summit to have been achieved 618:Early mountaineering and exploration 3379:Expeditions from the United Kingdom 3144:"Survey in the Nanda Devi District" 1893:"The Highest Mountain in the World" 1519:from the original on 16 August 2018 1019:Through the upper Rishi Ganga gorge 804:near to the summit of Mount Everest 798:Nanda Devi and Sanctuary (1955 map) 3394:Expeditions from the United States 2844:"Highest Peak In Empire Conquered" 2199:, pp. 32–51, 74–102, 111–123. 2102:from the original on 4 April 2016. 995:and the five men went by train to 828: 485: 138: 14: 3212:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing. 3168:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing. 2854:from the original on 4 March 2016 2850:. 26 September 1936. p. 19. 892: 844: 469: 437: 421: 3269:"Nanda Devi: Vision or Reality?" 3187:Eric Shipton: Everest and Beyond 2642:"consistent series" supplied in 1387:Osmaston–Shipton 1936 expedition 1345:Nanda Devi from the south (1934) 891: 876: 875: 860: 859: 843: 827: 820: 484: 468: 453: 452: 436: 420: 413: 137: 130: 29: 2636:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1306:, and to Tilman, who accepted. 247:gorge. Then in 1936 Tilman and 35:Nanda Devi photographed in 1936 1899:. Royal Geographical Society. 1767:, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995, 1377:eventually reaching Ranikhet. 1242:with Shipton writing his book 1023:Using the route discovered by 314:In 1936 Nanda Devi became the 1: 3332:"Badrinath To Kedarnath Trek" 2950:"Gordon Osmaston and Tenzing" 2646:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?" 2435:, chapter 11, 1992–2054/3254. 1246:on his six-week voyage home. 399:, as the source of the river 51:7,816 m (25,643 ft) 3104:Shipton, Eric Earle (1936). 2936:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2723:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2699:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2380:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 1137:Badrinath–Kedarnath crossing 3286:"The First ascent of Kamet" 2088:Mumm, Arnold Lewis (1909). 2050:. Mountain Heritage Trust. 1438:French Annapurna expedition 999:and continued by lorry to 712:, he left to train for the 3410: 3284:Birnie, E. St. J. (1932). 1256:Royal Geographical Society 1077:Badrinath–Gaumukh crossing 1031:, passing the foot of the 657:and succeeded in climbing 356:Great Trigonometric Survey 3038:. Yale University Press. 1922:Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2009). 220:took place in the 1930s. 124: 104: 28: 3251:The Ascent of Nanda Devi 3209:The Ascent of Nanda Devi 2948:Osmaston, Henry (1992). 2517:Ruttledge, Hugh (1933). 1373:and then south down the 1250:Mount Everest intervenes 1153:Headwaters of the Ganges 950:Locations in Uttrarkhand 700:approach to the region. 2595:Unsworth, Walt (1981). 2048:Mountain Heritage Trust 1851:"Shipton's Lost Valley" 1695:18 October 2015 at the 1407:Mount Everest Committee 1304:1936 Everest expedition 1211:Illustrated London News 1171:The Sanctuary revisited 1051:Exploring the Sanctuary 983:on the cargo vessel SS 814:Preparations and travel 722:Battle of Passchendaele 573:near the source of the 3330:Shipton, John (1999). 3227:Thomson, Hugh (2005). 3183:Steele, Peter (1998). 3142:Shipton, E.E. (1937). 3060:. London: Hutchinson. 1849:Moran, Martin (1999). 1362: 1346: 1216: 1180: 1154: 1146: 1113:, each have temples – 1086: 1060: 799: 642: 589:of India but Nepalese 330:Nanda Devi and Garhwal 3347:Tilman, H.W. (1935). 3267:Aitken, Bill (2006). 3248:Tilman, H.W. (1937). 2005:Porter, John (2014). 1765:Himalaya Alpine-Style 1718:30.37000°N 79.97000°E 1360: 1344: 1178: 1152: 1144: 1084: 1058: 797: 640: 79:30.37583°N 79.97083°E 3191:. The Mountaineers. 3115:Geographical Journal 3077:Geographical Journal 1744:World Mountaineering 1337:Ascent of Nanda Devi 1264:full attempt in 1936 1228:Sunderdhunga Glacier 1027:, they followed the 947:class=notpageimage| 740:and within reach of 628:Nanda Devi Sanctuary 597:The four shrines of 540:class=notpageimage| 378:now in the state of 335:19th-century mapping 284:Nanda Devi Sanctuary 3303:Geographical Review 2833:, pp. 277–278. 2809:, pp. 276–277. 2773:, pp. 270–276. 2761:, pp. 268–276. 2737:, pp. 268–270. 2701:, pp. 191–192. 2674:, pp. 241–245. 2638:figures follow the 2549:, pp. 234–239. 2507:, pp. 233–234. 2483:, pp. 233–235. 2411:, pp. 204–224. 2370:, pp. 201–203. 2346:, pp. 190–201. 2331:, pp. 183–191. 2319:, pp. 179–183. 2307:, pp. 177–178. 2235:, pp. 150–151. 2211:, pp. 127–135. 2187:, pp. 103–107. 2151:, pp. 152–168. 2139:, pp. 137–140. 2115:, p. 358/2774. 2078:, pp. 170–171. 1805:, pp. 170–174. 1742:, "Nanda Devi", in 1714: / 1300:Thomas Graham Brown 726:British East Africa 565:in the 9th century 75: / 3058:Shipton and Tilman 2977:, pp. 97–107. 2358:, 1283, 1449/3254. 2007:One day as a Tiger 1790:, pp. 11, 43. 1723:30.37000; 79.97000 1515:. 7 January 2015. 1394:Everest expedition 1363: 1347: 1181: 1155: 1147: 1087: 1061: 800: 704:Shipton and Tilman 643: 203:29 August 1936 by 84:30.37583; 79.97083 41:Highest point 3353:Himalayan Journal 3336:Himalayan Journal 3290:Himalayan Journal 3273:Himalayan Journal 3219:978-1-910240-15-1 3175:978-1-910240-16-8 3016:, pp. 27–40. 3004:, pp. 73–74. 2954:Himalayan Journal 2911:, 2386–2701/2774. 2848:The Straits Times 2821:, 2218–2311/2774. 2797:, 1818-2008/2774. 2785:, 1608-1818/2774. 2573:, 3072–3096/3254. 2523:Himalayan Journal 2471:, 2523–2850/3254. 2459:, 2311–2523/3254. 2447:, 2062–2306/3254. 2175:, pp. 62–73. 2042:Willett, Maxine. 2016:978-1-910240-08-3 1971:, pp. 49–50. 1928:Himalayan Journal 1855:Himalayan Journal 1432:Subsequent events 1283:, Art Emmons and 1213:, 12 January 1935 1160:Satopanth Glacier 959:and he appointed 407:Spiritual aspects 214: 213: 151:Location in India 3401: 3360: 3343: 3326: 3297: 3280: 3255: 3244: 3223: 3202: 3190: 3179: 3158: 3148: 3138: 3109: 3100: 3071: 3049: 3037: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2283:, pp. 9–11. 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1761: 1755: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1666:. Peaklist.org. 1660: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1508: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1453:8,000-metre peak 1293:eight-thousander 1214: 1131:Gangotri Glacier 895: 894: 879: 878: 863: 862: 847: 846: 831: 830: 824: 695:trekked back to 575:Alaknanda Ganges 571:Badrinath Temple 488: 487: 472: 471: 456: 455: 440: 439: 424: 423: 417: 397:Lake Manasarovar 384:Garhwal Himalaya 364:Garhwal District 226:Garhwal District 187:Garhwal Himalaya 182: 165:Chamoli District 141: 140: 134: 115: 107: 106: 90: 89: 87: 86: 85: 80: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 33: 21: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3364: 3363: 3346: 3329: 3300: 3283: 3266: 3263: 3261:Further reading 3258: 3247: 3241: 3226: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3182: 3176: 3161: 3146: 3141: 3127:10.2307/1787124 3112: 3103: 3089:10.2307/1785589 3074: 3068: 3052: 3046: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3014:Shipton (1937b) 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2975:Shipton (1937a) 2973: 2969: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2749:, 510,880/2774. 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2686:, pp. 261. 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2634:United Kingdom 2633: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2538: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2295:, pp. 7–9. 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2032:, 325–338/2774. 2028: 2024: 2017: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1897:Imaging Everest 1890: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1779: 1762: 1758: 1738: 1734: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1697:Wayback Machine 1690:Himalayan Index 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1604:1936 expedition 1600:1933 expedition 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1434: 1389: 1339: 1295:to be climbed. 1281:Charlie Houston 1277: 1272: 1252: 1215: 1208: 1173: 1139: 1079: 1053: 1041:Survey of India 1021: 965:1933 expedition 953: 952: 951: 949: 943: 942: 941: 940: 933: 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 920: 913: 912: 911: 904: 903: 902: 896: 888: 887: 886: 880: 872: 871: 870: 864: 856: 855: 854: 848: 840: 839: 838: 832: 816: 792: 790:1934 expedition 768:French Cameroon 714:Royal Artillery 706: 620: 599:Chota Char Dham 552: 551: 550: 544:Chota Char Dham 542: 536: 535: 534: 533: 526: 525: 524: 521: 515: 514: 513: 506: 505: 504: 497: 496: 495: 489: 481: 480: 479: 473: 465: 464: 463: 457: 449: 448: 447: 441: 433: 432: 431: 425: 409: 368:Garhwal Kingdom 337: 332: 320:Charlie Houston 276: 180: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 142: 109: 83: 81: 77: 74: 69: 66: 64: 62: 61: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3344: 3327: 3315:10.2307/210566 3298: 3281: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3180: 3174: 3159: 3151:Alpine Journal 3139: 3110: 3101: 3083:(4): 305–319. 3072: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2992:, p. 145. 2990:Thomson (2005) 2979: 2967: 2940: 2938:, p. 191. 2925: 2921:Thomson (2005) 2913: 2901: 2899:, p. 280. 2889: 2887:, p. 279. 2877: 2873:Thomson (2005) 2865: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 192. 2715: 2713:, p. 268. 2703: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2651:MeasuringWorth 2640:MeasuringWorth 2624: 2622:, p. 241. 2612: 2605: 2587: 2583:Shipton (1935) 2575: 2571:Shipton (2014) 2563: 2559:Shipton (2014) 2551: 2536: 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 130. 2493:Thomson (2005) 2485: 2473: 2469:Shipton (2014) 2461: 2457:Shipton (2014) 2449: 2445:Shipton (2014) 2437: 2433:Shipton (2014) 2425: 2421:Shipton (2014) 2413: 2396: 2392:Shipton (2014) 2384: 2382:, p. 170. 2372: 2360: 2356:Shipton (2014) 2348: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2293:Thomson (2005) 2285: 2273: 2271:, p. 179. 2261: 2257:Thomson (2005) 2249: 2247:, p. 176. 2237: 2225: 2223:, p. 173. 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2163:, p. 304. 2161:Shipton (1935) 2153: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2080: 2065: 2034: 2022: 2015: 1997: 1993:Thomson (2005) 1985: 1981:Thomson (2005) 1973: 1969:Thomson (2005) 1961: 1957:Thomson (2005) 1949: 1914: 1880: 1868: 1838: 1834:Shipton (1936) 1819: 1807: 1792: 1788:Thomson (2005) 1777: 1756: 1754:, pp. 254–257. 1740:Harish Kapadia 1732: 1681: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1558:could see the 1543: 1530: 1503: 1482: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1445:Louis Lachenal 1441:Maurice Herzog 1433: 1430: 1402:Tenzing Norgay 1388: 1385: 1338: 1335: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1251: 1248: 1220:Hugh Ruttledge 1209:Eric Shipton, 1206: 1172: 1169: 1138: 1135: 1078: 1075: 1052: 1049: 1039:set up by the 1020: 1017: 945: 944: 936: 935: 934: 925: 924: 923: 916: 915: 914: 907: 906: 905: 898: 897: 890: 889: 882: 881: 874: 873: 866: 865: 858: 857: 850: 849: 842: 841: 834: 833: 826: 825: 819: 818: 817: 815: 812: 808:British Empire 791: 788: 705: 702: 693:Lawrence Wager 624:William Graham 619: 616: 538: 537: 529: 528: 527: 518: 517: 516: 509: 508: 507: 500: 499: 498: 491: 490: 483: 482: 475: 474: 467: 466: 459: 458: 451: 450: 443: 442: 435: 434: 427: 426: 419: 418: 412: 411: 410: 408: 405: 336: 333: 331: 328: 275: 272: 264:Louis Lachenal 260:Maurice Herzog 255:at that time. 212: 211: 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 184: 176: 175: 162: 158: 157: 150: 144: 143: 136: 135: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 122: 121: 117: 116: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 59: 53: 52: 49: 43: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3406: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389:1936 in India 3387: 3385: 3384:1934 in India 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3160: 3157:(254): 27–40. 3156: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121:(2): 97–107. 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3067:9780091795467 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045:9780300115017 3041: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002:Steele (1998) 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923:, p. 44. 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909:Tilman (2014) 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897:Perrin (2013) 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885:Perrin (2013) 2881: 2878: 2875:, p. 43. 2874: 2869: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2831:Perrin (2013) 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819:Tilman (2014) 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807:Perrin (2013) 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795:Tilman (2014) 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783:Tilman (2014) 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771:Perrin (2013) 2767: 2764: 2760: 2759:Perrin (2013) 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747:Tilman (2014) 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735:Perrin (2013) 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711:Perrin (2013) 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:Perrin (2013) 2680: 2677: 2673: 2672:Perrin (2013) 2668: 2665: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Perrin (2013) 2616: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2547:Perrin (2013) 2543: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505:Perrin (2013) 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481:Perrin (2013) 2477: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409:Perrin (2013) 2405: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368:Perrin (2013) 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2344:Perrin (2013) 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Perrin (2013) 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317:Perrin (2013) 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305:Perrin (2013) 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281:Perrin (2013) 2277: 2274: 2270: 2269:Perrin (2013) 2265: 2262: 2259:, p. 47. 2258: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245:Perrin (2013) 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233:Perrin (2013) 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221:Perrin (2013) 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209:Perrin (2013) 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197:Perrin (2013) 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185:Perrin (2013) 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173:Perrin (2013) 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149:Perrin (2013) 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137:Perrin (2013) 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125:Tilman (2014) 2121: 2118: 2114: 2113:Tilman (2014) 2109: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076:Perrin (2013) 2072: 2070: 2066: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030:Tilman (2014) 2026: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1995:, p. 58. 1994: 1989: 1986: 1983:, p. 23. 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959:, p. 32. 1958: 1953: 1950: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Tilman (1937) 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1817:, p. 14. 1816: 1815:Perrin (2013) 1811: 1808: 1804: 1803:Perrin (2013) 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:0-340-64931-3 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752:0-8212-2502-2 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560:Promised Land 1557: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Kangchenjunga 1486: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1321:Pasang Kikuli 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066:Milam Glacier 1057: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 948: 939: 930: 919: 910: 901: 885: 869: 853: 837: 823: 813: 811: 809: 805: 796: 789: 787: 785: 780: 777: 776:Lake District 773: 769: 765: 760: 756: 752: 746: 743: 739: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 718:Western Front 715: 711: 703: 701: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 655:Charles Bruce 652: 648: 647:Tom Longstaff 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 617: 615: 613: 612:Mount Kailash 609: 605: 600: 595: 592: 588: 587:Mughal Empire 584: 583:Bhotia people 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 549: 545: 541: 532: 523: 512: 503: 494: 478: 462: 446: 430: 416: 406: 404: 402: 398: 393: 392:Kangchenjunga 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 334: 329: 327: 325: 321: 317: 312: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 289: 288:Tom Longstaff 285: 281: 273: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 210: 206: 202: 200: 196: 191: 188: 185: 183: 177: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 133: 123: 118: 113: 102: 98: 93: 88: 60: 58: 54: 50: 48: 44: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3309:(1): 59–67. 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3250: 3229: 3208: 3186: 3164: 3154: 3150: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3080: 3076: 3057: 3033: 3009: 2997: 2970: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2847: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2679: 2667: 2655:. Retrieved 2649: 2639: 2615: 2596: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2561:, 3032/3254. 2554: 2526: 2522: 2519:"Nanda Devi" 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2423:, 1619/3254. 2416: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2090: 2083: 2056:. Retrieved 2047: 2037: 2025: 2006: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940:. Retrieved 1931: 1927: 1917: 1905:. Retrieved 1896: 1891:Keay, John. 1871: 1858: 1854: 1810: 1764: 1759: 1743: 1735: 1684: 1672:. Retrieved 1629: 1620: 1611: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1552:Mount Pisgah 1550:It was from 1546: 1533: 1521:. Retrieved 1506: 1485: 1475: 1435: 1426:Nanda Ghunti 1411: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1375:Milam valley 1368: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1317: 1297: 1289:Kanchenjunga 1278: 1253: 1243: 1232:Pindar River 1217: 1210: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1182: 1165: 1156: 1088: 1062: 1045: 1037:trig station 1029:Dhauli river 1022: 984: 954: 937: 926: 917: 908: 835: 801: 781: 747: 730: 707: 686: 666:Frank Smythe 663: 644: 621: 604:Seven Rishis 596: 563:Adi Shankara 553: 530: 519: 510: 501: 492: 403:, or Ganga. 372:independence 353: 338: 313: 301: 277: 257: 237:Eric Shipton 230: 217: 215: 199:First ascent 181:Parent range 18: 3233:. Phoenix. 3054:Perrin, Jim 3023:Works cited 2127:, 349/2774. 1721: / 1449:Annapurna I 1398:Ang Tharkay 1312:Peter Lloyd 1033:Rishi Ganga 971:, rice and 961:Ang Tharkay 784:George Band 742:Mount Kenya 548:Uttarakhand 380:Uttarakhand 360:British Raj 297:Ang Tharkay 245:Rishi Ganga 241:Bill Tilman 209:Bill Tilman 169:Uttarakhand 100:Native name 82: / 57:Coordinates 3368:Categories 3240:0753818477 3198:0898866596 3165:Nanda Devi 3106:Nanda Devi 2858:7 December 2606:0713911085 2394:, 15/3254. 1709:79°58′12″E 1706:30°22′12″N 1641:References 1523:7 December 1414:Changabang 1308:Noel Odell 1275:Background 1244:Nanda Devi 1103:Bhagirathi 1070:Changabang 993:Darjeeling 987:bound for 836:Nanda Devi 697:Darjeeling 651:Nanda Devi 493:Nanda Devi 388:Nanda Devi 370:and after 366:(once the 324:Noel Odell 249:Noel Odell 222:Nanda Devi 205:Noel Odell 145:Nanda Devi 105:नन्दा देवी 70:79°58′15″E 67:30°22′33″N 24:Nanda Devi 1646:Citations 1461:Kedarnath 1457:Badrinath 1331:Badrinath 1285:Ad Carter 1123:Badrinath 1119:Kedarnath 1111:Alaknanda 1107:Mandakini 1091:Badrinath 1013:Joshimath 997:Kathgodam 981:Liverpool 900:Kathgodam 852:Joshimath 772:Liverpool 755:Kedernath 751:Badrinath 710:Great War 691:, he and 678:Badrinath 546:sites in 477:Yamunotri 445:Badrinath 429:Kedarnath 308:Kedarnath 304:Badrinath 268:Annapurna 233:Sanctuary 120:Geography 47:Elevation 3056:(2013). 2962:Archived 2852:Archived 2531:Archived 2100:Archived 2052:Archived 1936:Archived 1901:Archived 1863:Archived 1693:Archived 1668:Archived 1602:and the 1539:Dunagiri 1517:Archived 1447:climbed 1418:Dunagiri 1240:Bareilly 1236:Ranikhet 1224:Maiktoli 1207:— 1127:Shivling 1115:Gangotri 1009:Baijnath 1001:Ranikhet 989:Calcutta 969:chapatis 929:District 884:Ranikhet 868:Baijnath 759:Gangotri 645:In 1905 632:Dunagiri 559:Buddhism 555:Hinduism 522:District 461:Gangotri 376:division 266:climbed 193:Climbing 161:Location 3135:1787124 3097:1785589 2657:15 July 2597:Everest 2058:17 June 1942:20 June 1907:20 June 1674:17 June 1493:on the 1371:Martoli 1095:Gaumukh 957:Sherpas 927:Garhwal 738:Nairobi 682:Garhwal 591:Gurkhas 520:Garhwal 293:monsoon 274:Summary 3323:210566 3321: 3237: 3216: 3195: 3172: 3133: 3095: 3064: 3042: 2603: 2098:–263. 2013: 1771: 1750: 1495:Sikkim 1422:Trisul 1201:bharal 1101:: the 1099:Ganges 1025:Graham 985:Mahsud 973:tsampa 764:Uganda 733:Ceylon 659:Trisul 579:Vishnu 401:Ganges 108: 95:Naming 3319:JSTOR 3147:(PDF) 3131:JSTOR 3093:JSTOR 1556:Moses 1554:that 1499:Tibet 1467:Notes 938:INDIA 918:TIBET 909:NEPAL 670:Kamet 608:Shiva 531:INDIA 511:TIBET 502:NEPAL 349:Nepal 345:Tibet 341:Andes 173:India 112:Hindi 3235:ISBN 3214:ISBN 3193:ISBN 3170:ISBN 3062:ISBN 3040:ISBN 2860:2015 2659:2024 2601:ISBN 2060:2015 2011:ISBN 1944:2015 1909:2015 1769:ISBN 1748:ISBN 1688:The 1676:2015 1598:The 1525:2018 1443:and 1424:and 1400:and 1326:Mana 1310:and 1254:The 1198:and 1195:thar 1185:Mana 1121:and 1109:and 1005:Doti 977:ghee 757:and 557:and 362:the 354:The 347:and 322:and 262:and 216:The 207:and 3311:doi 3123:doi 3085:doi 1093:to 766:to 680:in 610:on 280:col 3370:: 3355:. 3351:. 3340:55 3338:. 3334:. 3317:. 3307:28 3305:. 3292:. 3288:. 3277:62 3275:. 3271:. 3155:49 3153:. 3149:. 3129:. 3119:90 3117:. 3091:. 3081:85 3079:. 2982:^ 2960:. 2958:48 2956:. 2952:. 2928:^ 2846:. 2691:^ 2648:. 2627:^ 2539:^ 2529:. 2525:. 2521:. 2399:^ 2336:^ 2068:^ 2046:. 1934:. 1932:65 1930:. 1926:. 1895:. 1883:^ 1861:. 1859:55 1857:. 1853:. 1841:^ 1822:^ 1795:^ 1780:^ 1653:^ 1428:. 1117:, 1105:, 753:, 567:CE 374:a 286:. 239:, 171:, 167:, 3359:. 3357:7 3342:. 3325:. 3313:: 3296:. 3294:4 3279:. 3243:. 3222:. 3201:. 3178:. 3137:. 3125:: 3099:. 3087:: 3070:. 3048:. 2862:. 2661:. 2609:. 2585:. 2527:5 2096:1 2062:. 2019:. 1946:. 1911:. 1878:. 1836:. 1775:. 1730:. 1678:. 1562:. 1541:. 1527:. 1497:– 1459:– 306:– 114:) 110:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.