Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions

1054:, the last in the area. This served as the basis for their own surveying which they saw as one of their main purposes. They traversed the Duraishi and Dibrughita high grazing areas and descended to just below the confluence of the Rhamani and the Rishi rivers, halfway up the gorge and eight days march from Joshimath. Base camp was set up near the confluence of the two rivers and here the porters were paid off. At this point the gorge is a box canyon for a distance of about 2 miles (3 km) with walls rising 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the river. The five men relayed five hundredweight (250 kg) of supplies along the perilous cliffs, sometimes overhanging the river, at various heights above the bed of the gorge but in doing so lost a rucksack with nearly all their lentils, which removed their staple food and would reduce their expedition by two days. For seven days they ascended the upper gorge, repeatedly being forced to cross and re-cross the river. 1237:, 22,320 feet (6,800 m)) which looked technically straightforward so, while Tilman continued surveying with Pasang, the other three made the first ascent of the peak in conditions, according to Shipton, "almost up to Everest standards". The three men had to share a two-man tent so, at night, when one turned they all had to. The Sherpas found this tremendously funny – Shipton less so. On their return, Shipton and Tilman explored a subsidiary ridge to the south ridge of Nanda Devi itself merely thinking it might provide a good view of the southern Sanctuary. At 20,500 feet (6,200 m) they had to turn back but they had decided that this ridge gave a good chance of reaching the summit for a suitably prepared expedition. On 17 September the entire party started the climb to Ruttledge's col to look down the 6,000 feet (1,800 m) precipice and icefall to the 806: 1365:

Houston and Odell who, with the others in support, climbed to 23,400 feet (7,100 m) where they set up a precarious camp. The next day Houston and Odell climbed strongly but they realised they would not reach the summit that day so they retreated to their bivouac camp where Houston ate meat which had become contaminated so that he was unable to continue on the climb. Odell called down the mountain "Charlie is ill" but the American Carter who heard the shout, not well-attuned to Odell's posh English accent, misheard the message as "Charlie is killed". A very sorrowful party set off on the six-hour journey to retrieve the corpse with Tilman the only person taking his full climbing kit. When they arrived they were greeted by a cheerful Odell calling "Hello, you blokes, have some tea".

1369: 664:– Longstaff's expeditions only ever involved a small number of people, each one carrying his own gear. They reached a high col just east of Nanda Devi's summit which is on the ridge of peaks surrounding the mountain itself but they were unable to descend to the Sanctuary. The Sanctuary is an area of about 250 square miles (650 km) that is encircled by a ridge nowhere less than 18,000 feet (5,500 m) in height except for the Rishi Ganga gorge which had proved to be an insuperable obstacle. The Sanctuary, completely cut off from human intrusion, had become an area of immense interest to explorers and mountaineers. Two years later the same team returned along with 1136:– that are the destinations for Hindu pilgrims. This region is very mountainous and the watershed had never been crossed. Leaving Joshimah for Badrinath, the party hired porters and set off on 12 July for the Bhagirath Kharak glacier. Finding there was no pass at the head of the glacier they explored four subsidiary glaciers entering from the south-west but none were passable. Instead, they headed north to the Arwa River – climbing a 21,500-foot (6,600 m) peak on the way – to where a previous expedition had reached the watershed but had not completed a traverse. The team found a way over the watershed and, guided by the sight of 1187: 1361:

he had kept hidden so everyone celebrated. Base camp was on shale at the top of scree slopes leading to the subsidiary ridge to the mountain's south ridge (discovered in 1934) and it was stocked with at least three weeks' food and fuel. Camp one was at 19,200 feet (5,900 m) but it had to be on four small separate platforms dug out from the deep snow that had been falling. Tilman was very impressed with how everyone was acclimatising. With considerable difficulty due to continuing snowfall, camp two was established on 14 August at about 20,400 feet (6,200 m).and then camp three at about 21,400 feet (6,500 m).

1269:'s reception of Shipton's February 1935 Nanda Devi presentation was "close to rapturous" and of particular note was that the full cost of the entire expedition had been 287 pounds sterling (equivalent to £21,700 in 2023). Shipton and Tilman were both lauded by the top brass of the RGS but there was no support for any immediate return to Nanda Devi because Tibet had just given permission for attempts on Mount Everest in 1935 and 1936. With the RGS only having £1,400 (equivalent to £105,000 in 2023) readily available, it was inevitable that a 1377:

the summit in cold, fine weather. They had reached the top of the highest mountain ever climbed – 25,643 feet (7,816 m). Tilman, who was a very reticent individual but who also had a wry sense of humour, wrote self-mockingly "I believe we so far forgot ourselves as to shake hands on it". Lloyd would have been able to take part in a second bid for the summit but everyone else either had frostbite or had already gone back down the mountain. They descended to be told that Kitar had died and the Sherpas had already built a cairn over his grave.

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were forced upstream to where they found an easy crossing point and a route back to Dibrughita from where they raced back to civilisation. In a letter Shipton wrote of the Sanctuary "There was a tremendous variety of birds and any amount of game – most of which can never have seen a man, and stared at us incredulously. I was glad we did not have guns – it would have been a crime to shoot them. It was perhaps the most wonderful three weeks of my life, and I shall never forget a moment of it...".

645:, and guided by local inhabitants, he took a route slightly north of the river and he was able to reach the gorge part way up. To the west of Nanda Devi the encircling ring becomes double with an inner ring enclosing the inner part of the Sanctuary and an outer part of the Sanctuary lying between the two ridges of the ring. By crossing the outer ring and avoiding the lower part of the gorge Graham had reached the outer part of the Sanctuary but he could not get any further. 143: 649: 1161: 840: 497: 1067: 481: 449: 433: 465: 904: 1326:

Expedition" to the "British–American Himalayan Expedition". Later, in 1999, Houston wrote, "It's hard to believe how naïve and presumptuous we were ... Four American college kids ... inviting the best British climbers on a major climb in the Himalayas". Houston was being self-effacing – although young, the Americans were accomplished mountaineers and formed a very cohesive team.

1198:. So enthusiastic were the porters that thirteen accompanied the team up the Rishi Ganga gorge and into the Sanctuary itself. Shipton "came to have a considerable respect for them as cragsmen" and was sorry that they had to leave. This time the team explored the southern part of the basin especially looking for a way out over the rim so as to avoid a fourth passage of the gorge. 1075:(4,000 m). To the north the river emerges from a large glacier and it was in this direction they started their survey. They saw for the first time the vast northern face of Nanda Devi – an unbroken sweep of 9,000 feet (2,700 m). They reached the rim of the northeastern encircling mountains at over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) and looked over to the east to the 856: 888: 872: 1353: 1174:

predicted) and not the Gangotri Glacier (as Shipton had expected). Immediately they were faced by an ice precipice of hundreds of feet with ice pinnacles and crevasses. Shipton and Tilman felt they might have to turn back but the Sherpas were determined and eventually it was Ang Tharkay who found a route down, albeit a most difficult one.

1344:. A few days later the entire party came together and they set off for the Sanctuary. Trouble came when the porters would not go beyond Rhamani and the Sherpas all became ill (Kitar was to die three weeks later) and it was left to the sahibs to carry the supplies through the Sanctuary towards the mountain and up its foothills. 1202:

It would be difficult to give an adequate description of the loveliness of the country in which we found ourselves. Beauty of the wild, riotous kind such as one usually finds in high mountain regions we had expected; but we found, as well, luxuriant pasture, brilliant with wild flowers, and lakes, on

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What they presumed would be a two-day trek to Kedarnath turned out to be a far more serious journey. There was a precipice of 2,200 feet (670 m), scrub and jungle that had to be cut through, and rivers that were almost impossible to cross. Eventually, and after over a week, they reached villages

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On 4 June they reached an impasse on the north bank so Tilman and Ang Tharkay reconnoitred a buttress to the south which appeared to be insurmountable. From the north bank they appeared "like ants on a gigantic wall" but at the end of the day they returned to camp having found a clear path beyond the

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also joined as Sherpas. They met Lloyd who was descending the Rishi Ganga gorge ahead of the main party and so heard that the mountain had just been climbed. Writing to a friend Shipton said "What a glorious effort of Bill and Odell to have climbed Nanda Devi. I am overjoyed that it was Bill who did

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watershed for the first time, a feat that was not repeated until 1998. After the monsoon they again ascended the Rishi Ganga gorge and climbed part way up Nanda Devi's southeast ridge thereby discovering the route to the summit that was to be used in 1936. They left the Sanctuary by traversing a col

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The logistics of moving people and supplies between the various small camps had become too difficult to handle with communal decisions. Therefore, it was agreed to have a secret ballot to choose a named leader. Tilman was chosen and, after delays caused by a blizzard, he decided on a summit team of

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A camp they called Moraine Camp was established at 15,000 feet (4,600 m) at the foot of the western slopes of Nanda Devi and juniper wood was taken here for fuel so that paraffin could be saved for the actual ascent. Pleased with progress, after supper Loomis produced a flask of apricot brandy

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the weather deteriorated and the Sherpas effectively took the lead when both Europeans were ill. On 24 June the monsoon arrived and they started their retreat, urged on by the Sherpas. In heavy rain they descended the gorge to the Rhamani river in two days. This river had become torrential and they

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The monsoon was expected in about three weeks and the gorge would then be completely closed with floods so their exploration of the Sanctuary could only be brief. They had difficulty crossing the Rishi – at this point is the confluence of a northern and southern arm at a height of about 13,100 feet

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where he developed his mountaineering skills. Reading of this in the newspapers, Tilman wrote asking for advice and this drew the two men into a climbing partnership. So, in 1930, despite Tilman's almost complete lack of mountaineering experience, they succeeded in climbing Mount Kenya's west ridge

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Tilman also said "The map of Garhwal in use up to 1936 was made from a survey in 1868 which was, rightly, only carried up to the snow-line, and above this, not so rightly, it was largely filled in by guess-work. There is nothing but praise and thankfulness for the accuracy of the surveyed portion,

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Houston insisted on going down to allow someone else to take his place at the bivouac and, because Tilman was the only person fully equipped, he joined Odell in moving the tent up to an upper bivouac at 24,000 feet (7,300 m) so that on 29 August 1936 in eight hours they were able to ascend to

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There was a legend of a high priest who used to hold services in the Badrinath and Kedernath temples both on the same day. Tradition told that, to avoid the hundred-mile journey using known tracks, he would take a shortcut over the mountains, a distance of less than three miles. Wanting to explore

1277:. The reconnaissance was a conspicuous success so Shipton was again appointed to the team for 1936, but not as leader due to Machiavellian RGS politics. In 1935 Tilman had not acclimatised well to altitude over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) so he was dropped from the 1936 team, with his agreement. 746:

but educated in Britain, he became interested in mountaineering, particularly during a snowless skiing holiday in the Alps. He turned down an opportunity to go to Cambridge University and instead took a course in estate management which set him up to become an apprentice on a coffee estate near

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separately from the rest of the party and this experience convinced him that small expeditions could be more enjoyable than large ones and, he suspected, more successful as well. Inspired by Longstaff and attracted by Garhwal and the unexplored Rishi Ganga gorge, Shipton decided to plan his own

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on 4 August, knowing it would delay their return to the Sanctuary. It took difficult route-finding and awkward ice climbing to reach the head of the glacier. Eventually they were able to see to the west of the divide to discover that they were at the head of the Kedarnath valley (as Tilman had

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also agreed to be part of the British contingent. Loomis went to London to purchase equipment where he was advised that Nanda Devi might be a more achievable option. Tilman, however, personally favoured Kanchenjunga. The Americans changed the expedition's name from the "Harvard Kanchenjunga

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was measured. Some geographers doubted a height as great as this and thought it had been overestimated – it is now known the overestimate was only 24 feet (7.3 m). The survey also identified a ring of very high mountains encircling Nanda Devi and it identified this region, and not

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to which Shipton replied by inviting him on a seven-month expedition to Himalaya. Tilman accepted by return of post. In 1969 Shipton wrote that, but for the serendipity of being able to be together at the right time, the course of both their lives would have been profoundly different.

797:, "Eric slung his ice axe beside many a memsahib's bed". Tilman was taciturn and monkish and he avoided society, particularly that of women. Both men were tremendously strong and reliable. They were to become the ideal climbing partnership – they could rely on each other completely. 612:

in Garhwal are very important for Hindu pilgrims because they are at four sources of the river Ganga. However, the source of the Rishi Ganga tributary is inaccessible. Nanda Devi, the Goddess of Bliss, lived on the top of the mountain that is named after her and which is where the

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had reached an eastern col in 1905 and had been able to see into the Sanctuary but he did not try the formidable descent. The immensely deep and narrow gorge by which the Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary had never been ascended despite many attempts. However, before the 1934

672:, southwest of the Sanctuary, and this remained the highest summit to be climbed for twenty-three years. Their attempt to get into the Sanctuary had been impeded because, according to Tilman, "though the map did credit to the maker's imagination it was apt to mislead". 772:

shrines but Longstaff urged him to attempt to enter and map the Nanda Devi Sanctuary itself. Noel Humphreys, his first choice for a climbing partner, was unavailable but then a letter arrived from Tilman who had decided to visit Britain by cycling across Africa from

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Knowing of Shipton's 1934 explorations, Gordon Osmaston, director of the Survey of India's triangulation of Great Himalaya, planned to improve the survey of the Sanctuary using a phototheodolite. As he set off from Darjeeling he met Shipton returning from the

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buttress. They named the location "Pisgah" because from there they could see the summit of Nanda Devi. Two days later the team became the first people to enter the Sanctuary. They had taken nine days to cover four miles and success had always been in doubt.

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the touchdown – he so thoroughly deserves every inch of his success I confess I wished I had been with them instead of wasting time on that ridiculous Everest business". He also said "By Jove, it will shake the old fools at home", referring to the RGS

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Tilman wrote, "I remember, in the small hours when the spark of life burns lowest, the feeling which predominated over all was one of remorse at the fall of a giant. It is the same sort of contrition that one feels at the shooting of an elephant".

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had successfully invaded. The British annexation in 1815 had little impact on the local culture. So, a very relaxed form of Hinduism developed, one which closely coexisted with Buddhism. Buddhist prayer flags sometimes adorned the Hindu temples.

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and Pasang Phuta with whom he travelled to Ranikhet, and arranged for four more Sherpas to find their own way there. They joined up with Loomis at Ranikhet and wired ahead to Joshimath for food supplies and for fifteen porters from

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where they could get food but when they reached the pilgrims' road to Kedarnath they decided there was no time to go north on the trail to the temple and they turned south instead, taking the pilgrim route back to Joshimath.

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Tilman went ahead to Calcutta where, after being refused permission for Kanchenjunga, he prepared for Nanda Devi instead. With many Himalayan expeditions under way the choice of Sherpas was limited – Tilman chose

641:. The Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary though an extremely deep gorge and he attempted to ascend along this route. He found the lowest part of the gorge impassable. Then, after almost reaching the summit of 1339:

with the intention of taking some food supplies up the Rishi Ganga gorge in advance of the main party. By 16 June 1936 they had together hauled 900 pounds (410 kg) to beyond Pisgah and had then returned to

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Back in Britain following his 1932 Kamet expedition, Shipton advanced his plans to again explore the Garhwal region. His initial idea was for a lightweight expedition to explore the mountainous area between the

310:, Pasang and Kusang – became the first people to find a way through the gorge and to set foot in the Sanctuary in what has been described as "the most exciting story in the whole saga of mountain discovery". 572:

are both important religions in the state of Uttarakhand and the two faiths have intermixed to a considerable extent. The Garhwal area had been venerated by Buddhists until they were expelled by

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when a jointly-led American expedition, which eventually passed the leadership to Bill Tilman, reached its 25,643-foot (7,816 m) summit by climbing the southeast ridge. Tilman had chosen

1431:, crossed the Bagini Pass and descended the Bagini glacier to the north. Returning to Joshimath he took up a phototheodolite and went south to survey the Rinti glacier and the saddle between 354:, thought to be reaching up to about 20,000 feet (6,100 m), were the highest mountains in the world. Some Himalayan peaks were measured to be higher although measurements of those in 1368: 3384: 1270: 74: 1241:. It took two days to discover a route down the precipice and Ang Tharkay was the person who found the way that was at last successful. Descending the valley they reached the 2862: 832: 425: 805: 596:

had originally come from Tibet and their traditional work was to transport goods over the mountain passes between India and Tibet. Garhwal was never conquered by the

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hoping there might be an alternative way out of the Sanctuary. They also went to the northernmost part of the ring but while they were exploring the foothills of

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Most of the party set off down the gorge but, as an additional challenge, Tilman, Houston and Pasang Kikuli traversed Longstaff's 1905 col and descended to

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but for the unsurveyed part we should all prefer to have a map which, like the crew of the Snark, we can all understand, 'a perfect and absolute blank'."

3154: 637:, who was the first climber to visit Himalaya purely for sporting purposes, attempted to reach the basin inside the protecting ring, the so-called 1548:

From the village of Lata the route goes to Lata Kharak, Dharansi Pass, Duraishi and Dibrughita all the time navigating by keeping an eye open for

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Back at Joshimath on 2 July and expecting travel through the gorge would not be possible before 10 August, they embarked on a crossing from

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whose deep blue and green surfaces was reflected the crusts of icy peaks; birds of great variety and brilliant colours, and large herds of

1873: 1313:, a friend of Houston, who accepted the invitation to join in. He extended the invitation to Shipton, who was unavailable because of the 1186: 1635:

Tilman names the other four Sherpas as Nuri, Da Namgyal, Nima Tsering and Kitar. When he refers to "Pasang" he implies Pasang Kikuli.

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and he was still less than 21 years old when the war was over. As part of his demobilisation he was awarded a square mile of land in

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which, because of the beautiful flora and dramatic scenery, Shipton described as "by far the most enjoyable part of the expedition".

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were driven by the demons before they finally became seven stars in the sky. Nanda Devi left her mountain to live with her husband

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During their retreat from the Sanctuary for the duration of the monsoon, the 1934 expedition continued exploring by crossing the

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to be climbed. Ang Tharkay was the expedition's sirdar. Nanda Devi's main peak was climbed for the second time in 1964. The

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at Gaumukh. With insufficient food to include Gangotri on their itinerary, they returned to Badrinath via the Arwa valley.

393:) was surveyed before the Nepalese and Tibetan regions. By 1820 the highest mountain to have been measured was Peak XIV in 2110: 1427:

glacier. While Osmaston turned to the southern glacier, Shipton descended the Rishi Ganga gorge, made a failed attempt on

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in northern India, just west of Nepal, and at one time it was thought to be the highest mountain in the world.

1417: 732: 665: 739:. He was lucky with his allocation and he converted his patch of bush into a successful coffee plantation. 633:

No real attempt had been made to cross the ring of mountains enclosing Nanda Devi until 1883. In that year

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where he was twice seriously wounded and was twice awarded the Military Cross. He fought and survived the

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Shipton's first visit to the region (and his first visit to Himalaya) was in 1931 on an expedition led by

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and their three accomplished Sherpas succeeded in finding a climbing route into the Sanctuary via the

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At Loomis' suggestion, they decided to get support from experienced British climbers so they invited

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Except for the Rishi Ganga gorge to the west, Nanda Devi is encircled by a ring of mountains with no

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for the summit attempt but mischance led to Tilman rather than Houston partnering Odell to the top.

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watershed was crossed for the second time in 1998 by a group including Shipton's son John Shipton.

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Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

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in Tibet but once a year, in October, she returns and this is a time of celebration for pilgrims.

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lower than 18,000 feet (5,500 m). This mountain chain surrounds and completely encloses the

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Tilman had had similar difficulties on Nanda Devi but it had not seemed to be a serious problem.

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The col discovered by Longstaff in 1905 seemed less suitable than one further south, spotted by

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for the first time and went on to make the first traverse of its two peaks, Batian and Neilion.

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were over very great distances from Indian territory and so were known not to be very accurate.

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Shipton asked Karma Paul, who had been on Everest expeditions since 1922, to engage three

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Bill Tilman was born in 1898. He did well at school but, in 1914 with the outbreak of the

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Shipton was a very gregarious, sociable person who was attractive to women. According to

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when their temples were adopted as Hindu while aspects of the two religions were merged.

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They left Joshimath on 30 August with a group of porters they had hired locally, at

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using a map torn from a magazine, and then taking a steamer to his family home near

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Shipton, Eric; Perrin, Jim; Venables, Stephen; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).

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It was only in 1950 that a higher summit than Nanda Devi was reached when on the

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was immediately launched with Shipton and Tilman at the helm as a precursor to a

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Tilman, H W; Venables, Stephen; Perrin, Jim; Ruttledge, Hugh (15 October 2014).

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Five months in the Himalaya: a record of mountain travel in Garhwal and Kashmir

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to the south and making a descent that had previously been thought impossible.

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Osmaston surveyed the Sanctuary's northern glacier while Shipton explored the

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of India reached Himalaya early in the 19th century and because it was in the

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which, despite decades of attempts, no one had been able to enter. In 1934

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and the fact that the expedition had been conceived in the United States.

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Four American students from Harvard Mountaineering Club – Farnie Loomis,

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Nanda Devi from the east, showing the ridge, left, ascended (1939 photo)

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At the beginning of the 19th century geographers generally believed the

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Emmons, Arthur B. (January 1938). "Mapping in the Nanda Devi Basin".

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Shipton, Eric (August 1937). "More Explorations Round Nanda Devi".

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Sketch map of Badrinath – Gaukukh, and Badrinath – Kedernath routes

785:. Tilman's letter had suggested a fortnight's rock climbing in the 660:

and two Italian guides, the Brocherel brothers, set off to explore

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Hauling loads below the "Pisgah" buttress in the Rishi Ganga gorge

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porters, purchased food at the market and were driven by lorry to

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Survey of India map of Badrinath, 1882. (Nanda Devi middle right).

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in 1932. However they were distracted by Trisul East (now called

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To consider Nanda Devi the highest it is necessary to disregard

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gorge, and climbed the Lata hills north of the gorge to reach a

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where they were met by the porters. A ten-day trek took them to

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Tilman wrote of "Odell's familiar yodel, like a donkey braying.

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Shipton calls the Bhagirath Kharak glacier the "Bhagat Kharak".

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After Shipton's very creditable performance on the large-scale

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Bhagirath Kharak: enclosing wall and head of glacier tributary

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where they arrived on 9 May. They arranged to take on a dozen

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Nanda Devi is surrounded by a ring of mountains enclosing the

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Shipton, Eric (1935). "Nanda Devi and the Ganges Watershed".

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from where the exploration towards the Sanctuary started.

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It was only in 1950 that a higher summit was reached when

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Shipton refers to the Chaturangi Glacier as "'X' glacier"

1512:

border. At the time Sikkim was nominally outside the Raj.

1600:

Shipton says the distance is at least twenty-four miles.

397:

at 25,669 feet (7,824 m). It had the local name of

1140:, descended the Chaturangi Glacier to the snout of the 3041:

Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (1 February 2010).

1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1271:

1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition

1070:

Sketch map of expeditions' routes in 1934 & 1936

3265:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. 208: 203: 189: 171: 130: 110: 105: 66: 56: 51: 34: 3195: 3042: 2641: 2639: 1524:"Bill Tilman: Nepal's very first trekking tourist" 401:and it remained the highest known until 1847 when 990:. On 6 April 1934 Shipton and Tilman sailed from 588:has a style of architecture and a stone image of 1757:, Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, 592:that are characteristically Buddhist. The local 3119:(1st ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2105:. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 1200: 2946: 2733: 2709: 2655:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). 2390: 1002:. They met the Sherpas who had travelled from 1521:A photograph of the five men is available at 742:Eric Shipton was nine years younger. Born in 679:that succeeded in making the first ascent of 235:is a Himalayan mountain in what was then the 27:Himalayan mountaineering expeditions in 1930s 8: 683:. Shipton was in the party that reached the 3385:Mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas 3241:Nanda Devi: A Journey to the Last Sanctuary 1281:British–American Himalayan Expedition, 1936 821:, even though many attempts had been made. 114: 3360:"Nanda Devi And The Sources Of The Ganges" 1669: 1667: 1665: 727:. At the age of 17 he was fighting on the 327:highest mountain ever to have been climbed 264:highest mountain ever to have been climbed 31: 2610:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 163, 210. 813:By 1934, despite mountaineers having got 3024: 2985: 2055:"Graham, William Woodman (1859-unknown)" 1935:"The Great Game of Mapping the Himalaya" 1617:to Mount Everest each cost over £10,000. 1462:, 26,545 feet (8,091 m), the first 1169:this crossing, the party set off up the 3000: 2931: 2883: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2503: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2402: 2366: 2303: 2267: 2171: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1897: 1895: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1798: 1710:gives the coordinates of Nanda Devi as 1661: 1483: 986:– luxuries taken were tea, lentils and 3012: 2975:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2919: 2907: 2895: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2721: 2694: 2682: 2630: 2557: 2544:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2515: 2491: 2419: 2378: 2354: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2291: 2279: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2086: 2040: 2020:. Vertebrate Publishing. p. 149. 1886: 1825: 1813: 1681:from the original on 24 September 2015 2065:from the original on 22 December 2015 1949:from the original on 31 December 2014 1876:from the original on 21 January 2016. 1249:and they went their separate ways at 700:1933 British Mount Everest expedition 229:Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions 18:Shipton-Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions 7: 1914:from the original on 10 October 2015 1774:Andy Fanshawe and Stephen Venables, 685:highest summit to have been achieved 629:Early mountaineering and exploration 3390:Expeditions from the United Kingdom 3155:"Survey in the Nanda Devi District" 1904:"The Highest Mountain in the World" 1530:from the original on 16 August 2018 1030:Through the upper Rishi Ganga gorge 815:near to the summit of Mount Everest 809:Nanda Devi and Sanctuary (1955 map) 3405:Expeditions from the United States 2855:"Highest Peak In Empire Conquered" 2210:, pp. 32–51, 74–102, 111–123. 2113:from the original on 4 April 2016. 1006:and the five men went by train to 839: 496: 149: 25: 3223:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing. 3179:(Kindle). Vertebrate Publishing. 2865:from the original on 4 March 2016 2861:. 26 September 1936. p. 19. 903: 855: 480: 448: 432: 3280:"Nanda Devi: Vision or Reality?" 3198:Eric Shipton: Everest and Beyond 2653:"consistent series" supplied in 1398:Osmaston–Shipton 1936 expedition 1356:Nanda Devi from the south (1934) 902: 887: 886: 871: 870: 854: 838: 831: 495: 479: 464: 463: 447: 431: 424: 148: 141: 40: 2647:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1317:, and to Tilman, who accepted. 258:gorge. Then in 1936 Tilman and 46:Nanda Devi photographed in 1936 1910:. Royal Geographical Society. 1778:, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995, 1388:eventually reaching Ranikhet. 1253:with Shipton writing his book 1034:Using the route discovered by 325:In 1936 Nanda Devi became the 1: 3343:"Badrinath To Kedarnath Trek" 2961:"Gordon Osmaston and Tenzing" 2657:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?" 2446:, chapter 11, 1992–2054/3254. 1257:on his six-week voyage home. 410:, as the source of the river 62:7,816 m (25,643 ft) 3115:Shipton, Eric Earle (1936). 2947:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2734:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2710:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 2391:Isserman & Weaver (2010) 1148:Badrinath–Kedarnath crossing 3297:"The First ascent of Kamet" 2099:Mumm, Arnold Lewis (1909). 2061:. Mountain Heritage Trust. 1449:French Annapurna expedition 1010:and continued by lorry to 723:, he left to train for the 3421: 3295:Birnie, E. St. J. (1932). 1267:Royal Geographical Society 1088:Badrinath–Gaumukh crossing 1042:, passing the foot of the 668:and succeeded in climbing 367:Great Trigonometric Survey 3049:. Yale University Press. 1933:Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2009). 231:took place in the 1930s. 135: 115: 39: 3262:The Ascent of Nanda Devi 3220:The Ascent of Nanda Devi 2959:Osmaston, Henry (1992). 2528:Ruttledge, Hugh (1933). 1384:and then south down the 1261:Mount Everest intervenes 1164:Headwaters of the Ganges 961:Locations in Uttrarkhand 711:approach to the region. 2606:Unsworth, Walt (1981). 2059:Mountain Heritage Trust 1862:"Shipton's Lost Valley" 1706:18 October 2015 at the 1418:Mount Everest Committee 1315:1936 Everest expedition 1222:Illustrated London News 1182:The Sanctuary revisited 1062:Exploring the Sanctuary 994:on the cargo vessel SS 825:Preparations and travel 733:Battle of Passchendaele 584:near the source of the 3341:Shipton, John (1999). 3238:Thomson, Hugh (2005). 3194:Steele, Peter (1998). 3153:Shipton, E.E. (1937). 3071:. London: Hutchinson. 1860:Moran, Martin (1999). 1373: 1357: 1227: 1191: 1165: 1157: 1124:, each have temples – 1097: 1071: 810: 653: 600:of India but Nepalese 341:Nanda Devi and Garhwal 3358:Tilman, H.W. (1935). 3278:Aitken, Bill (2006). 3259:Tilman, H.W. (1937). 2016:Porter, John (2014). 1776:Himalaya Alpine-Style 1729:30.37000°N 79.97000°E 1371: 1355: 1189: 1163: 1155: 1095: 1069: 808: 651: 90:30.37583°N 79.97083°E 3202:. The Mountaineers. 3126:Geographical Journal 3088:Geographical Journal 1755:World Mountaineering 1348:Ascent of Nanda Devi 1275:full attempt in 1936 1239:Sunderdhunga Glacier 1038:, they followed the 958:class=notpageimage| 751:and within reach of 639:Nanda Devi Sanctuary 608:The four shrines of 551:class=notpageimage| 389:now in the state of 346:19th-century mapping 295:Nanda Devi Sanctuary 3314:Geographical Review 2844:, pp. 277–278. 2820:, pp. 276–277. 2784:, pp. 270–276. 2772:, pp. 268–276. 2748:, pp. 268–270. 2712:, pp. 191–192. 2685:, pp. 241–245. 2649:figures follow the 2560:, pp. 234–239. 2518:, pp. 233–234. 2494:, pp. 233–235. 2422:, pp. 204–224. 2381:, pp. 201–203. 2357:, pp. 190–201. 2342:, pp. 183–191. 2330:, pp. 179–183. 2318:, pp. 177–178. 2246:, pp. 150–151. 2222:, pp. 127–135. 2198:, pp. 103–107. 2162:, pp. 152–168. 2150:, pp. 137–140. 2126:, p. 358/2774. 2089:, pp. 170–171. 1816:, pp. 170–174. 1753:, "Nanda Devi", in 1725: / 1311:Thomas Graham Brown 737:British East Africa 576:in the 9th century 86: / 3069:Shipton and Tilman 2988:, pp. 97–107. 2369:, 1283, 1449/3254. 2018:One day as a Tiger 1801:, pp. 11, 43. 1734:30.37000; 79.97000 1526:. 7 January 2015. 1405:Everest expedition 1374: 1358: 1192: 1166: 1158: 1098: 1072: 811: 715:Shipton and Tilman 654: 214:29 August 1936 by 95:30.37583; 79.97083 52:Highest point 3364:Himalayan Journal 3347:Himalayan Journal 3301:Himalayan Journal 3284:Himalayan Journal 3230:978-1-910240-15-1 3186:978-1-910240-16-8 3027:, pp. 27–40. 3015:, pp. 73–74. 2965:Himalayan Journal 2922:, 2386–2701/2774. 2859:The Straits Times 2832:, 2218–2311/2774. 2808:, 1818-2008/2774. 2796:, 1608-1818/2774. 2584:, 3072–3096/3254. 2534:Himalayan Journal 2482:, 2523–2850/3254. 2470:, 2311–2523/3254. 2458:, 2062–2306/3254. 2186:, pp. 62–73. 2053:Willett, Maxine. 2027:978-1-910240-08-3 1982:, pp. 49–50. 1939:Himalayan Journal 1866:Himalayan Journal 1443:Subsequent events 1294:, Art Emmons and 1224:, 12 January 1935 1171:Satopanth Glacier 970:and he appointed 418:Spiritual aspects 225: 224: 162:Location in India 16:(Redirected from 3412: 3371: 3354: 3337: 3308: 3291: 3266: 3255: 3234: 3213: 3201: 3190: 3169: 3159: 3149: 3120: 3111: 3082: 3060: 3048: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2294:, pp. 9–11. 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1899: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1677:. Peaklist.org. 1671: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1559: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1519: 1513: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1464:8,000-metre peak 1304:eight-thousander 1225: 1142:Gangotri Glacier 906: 905: 890: 889: 874: 873: 858: 857: 842: 841: 835: 706:trekked back to 586:Alaknanda Ganges 582:Badrinath Temple 499: 498: 483: 482: 467: 466: 451: 450: 435: 434: 428: 408:Lake Manasarovar 395:Garhwal Himalaya 375:Garhwal District 237:Garhwal District 198:Garhwal Himalaya 193: 176:Chamoli District 152: 151: 145: 126: 118: 117: 101: 100: 98: 97: 96: 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 44: 32: 21: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3375: 3374: 3357: 3340: 3311: 3294: 3277: 3274: 3272:Further reading 3269: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3193: 3187: 3172: 3157: 3152: 3138:10.2307/1787124 3123: 3114: 3100:10.2307/1785589 3085: 3079: 3063: 3057: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3025:Shipton (1937b) 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2986:Shipton (1937a) 2984: 2980: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760:, 510,880/2774. 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2697:, pp. 261. 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2654: 2645:United Kingdom 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306:, pp. 7–9. 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2043:, 325–338/2774. 2039: 2035: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1908:Imaging Everest 1901: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1790: 1773: 1769: 1749: 1745: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1708:Wayback Machine 1701:Himalayan Index 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1615:1936 expedition 1611:1933 expedition 1608: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1445: 1400: 1350: 1306:to be climbed. 1292:Charlie Houston 1288: 1283: 1263: 1226: 1219: 1184: 1150: 1090: 1064: 1052:Survey of India 1032: 976:1933 expedition 964: 963: 962: 960: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 943: 942: 939: 933: 932: 931: 924: 923: 922: 915: 914: 913: 907: 899: 898: 897: 891: 883: 882: 881: 875: 867: 866: 865: 859: 851: 850: 849: 843: 827: 803: 801:1934 expedition 779:French Cameroon 725:Royal Artillery 717: 631: 610:Chota Char Dham 563: 562: 561: 555:Chota Char Dham 553: 547: 546: 545: 544: 537: 536: 535: 532: 526: 525: 524: 517: 516: 515: 508: 507: 506: 500: 492: 491: 490: 484: 476: 475: 474: 468: 460: 459: 458: 452: 444: 443: 442: 436: 420: 379:Garhwal Kingdom 348: 343: 331:Charlie Houston 287: 191: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 153: 120: 94: 92: 88: 85: 80: 77: 75: 73: 72: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3418: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3355: 3338: 3326:10.2307/210566 3309: 3292: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3162:Alpine Journal 3150: 3121: 3112: 3094:(4): 305–319. 3083: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3017: 3005: 3003:, p. 145. 3001:Thomson (2005) 2990: 2978: 2951: 2949:, p. 191. 2936: 2932:Thomson (2005) 2924: 2912: 2910:, p. 280. 2900: 2898:, p. 279. 2888: 2884:Thomson (2005) 2876: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2736:, p. 192. 2726: 2724:, p. 268. 2714: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2662:MeasuringWorth 2651:MeasuringWorth 2635: 2633:, p. 241. 2623: 2616: 2598: 2594:Shipton (1935) 2586: 2582:Shipton (2014) 2574: 2570:Shipton (2014) 2562: 2547: 2520: 2508: 2506:, p. 130. 2504:Thomson (2005) 2496: 2484: 2480:Shipton (2014) 2472: 2468:Shipton (2014) 2460: 2456:Shipton (2014) 2448: 2444:Shipton (2014) 2436: 2432:Shipton (2014) 2424: 2407: 2403:Shipton (2014) 2395: 2393:, p. 170. 2383: 2371: 2367:Shipton (2014) 2359: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2304:Thomson (2005) 2296: 2284: 2282:, p. 179. 2272: 2268:Thomson (2005) 2260: 2258:, p. 176. 2248: 2236: 2234:, p. 173. 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 304. 2172:Shipton (1935) 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2091: 2076: 2045: 2033: 2026: 2008: 2004:Thomson (2005) 1996: 1992:Thomson (2005) 1984: 1980:Thomson (2005) 1972: 1968:Thomson (2005) 1960: 1925: 1891: 1879: 1849: 1845:Shipton (1936) 1830: 1818: 1803: 1799:Thomson (2005) 1788: 1767: 1765:, pp. 254–257. 1751:Harish Kapadia 1743: 1692: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1569:could see the 1554: 1541: 1514: 1493: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1456:Louis Lachenal 1452:Maurice Herzog 1444: 1441: 1413:Tenzing Norgay 1399: 1396: 1349: 1346: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1262: 1259: 1231:Hugh Ruttledge 1220:Eric Shipton, 1217: 1183: 1180: 1149: 1146: 1089: 1086: 1063: 1060: 1050:set up by the 1031: 1028: 956: 955: 947: 946: 945: 936: 935: 934: 927: 926: 925: 918: 917: 916: 909: 908: 901: 900: 893: 892: 885: 884: 877: 876: 869: 868: 861: 860: 853: 852: 845: 844: 837: 836: 830: 829: 828: 826: 823: 819:British Empire 802: 799: 716: 713: 704:Lawrence Wager 635:William Graham 630: 627: 549: 548: 540: 539: 538: 529: 528: 527: 520: 519: 518: 511: 510: 509: 502: 501: 494: 493: 486: 485: 478: 477: 470: 469: 462: 461: 454: 453: 446: 445: 438: 437: 430: 429: 423: 422: 421: 419: 416: 347: 344: 342: 339: 286: 283: 275:Louis Lachenal 271:Maurice Herzog 266:at that time. 223: 222: 212: 206: 205: 201: 200: 195: 187: 186: 173: 169: 168: 161: 155: 154: 147: 146: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 112: 108: 107: 103: 102: 70: 64: 63: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3417: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3400:1936 in India 3398: 3396: 3395:1934 in India 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3168:(254): 27–40. 3167: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132:(2): 97–107. 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3078:9780091795467 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3056:9780300115017 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013:Steele (1998) 3009: 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2137: 2136:Tilman (2014) 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124:Tilman (2014) 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087:Perrin (2013) 2083: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041:Tilman (2014) 2037: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2006:, p. 58. 2005: 2000: 1997: 1994:, p. 23. 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1970:, p. 32. 1969: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887:Tilman (1937) 1883: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1828:, p. 14. 1827: 1826:Perrin (2013) 1822: 1819: 1815: 1814:Perrin (2013) 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:0-340-64931-3 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763:0-8212-2502-2 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1571:Promised Land 1568: 1564: 1558: 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Retrieved 2858: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2690: 2678: 2666:. Retrieved 2660: 2650: 2626: 2607: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2572:, 3032/3254. 2565: 2537: 2533: 2530:"Nanda Devi" 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2434:, 1619/3254. 2427: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2101: 2094: 2067:. Retrieved 2058: 2048: 2036: 2017: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1951:. Retrieved 1942: 1938: 1928: 1916:. Retrieved 1907: 1902:Keay, John. 1882: 1869: 1865: 1821: 1775: 1770: 1754: 1746: 1695: 1683:. Retrieved 1640: 1631: 1622: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1563:Mount Pisgah 1561:It was from 1557: 1544: 1532:. Retrieved 1517: 1496: 1486: 1446: 1437:Nanda Ghunti 1422: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1386:Milam valley 1379: 1375: 1363: 1359: 1328: 1308: 1300:Kanchenjunga 1289: 1264: 1254: 1243:Pindar River 1228: 1221: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1176: 1167: 1099: 1073: 1056: 1048:trig station 1040:Dhauli river 1033: 995: 965: 948: 937: 928: 919: 846: 812: 792: 758: 741: 718: 697: 677:Frank Smythe 674: 655: 632: 615:Seven Rishis 607: 574:Adi Shankara 564: 541: 530: 521: 512: 503: 414:, or Ganga. 383:independence 364: 349: 324: 312: 288: 268: 248:Eric Shipton 241: 228: 226: 210:First ascent 192:Parent range 29: 3244:. Phoenix. 3065:Perrin, Jim 3034:Works cited 2138:, 349/2774. 1732: / 1460:Annapurna I 1409:Ang Tharkay 1323:Peter Lloyd 1044:Rishi Ganga 982:, rice and 972:Ang Tharkay 795:George Band 753:Mount Kenya 559:Uttarakhand 391:Uttarakhand 371:British Raj 308:Ang Tharkay 256:Rishi Ganga 252:Bill Tilman 220:Bill Tilman 180:Uttarakhand 111:Native name 93: / 68:Coordinates 3379:Categories 3251:0753818477 3209:0898866596 3176:Nanda Devi 3117:Nanda Devi 2869:7 December 2617:0713911085 2405:, 15/3254. 1720:79°58′12″E 1717:30°22′12″N 1652:References 1534:7 December 1425:Changabang 1319:Noel Odell 1286:Background 1255:Nanda Devi 1114:Bhagirathi 1081:Changabang 1004:Darjeeling 998:bound for 847:Nanda Devi 708:Darjeeling 662:Nanda Devi 504:Nanda Devi 399:Nanda Devi 381:and after 377:(once the 335:Noel Odell 260:Noel Odell 233:Nanda Devi 216:Noel Odell 156:Nanda Devi 116:नन्दा देवी 81:79°58′15″E 78:30°22′33″N 35:Nanda Devi 1657:Citations 1472:Kedarnath 1468:Badrinath 1342:Badrinath 1296:Ad Carter 1134:Badrinath 1130:Kedarnath 1122:Alaknanda 1118:Mandakini 1102:Badrinath 1024:Joshimath 1008:Kathgodam 992:Liverpool 911:Kathgodam 863:Joshimath 783:Liverpool 766:Kedernath 762:Badrinath 721:Great War 702:, he and 689:Badrinath 557:sites in 488:Yamunotri 456:Badrinath 440:Kedarnath 319:Kedarnath 315:Badrinath 279:Annapurna 244:Sanctuary 131:Geography 58:Elevation 3067:(2013). 2973:Archived 2863:Archived 2542:Archived 2111:Archived 2063:Archived 1947:Archived 1912:Archived 1874:Archived 1704:Archived 1679:Archived 1613:and the 1550:Dunagiri 1528:Archived 1458:climbed 1429:Dunagiri 1251:Bareilly 1247:Ranikhet 1235:Maiktoli 1218:— 1138:Shivling 1126:Gangotri 1020:Baijnath 1012:Ranikhet 1000:Calcutta 980:chapatis 940:District 895:Ranikhet 879:Baijnath 770:Gangotri 656:In 1905 643:Dunagiri 570:Buddhism 566:Hinduism 533:District 472:Gangotri 387:division 277:climbed 204:Climbing 172:Location 3146:1787124 3108:1785589 2668:15 July 2608:Everest 2069:17 June 1953:20 June 1918:20 June 1685:17 June 1504:on the 1382:Martoli 1106:Gaumukh 968:Sherpas 938:Garhwal 749:Nairobi 693:Garhwal 602:Gurkhas 531:Garhwal 304:monsoon 285:Summary 3334:210566 3332: 3248: 3227: 3206: 3183: 3144: 3106: 3075: 3053: 2614: 2109:–263. 2024: 1782: 1761: 1506:Sikkim 1433:Trisul 1212:bharal 1112:: the 1110:Ganges 1036:Graham 996:Mahsud 984:tsampa 775:Uganda 744:Ceylon 670:Trisul 590:Vishnu 412:Ganges 119: 106:Naming 3330:JSTOR 3158:(PDF) 3142:JSTOR 3104:JSTOR 1567:Moses 1565:that 1510:Tibet 1478:Notes 949:INDIA 929:TIBET 920:NEPAL 681:Kamet 619:Shiva 542:INDIA 522:TIBET 513:NEPAL 360:Nepal 356:Tibet 352:Andes 184:India 123:Hindi 3246:ISBN 3225:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3181:ISBN 3073:ISBN 3051:ISBN 2871:2015 2670:2024 2612:ISBN 2071:2015 2022:ISBN 1955:2015 1920:2015 1780:ISBN 1759:ISBN 1699:The 1687:2015 1609:The 1536:2018 1454:and 1435:and 1411:and 1337:Mana 1321:and 1265:The 1209:and 1206:thar 1196:Mana 1132:and 1120:and 1016:Doti 988:ghee 768:and 568:and 373:the 365:The 358:and 333:and 273:and 227:The 218:and 3322:doi 3134:doi 3096:doi 1104:to 777:to 691:in 621:on 291:col 3381:: 3366:. 3362:. 3351:55 3349:. 3345:. 3328:. 3318:28 3316:. 3303:. 3299:. 3288:62 3286:. 3282:. 3166:49 3164:. 3160:. 3140:. 3130:90 3128:. 3102:. 3092:85 3090:. 2993:^ 2971:. 2969:48 2967:. 2963:. 2939:^ 2857:. 2702:^ 2659:. 2638:^ 2550:^ 2540:. 2536:. 2532:. 2410:^ 2347:^ 2079:^ 2057:. 1945:. 1943:65 1941:. 1937:. 1906:. 1894:^ 1872:. 1870:55 1868:. 1864:. 1852:^ 1833:^ 1806:^ 1791:^ 1664:^ 1439:. 1128:, 1116:, 764:, 578:CE 385:a 297:. 250:, 182:, 178:, 3370:. 3368:7 3353:. 3336:. 3324:: 3307:. 3305:4 3290:. 3254:. 3233:. 3212:. 3189:. 3148:. 3136:: 3110:. 3098:: 3081:. 3059:. 2873:. 2672:. 2620:. 2596:. 2538:5 2107:1 2073:. 2030:. 1957:. 1922:. 1889:. 1847:. 1786:. 1741:. 1689:. 1573:. 1552:. 1538:. 1508:– 1470:– 317:– 125:) 121:( 20:)

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