Marine salvage - Knowledge (XXG)

1156:— the capture, condemnation and sale of a vessel and its cargo as a spoil of war, insofar as both compensate the salvor/captors for risking life and property. The two areas of law may overlap each other. For instance, a vessel taken as a prize, then recaptured by friendly forces on its way to the prize adjudication, is not deemed a prize of the rescuers (the title merely reverts to the original owner). However, the rescuing vessel is entitled to a claim for salvage. Likewise, a vessel found badly damaged, abandoned, and adrift after enemy fire, does not become a prize of rescuing a friendly vessel, but the rescuers may claim salvage. A vessel is considered in peril if it is in immediate danger or is likely within a reasonable and relevant period to become in danger. Prior to a salvage attempt, the salvor receives permission from the owner or the master to assist the vessel. If the vessel is abandoned, no permission is needed. 2584:

resources and in salvage work. The earliest salvors were mainly opportunistic, but this evolved into a business working within a legal arrangement of patents, concessions, and contracts. Entrepreneurs generated a wealth of records, unlike the small scale opportunistic salvors who often worked outside the law, and therefore left few records. New technology to increase the underwater working time for divers was limited by the technology, as there was a lack of pumping capacity to supply air at depth. The underwater endurance of freedivers was mainly extended by the use of diving bells and engines, which either carried a small volume of air inside, or were laboriously replenished from weighted barrels, severely limiting maximum operating depth and duration. Use of the equipment was also constrained by the weather and sea conditions.

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without the need for in-depth analysis, but in complex searches that involve many objects and numerous false contacts, the classification process can take days or weeks. Quantitative analysis that can be performed on side-scan and multibeam sonar contacts includes measuring the intensity of sonar signal returned by the contact, measuring the horizontal dimensions of the target and the height of the contact off the seafloor. Precise position data of the contacts can also be useful in the interpretation of data. Qualitative analysis of a contact is the interpretation by the search specialist based on experience. The product of this analysis is a list of contacts ranked in priority for subsequent observation and identification.

2173:(about 1,850 meters). The omnidirectional hydrophone cannot give bearing information, so several passes must be made over the pinger to pinpoint its position. A pinger-locator that uses a tuned array with a narrow directional hydrophone can give directional information and has increased detection range of up to about two nautical miles. Towed pinger-locators (TPLS) are towed through the search area much like a side-scan sonar, but can be towed at a higher speed as there are no concerns about resolution. Because of their long range and higher speed, they tend to be effective at locating the target in a shorter time. Pinger-locators designed for hand-held operations from the surface or by divers, have a shorter range. 2264:(ROV) can be used as a platform for sensors, which can maneuver the sensors in proximity to objects of interest on the bottom. Its value as a search tool depends on how effectively and efficiently it can be used to cover a search area compared to towed or surface vessel mounted systems. An ROV is limited to operating in small areas because of the restriction of the umbilical on maneuverability and range, but it is effective in searching a debris field for specific items. Onboard acoustic and optical sensors can be used to locate and identify objects, and manipulators may be useful for recovering objects within its carrying capacity. 967: 2781: 2599:

ports along the route. They were fairly efficient at salvaging their cargoes, and usually did not leave much for other contemporary salvors to recover. Salvage teams with divers were sent out as soon as a wreck was reported, so the wreck could be located before it broke up. The available technology made it difficult to recover cargo in environments like rocky lee shores and shallow reefs, which were common sites for ships to be driven ashore. The sea conditions in these areas made it difficult for divers to work from their boats and it was seldom possible to use a diving bell.

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sensor will cross the object several times at a reasonable angle for detection. If the object is detected with high confidence on the first few passes, the pattern can be modified such that the track lines will be shortened to just span the object and eventually follow it continuously within sensor range. The primary disadvantages of a "Z" search are that the object’s orientation must be known beforehand and that the actual moment of detection is short and can be missed. For this reason, it is recommended that both a side-scan sonar and magnetometer be used in tandem.

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oscillation, but there will usually be a depth at which the natural frequency of vertical oscillation of the load and cable matches the frequency of seaway induced disturbances on the position of the lifting point and resonant motion occurs. This is a dangerous stage of the lift, as the resonance can increase cable tension considerably, so the time in resonance should be minimised. Heave compensators can reduce resonant motion considerably, and an increase of hoist speed will increase drag on the load and may also help damp oscillations.

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the ship must be protected from jacking forces. If these forces are not spread out along the hull, they may cause damage throughout the vessel. Jacks are placed near the center of the ground reaction, usually symmetrically, and are secured with a retrieving line led to the deck. The jacks are extended to their maximum lift at the beginning of a pull. When the ship moves, the jacks will topple and must be reset for the next pull. Jacks may also be used to push the ship horizontally if there is a suitable reaction surface.

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using a cable that stretches when the load increases and returns to a shorter state when the lifting cable load is reduced. Another way of limiting dynamic load is to pass the cable through a ship motion compensator, also known as a heave compensator, which adjusts the deployed cable length to reduce dynamic loading. This may be a passive system, which acts like a spring and damper, or an active system, which adjusts the speed and direction of the winch to similar, but usually a greater effect.

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reasonable expectations of full coverage. ROV box searches are designed around the effective range of the ROV’s scanning sonar and the scope of free movement available to the ROV using its tether. The search begins by deploying the ROV in the center of the box while the support ship keeps station over the box center. Guided by the sonar contacts it picks up, the ROV follows radial lines from the center of the box to locate and visually inspect each contact.

2553: 954:, but may be the only, or most efficient, way to complete the salvage job. Salvage work includes towing an abandoned or disabled vessel which is still afloat to safety, assisting in fighting a fire on board another vessel, refloating sunk or stranded vessels, righting a capsized vessel, recovering the cargo, stores, or equipment from a wreck, or demolishing it in place for scrap. The work may be done for profit, clearing a blocked shipping lane or 2390:

minimizes the need to make changes of the towfish altitude to maintain a reasonably consistent altitude and swath width; this results in more consistent sonar performance and a lower risk of omitted areas and excessive swath overlap. Signal degradation may occur on the down-slope side when running along contours, but is preferable to poor returns from the towfish as it is hauled up and down. Track spacing can be adapted to compensate.

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a blue and green laser as the illumination source to minimize attenuation and backscattering problems and can image targets as far as 50 meters away in good conditions. The disadvantages of these systems are a result of high sensitivity to turbidity and underwater visibility and include a relatively very narrow swath width and range compared to sonar, which results in relatively low towfish altitudes and a low search rate.

4348:(seminal 1796 decision on the law of salvage that American rescuers who found a wrecked and abandoned French vessel adrift without sails or rigging could not condemn her as a prize, but were entitled as salvors to the judge's estimate of fair compensation based on time lost, labor, risk taken, and mental and physical suffering—to induce mariners to undertake the peril and expense of rescue at sea). 1958:

compressed air and applying a relatively small amount of external buoyancy or direct lift to rotate the vessel to the inverted position. Transverse and longitudinal stability must be calculated to ensure floating stability. An upside-down ship is usually adequately stable when the waterline is around tank-top level, or about a meter freeboard for moderate to large ships without a double bottom.

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locations. Salvage was generally only effective on wrecks where the position was already known—where survivors had reported the location, or where a company or government had recorded it. A rare exception to this was William Phip's successful recovery of twenty-six tons of silver in 1687, which inspired a large number of unsuccessful treasure hunts, most of which lost the investors' money.

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objects not directly under the bell, or make breathhold excursions. There were no diving masks available to improve underwater vision, and only ambient light was available, so much of the work was done by feel if visibility was poor, and there was little thermal protection for the diver. A cast copper diving bell used by Francisco Nunez Melián in 1624 for salvage of the cargo of the

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coverage of the search area and ultimately the quality of the search. As lane spacing is decreased, the coverage and search quality increases because a greater percentage of seafloor is examined in two separate sensor passes. Closer lane spacing gives more thorough coverage, but increases the search time because more passes must be made through a given search area.

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selection and search pattern design. The first step is to compile all of the information available from the actual scene of the loss. This may require a first-hand visit to the scene by the search specialist to interview eyewitnesses as soon as possible, due to information expiring over a long period of time. The following information is usually collected:

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The contract may also state that payment is only due for successful operations only (a.k.a. "No Cure, No Pay"), or that payment is due even if the operation fails. An example of a contract salvage is Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (2011, superseded in 2020), an English law arbitration agreement administered by the Council of Lloyd's, London.

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or currently burning, raising a ship, plane, or other sunken property, or towing a ship which is in the surf away from the shore. In low-order salvage, the salvor is exposed to little or no personal risk. Examples of low-order salvage include towing another vessel in calm seas, supplying a vessel with fuel, or pulling a vessel off a

3332:. However, the wreck and its contents were claimed by the Spanish government. A legal dispute through United States Federal Courts was resolved in February 2012, when it was reported that U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark Pizzo had ordered Odyssey to return the coins to Spain by 24 February 2012 for dispersal to museums, not to heirs. The 1502:

atmospheric pressure air to replace it through vents. From there, the external hydrostatic pressure loads could possibly require shoring and bracing or by sealing the compartment and blowing out the water using compressed air, which puts internal pressure loads on the structure that depend on the pressure needed to expel the water.

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Two Englishmen, John Lethbridge and Jacob Rowe, invented what they called "diving engines", which they successfully used for a few decades. These were wooden or metal cylinders with glass viewports and armholes sealed to the diver by leather sleeves. The breathing air supply was the air sealed inside

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17th century diving bells extended the time that divers could remain underwater compared to free divers working from the surface, but they were expensive and cumbersome, too dependent on a large support team and boat with lifting gear, and the diver had to work with hooks and grapples to reach sunken

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or negative buoyancy, which is its dry weight less its displacement and the weight that caused the ship to sink. If it is hollow and flooded, there is the inertia of the internal water which increases the force needed to accelerate the object. If it is not self draining, this is added to the object's

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Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) can be used for most deep ocean salvage operations. These vehicles are available in a range of capabilities, allowing the use of equipment best suited to the task. ROVs eliminate the risk to human life inherent in crewed systems, and are capable of operating at depth

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Contact classification is the process in which contacts from sensors are analyzed. Classification is a process of interpretation which depends on the distinctive characteristics target as the reference against which contacts are compared. It may be possible to identify a contact to be the lost object

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Range overlap is the area of seafloor that is examined twice on successive passes. It provides a margin of safety to mitigate ship track and sensor tow path variations and compensates for the inherent loss in the sonar signal quality at the outer ranges. The amount of range overlap required should be

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Constant range searches are used if the vessel's navigation system is unable to navigate along straight lines. This pattern uses search lines that are a constant distance from a fixed reference point. When used for a side-scan sonar search, the range from the central point of the curves must be great

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technology. Still and video cameras rely on conventional strobe or floodlights as their illumination source. Due to limitations imposed by attenuation of the light and backscattering, still and video sensors need to be within 10 to 20 meters of a target to identify it. A laser-imaging system utilizes

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situations where the target is lost within misleading terrain, such as a field of rocks, and the sonar return from the target is not easily distinguished from those of the rocks. A magnetometer is also one of the few instruments capable of locating an object that is buried deeply in bottom sediments.

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are sensitive to electromagnetic fields that differ from the local geomagnetic field. In most applications relating to salvage, this is a fairly large mass of steel or iron. They have a relatively limited detection range, as the target is not usually strongly magnetized, and can also pick up volcanic

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There is no guarantee that a righted and refloated ship can be economically returned to service. The combined costs of righting, refloating, repairing, and refurbishing usually make returning the ship to service financially impractical. Most righting operations involve the removal of large amounts of

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Partial cofferdams are constructed around moderate-sized openings or areas such as a cargo hatch or small deckhouse. They can often be prefabricated and installed as a unit, or prefabricated panels can be joined during erection. With both complete and partial cofferdams, there is usually a large free

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Hydraulic jacks are used to temporarily lift stranded ships to allow them to be refloated by pulling or to permit slipways to be constructed under them. Jacking requires the seafloor to be hard enough to support the load, the ground to be reinforced, or the load spread on pads. Similarly, the hull of

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may be placed on the vessel if it is unpaid. The salvor may then have a lawful right to keep the salvaged property until the claim is settled. The claim and award in law is influenced by the salved values involved, as well as the level of care, nature of rescue and efforts of the salvor. However, the

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Pure salvage claims are divided into two types: high-order and low-order. In high-order salvage, the salvor exposes their crew to risk of injury, and their equipment to damage or loss to salvage the property that is in peril. Examples of high-order salvage are boarding a sinking ship in heavy weather

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If the casualty appears to be beyond salvage or at a high risk of sinking, breaking up, burning out or otherwise becoming uneconomical to salvage on a LOF, the salvage operator may change the contract from LOF to SCOPIC, which stipulates that all costs plus a reasonable profit are paid to the salvage

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Originally, a "successful" salvage was one where at least part of the ship or cargo was saved; otherwise, the principle of "No Cure, No Pay" meant that the salvor would get nothing. In the 1970s, a number of marine casualties of single-skin-hull tankers led to serious oil spills. Such casualties were

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of 1989. The common law concept of salvage was established by the English Admiralty Court and is defined as "a voluntary successful service provided in order to save maritime property in danger at sea, entitling the salvor to a reward"; this definition has been further refined by the 1989 Convention.

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under that state's new underwater antiquities act, which had been drafted and passed at the instigation of Spence, who had discovered the wreck in 1965. Spence's work on the wreck was some of the first underwater archaeology done in the United States. Shipwrecks Inc. raised over 1,000,000 individual

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arrived in April 1942 to work in parallel. Ellsberg's team opened the harbour and restored the largest dry dock to service in less than six weeks, and many of the blockships were refloated by Ellsberg over the next several months, as the British civilian contractor continued to fail in every salvage

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Von Treileben's bell was made of lead, about five feet high, and about the five feet wide at the base, with a small platform suspended from it on which the diver stood. The diver was protected from the cold to some extent by a leather suit, and could work at a depth of 100 feet (30 m) for up to

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The route of the annual Spanish treasure ship fleet went through areas with seasonal bad weather and a large amount of shallow reef, so they expected some of the ships to be wrecked, and were prepared to deal with the losses where practicable by setting up salvage teams of local divers in most major

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In the following decades, professional salvors concentrated on recent wrecks where the position was well established. Since the pre-industrial technology severely limited underwater time and mobility and lifting capacity, salvors concentrated on high-value, low bulk cargoes, particularly non-ferrous

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Lane spacing is the distance between two adjacent tracks in a grid search. The lane spacing must be less than the swath width of the sensor to allow for enough range overlap to assure complete coverage of the search area. The spacing between tracks along with the swath width determines the degree of

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Swath width is the lateral coverage of the seafloor by the search sensor perpendicular to the track. It is based on the detection range for the target for the expected bottom terrain. Resolution of the sensor is inversely related to swath width, particularly for side-scan sonar—the greater the swath

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The ship must reverse heading and steady its course with the towfish aligned and at the correct depth at the end of each line and before re-entering the search area. A towfish will tend to change depth with a change in speed, and care must be taken that it does not hit the bottom during the turns. A

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The effective resolution of side-scan sonar depends largely on the operating frequency; the higher the frequency, the greater the resolution, but swath width coverage is inversely related to frequency, so that the higher the frequency, the smaller the area of seafloor covered in a single pass. Sonar

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that can measure and record the bottom profile along the track of the search platform. Single beam echo sounders are permanently installed on a ship, with the transducers mounted through the hull. Multi-beam systems are also permanent and mounted through the hull, portable and mounted over the side,

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18 large commercial ships, 13 smaller coastal vessels, a floating crane, and two critically important dry docks. British planners quickly initiated salvage operations to restore usefulness to the strategic harbour. However, the British civilian salvage team spent a fruitless year struggling against

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Crewed submersibles and atmospheric diving systems can take human operators deeper than ambient pressure diving, incur no decompression obligation, and reduce the risk of drowning and other environmental hazards. These systems are useful in operations where it helps to have an operator who can view

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Divers bring human vision, judgement, and dexterity to recovery operations, but these advantages are outweighed by the increasing complexity and cost of ambient pressure diving operations as depth increases, and there are physiological limits which set a maximum practical depth of around 300 metres

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Search coverage is the area of seafloor effectively inspected by the sensors. Its area is determined by the sensor effective swath width and the distance traveled by the search vessel on its track. It also relates to the repeat coverage of an area—one pass ideally gives 100% coverage of an area and

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There are search patterns which have been found to be both effective and practical for deep ocean searches. For side-scan sonar searches, regardless of what search pattern is used, is to orient the long dimension of the search area so that it is approximately parallel with the depth contours, which

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The magnetic signal strength of an object is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the sensor and the object, so magnetometers are less commonly used than the primary sensor, but magnetometers are sometimes used as a secondary sensor to a side-scan sonar search, particularly in

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Ships are usually refloated upside down by restoring their buoyancy with compressed air so that the ship's bottom plating can be made airtight with minimal work. Rotation to the completely inverted position usually is done by a combination of inducing buoyancy by blowing down hull compartments with

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A ship refloated on its side is then towed to a place more suitable for righting. This type of operation may require setting up hauling equipment on shore, preparing the ship for righting by fitting attachment points for lifting and hauling gear, removing top-weight that increases capsizing moment,

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between them, but a single vessel straddling the sunken vessel can be used for a limited range of lifting until the water depth gets too shallow for the lifting vessel to fit above the casualty. A single large lifting vessel may be appropriate to do the initial lift and move the casualty into more

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Boat owners can clarify with an assisting vessel if the operation is to be considered salvage, or simply assistance towing. If this is not done, the boat owner may find that the rescuer may be eligible for a substantial salvage award if the salvor can show sufficient evidence that the vessel was in

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incorporated the essential provisions of the 1910 Convention while adding on new principles. The 1989 Salvage Convention entered force on 14 July 1996 with nearly twenty parties in agreement. States that are part of both conventions consider the 1989 Convention a greater priority over the 1910 one,

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There are several factors the court uses to determine the salvor's amount. Some of these include the difficulty of the task, the risk involved to the salvor, the value of the property saved, the degree of danger to which the property was exposed, and the potential environmental impacts. Rarely, the

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reduced the offer to $ 1 million. The tanker company and crew sued and were awarded $ 6.4 million, believed to be the largest such award in U.S. history. This was reduced to $ 4.125 million on appeal. The crew split the award with their employer. At least one crew member was able to use his cut of

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Lethbridge and Rowe salvaged recent wrecks of Dutch East Indiamen with considerable success because the locations were well known, and the ships were outward bound carrying silver to buy trade goods in the East. To take advantage of seasonal winds, ships would depart at predictable times twice per

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The static load is the load when hanging free and motionless in the water, a theoretical situation which may occur for brief intervals, and is less than the dynamic loads peaks due to velocity and acceleration. Much of the dynamic loading is caused by ship motion in a seaway, and can be reduced by

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The most commonly used search pattern for a towed sensor search is a rectangular grid with straight-line search tracks parallel to each other. Adjacent search tracks are spaced close enough to allow the sonar coverage to overlap by enough to compensate for ship track and sonar tow path variations,

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to provide the range of motion of the lift, but some additional lifting capacity is available by de-ballasting the lift craft. The lift craft are often barges, which may be adapted from vessels locally available. The method is not often used and relies on a suitable tidal range. The lift craft are

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is a temporary watertight extension of the hull to the surface. Although they are temporary structures, cofferdams are strongly built, heavily stiffened, and reinforced to withstand the hydrostatic and other loads that they will have to withstand. Large cofferdams are normally restricted to harbor

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may be used to move large quantities of loose or soft material from around and under a vessel and dig channels for deep water. The equipment used for dredging depends on the seabed material and topography, access to the casualty, the situation of the casualty, and the dredging equipment available.

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The reward is partly determined by the value of the vessel, the degree of risk, and the degree of peril the vessel was in. Legal disputes often arise from claiming salvage rights, so boat owners or skippers often remain on board and in command of the vessel; they do everything possible to minimize

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In contract salvage, the owner of the sunken property and salvor enter into a salvage contract prior to beginning, and the amount that the salvor is paid is determined by the contract. This can be a fixed amount, based on a "time and materials" basis, or any other terms that both parties agree to.

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Marine salvage takes many forms, and may involve anything from refloating a ship that has gone aground or sunk as well as necessary work to prevent loss of the vessel, such as pumping water out of a ship—thereby keeping the ship afloat—extinguishing fires on board, to clearing wreckage to prevent

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to try to salve the vessel. Any offer of salvage assistance may be refused; if it is accepted, a contract automatically arises to give the successful salvor the right to a reward under the 1989 Convention. Typically, the ship and salvor will sign up to an LOF agreement so that the terms of salvage

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on the breathing air supply hose; this meant that if a hose became severed near or above the surface, the high-pressure air around the diver's head rapidly escaped from the helmet leaving a large pressure difference between the water and the suit and helmet interior that tended to force the diver

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The large growth in maritime traffic in the Atlantic between the 1500s and 1800s was accompanied by a large number of shipwrecks, many with valuable cargoes. In response to this, a corresponding growth occurred in the salvage industry. Most divers of the period were employed in harvesting natural

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Search time is the time expended on the search, and is estimated during the planning. The basic information used for the calculation is the size of the area to be searched, the lane spacing to be used during the search, the approximate speed of the search vessel and an estimate of the end-of-line

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An ROV box search is unique to ROV operations. The ROV will completely search a square area of seafloor and then move on to search an adjacent square area of the same dimensions. Through successive searching of adjacent boxes arranged in a grid, the ROV can systematically cover a search area with

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or cable, and they essentially cover the entire search area with slightly less detection probability than a parallel grid search, but without the need for 100-percent coverage and the typical overlap. The "Z" search makes use of the linear nature of pipelines and cables by ensuring that the towed

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Surface vessels can search underwater using sonar and magnetometer detection equipment. Sometimes, an optical search is also possible. Sensors and sensor arrays can be mounted on surface vessels, either in a fixed mounting, or on a mounting that is deployed when in use and may be portable between

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Most salvage operations involve some form of lifting, from handling materials and equipment to lifting whole ships from the seabed. External lifting is often a practical alternative to recovering buoyancy, and has some advantages in that it reduces the complex underwater work of making the vessel

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The astronomer Edmond Halley built a diving bell in 1691 to examine a wreck off the south coast of England, using a system of weighted barrels and tubes to replenish the air in the bell. Though Halley is generally credited with this device, there is evidence that a similar system was used in the

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The lifting load has several components. If the load is embedded in the bottom, the breakout force can be a large part of the total, even the largest part in some situations. This can be difficult to manage with purely buoyant lifts; if one breaks, the lifting force from an unconstrained buoyant

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Ground removal allows the ship to regain its buoyancy, provided there are no floods. Removing ground in a channel allows the vessel to float on water. However, this method of reducing ground forces majorly depends on the condition of the ground. Sand and firm clay can be effortlessly removed but

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declined to stay this order and Odyssey has agreed to abide by the decision. In 2021, Phoenix International Holdings, Inc. (Phoenix), under the direction of the U.S. Navy's Supervisor of Salvage and Diving (SUPSALV), located and recovered the fuselage of a downed MH-60 Seahawk helicopter in the

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Environmental constraints prevented these salvors from working deeper than about 20 m (0.012 mi), and while the weather and seas were calm. Search technology—dragging with snag-lines and grapnels—was another limitation, along with imprecise navigation and improper records of shipwreck

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may be attached to a lift bag, which will spill the air from the lift bag after it breaks out the load and ascends a few metres. An alternative is to use a lift bag which has less buoyancy than the weight of the load in water, and use a lifting cable to provide the rest of the breakout and lift

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The recovery systems available for deep salvage operations include ambient pressure divers, manned submersibles, atmospheric diving systems, remotely operated vehicles, and surface-controlled grabbing devices. The system selected for a particular operation depends upon availability, operational

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Optical imaging systems have been successfully used in deep ocean searches, either independently or in combination with a side-scan sonar. The obvious advantage of an optical imaging system is that the image produced can result in identification of the target without the need for time-consuming

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uses acoustic transducers towed underwater to produce a plan view image of the seafloor showing details of the topography and artifacts at the sides of the track. The swath of seafloor covered in a single pass by side-scan sonar is relatively wide; therefore, it is a relatively efficient search

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Several navies have rescue and salvage vessels to support their fleet and serve distressed vehicles. In addition, they may have Deep Salvage Units. US Navy salvage facilities and operations are coordinated by the Supervisor of Salvage (SUPSALV), situated in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Virginia,

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is the process of defining the search area and most probable target location by the acquisition and analysis of all available information related to the loss of an object. This task is the start of the planning process and will usually influence the other planning activities, such as equipment

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Accurate and repeatable navigation is an essential requirement for deep ocean search operations. The salvor must have the ability to steer the vessel on the planned search pattern, precisely track the position of the search vessel and sensor towfish, and return to any position at a later time.

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Since the second half of the 20th century, developments in technology led to machinery being capable of locating small objects on the seafloor and allowing recovery of objects from far deeper than divers can work. The development of towed side-scan sonar and similar technology has improved the

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Where practicable, procedures that seldom use divers are usually part of the mission— diving is slow, strenuous, dangerous, expensive, and often inefficient. However, some cases present diving as the only way and may even be the most efficient way to complete the salvage. Diving operations are

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when it is moving, and increase the inertial mass when accelerating during the lift. This is a difficult load to calculate, as it depends on orientation, shape and speed of movement. It may also be considered as hydrodynamic drag. It has a damping effect on acceleration and speed of lift, and

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In order to remove weight and increase buoyancy, flooded parts of the vessel are dewatered. The effect on stability is variable depending on the free surface in each compartment as well as the effect on the center of gravity's position. Dewatering is done by pumping the water out and allowing

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Salvage towing generally follows immediately after a salvage operation or may be a part of it. The vessel may be towed to a safe haven for temporary repairs, to a port or facility where complete repairs are possible, or to a disposal site for scrapping or sinking. Tow preparations may involve

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All information and its sources are analyzed for probable accuracy. Some data will be contradictory and a judgement will have to be made regarding the probability of accuracy of each. The search area box around the most probable seafloor position must account for the cumulative error or the

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Mechanical lifts use wire ropes chain rigged to, or under, the sunken object. They are independent of tide, but tides could be used for assisting the lift, and there is more control of the lift and lifting rates. Lifts may be possible in heavier sea conditions than possible for tidal lifts.

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There is a major legal difference between assisting a vessel when a representative of the owner is on board— which requires their permission— and which may be considered salvage depending on the situation. Taking an abandoned vessel under tow, inherently considered salvage, does not require

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Although elasticity of the lifting cable can dissipate shock loads, it makes the cable and load system subject to resonance at some frequency which depends on the mass of the load and the length and elasticity of the cable. The velocity dependent drag of the water on the load works to damp

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Ambient pressure diving only gives access to shallow depths relative to those attainable by atmospheric diving systems, submersibles, and ROVs. Divers are most effectively employed in relatively shallow water when the hazards of the operation and the decompression requirements are limited.

2689:, which had been wrecked in the Cape Verde Islands in 1719. They recovered a large amount of silver, ingots of lead, iron guns and anchors. Thereafter, Lethbridge made some unsuccessful searches for wrecks off the south coast of England, then took a contract with the VOC in Madeira on the 2026:

An entire ship can be recovered from deep water when economically viable in some special cases, or because it is easier to recover the whole vessel intact than to try to recover the targeted items on their own. Deep ocean salvage operations may be done to recover material which may:

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estimated before starting the search. A common range overlap for side-scan sonar is 50%, which is produced by using a lane spacing that of 50% of the swath width. The entire area of seafloor between the two outer tracks of the search box should be scanned twice in this scenario.

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When vessels are lost in an unknown area or are unprotected, a potential salvor might discover and plunder the wreck without knowledge of the wreck's owner. Salvaging a foreign navy's vessel is against international law. Despite this, many shipwrecks from World War II near

2602:

In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle described the principle of the diving bell, and there is a well-known claim that Alexander the great once dived in one. In 1531, Guglielmo Lorena used a bell to explore Caligula's pleasure barges, which had sunk in Lake Nemi near Rome.

1727:, or loss of stability due to cargo shifting or flooding. In high speed boats, capsizing is a result of sharp turns. A capsized vessel may sink or remain afloat, and a sinking vessel may roll over while sinking. The process of recovering a vessel from a capsize is called 2443:

two passes over the same area gives 200% for that area. The quality of a search depends on how well the search area is examined. Occasionally, a cursory search may find an object, but a thorough search is always to be planned and the search area is completely covered.

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probability of successful deep searches. Dragging with grapnels, searches by divers, and searches using low-resolution sonar were previously the tools available for ocean search. Such searches were difficult, limited in depth and had a very low probability of success.

1973:

When there is no operational necessity for salvors to obstruct channel traffic, it is preferable to allow normal traffic for as long as reasonably possible. Safe navigational practice may require local traffic to be restricted or stopped during parts of the operation.

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can be increased by either pumping — if the compartment is not holed below the waterplane — or by blowing down compressed air if the compartment can be sealed above the waterplane. In some cases, there is a third method of discarding the water using buoyant materials.

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Pasley recovered 12 more guns in 1839, 11 more in 1840, and six in 1841. In 1842, he recovered only one iron 12-pounder because he ordered the divers to concentrate on removing the hull timbers rather than search for guns. Other items recovered in 1840 included the

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artifacts, conservatively valued at over $ 12,000,000. The artifacts ranged from tiny brass sewing pins and glass buttons to heavy iron cannons and included such things as cannonballs, bullets, bottles, pottery, carved bone toothbrushes, pencils, match cases, and

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the seabed with injected water to reduce friction. A similar effect can be achieved by air lances inserted under the vessel. These are perforated pipes supplied with a high flow rate of compressed air. Swells increase the buoyancy of the vessel as they pass.

1737:

It is not unusual for a ship to capsize as it sinks, as refloating becomes more difficult. Ships are righted by applying a moment to overcome the forces holding the ship in the capsized position. There are four basic approaches to salvaging a capsized ship:

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is that a successful salvor is entitled to a reward, which is a proportion of the total value of the ship and its cargo. The bounty is determined subsequently at a "hearing on the merits" by a maritime court in accordance with Articles 13 and 14 of the

2123:

or towed. Resolution depends on the signal frequency and height of the transducers above the bottom, and depth range depends to some extent on frequency. Accuracy depends on the positional data for the transducers and corrections made for the actual

1025:), there is no contract between the owner of the goods and the salvor. The relationship is one implied by law; the salvor of property under pure salvage must bring his claim for salvage in a court which has jurisdiction, and this will award salvage 1969:

Ships that capsize or sink in navigable waterways are traffic hazards. Depending on the situation, traffic may be restricted or impossible, and refloating the ship in its existing orientation may allow the lanes to be cleared with minimum delay.

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at the surface, and carbon dioxide buildup would continue during the dive, becoming unbearable after about half an hour, at which point it could be replenished at the surface by flushing with a bellows. These devices were early forerunners of

2716:, each rated at 700 tons, and lightened as much as possible to serve as lifting pontoons. They only managed to dislodge the mainmast being used as the lifting point, later being abandoned. Similar unsuccessful attempts were made to raise the 945:

The techniques applied in marine salvage are largely a matter of adapting available materials and equipment to the situation, which are often constrained by urgencies, weather and sea conditions, site locations, and financial considerations.

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ground reaction force: The force between a stranded vessel and the ground it rests on. It is the difference between the weight of the vessel and its buoyancy in the prevailing situation, and may cause friction resisting an attempt to tow it

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of the site, as applicable. A safety survey and risk assessment are part of these surveys, which are continuously updated as part of the operation as conditions change; the operational plans are adapted to suit the changing circumstances.

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When a vessel is lying on its side, it is sealed to allow dewatering by compressing air, pumping out, inducing buoyancy, applying enough direct lifting power to lift the ship bodily while on its side, or any combination of these methods.

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The quality of a search pattern is measured by how thoroughly and efficiently the search area is examined. Systematic examination of the search area is achieved by following a planned pattern that is suitable to the search's parameters.

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enough to give a reasonably straight-line segment, as tracks that are not straight will degrade the side-scan sonar imagery and make interpretation much more difficult. With ubiquitous GPS, this method is mostly of historical interest.

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Applying a combination of direct lift to the low side of the hull, and an external pull to the high side of the hull, used when sufficient hauling and lifting power is readily available and is not practical to seal the hull for induced

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The usual methods for wrecking in place are manual flame cutting by divers and surface workers, demolishing using heavy lift cranes, explosive sectioning, dispersal, or flattening, and hydraulic dredging near the burial or settling.

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in diving, when he ordered that his divers operate in pairs. In addition, the first emergency swimming ascent was made by a diver after his air line became tangled and he had to cut it free. However, the first medical account of a

1822:

Scouring of the bottom sediments immediately adjacent to the vessel, which removes sediment supporting the ship and can cause high structural loads, which can lead to structural failure of the hull, and further subsidence into the

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Philippine Sea from a record breaking depth of 5,814 metres (19,075 ft) beneath the surface. This is 81 metres (266 ft) deeper than the previous salvage record, also set by Phoenix and SUPSALV during the recovery of a

2678:, as the interior remained at surface pressure. The main difference between these suits was that Lethbridge's was made of wood staves with straight sides, while Rowe used copper with a backward curve from the knees to the feet. 3079:

in 1982 was an operation of immense complexity and was a major achievement in marine archaeology. The remains of the ship, together with recovered weapons, sailing equipment and crew's personal effects are now on display at

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the oppressive heat and humidity, which persistently caused multiple industrial air compressors to fail, dropping half-floated ships back to the harbour silt. Progress was at a standstill until the American salvage expert

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Underwater searches are a basic aspect of deep water salvage operations, as before an object can be recovered, it must first be found, inspected and identified, and recorded so that it can be returned to when necessary.

2013:

Control of flooding by preventing the accumulation of firefighting water and limiting or mitigating the damage it can cause to structure, buoyancy, stability, equipment, and cargo, that directly threaten survival of the

1832:

Tidal currents and depth variations which can complicate or assist with refloating, and waves and surge which affect the work of divers, and salvage vessels. Underwater visibility also affects the efficiency of diving

1001:

A ship that has broken down but is not in immediate danger is usually in a position to negotiate terms and may request to be towed to a safe haven on a commercial hire basis rather than in terms of a Lloyds Open Form.

1905:

A combination of methods, including restoring buoyancy by dewatering selected spaces, adding rotational ballast to the high side, applying a dynamic pull to the high side of the ship, and a mechanical lift on the low

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year, and took a route around the north of the Shetland Islands, with stops at Madeira or the Cape Verde Islands and Cape Town. Consequently, most of the ships that were wrecked ended up on the same group of reefs.

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For very small loads, it may be possible and convenient to recover the load using the ROV or submersible directly. For larger loads, buoyant lifts, cable lifts and combined buoyancy, assisted cable lifts are used.

1686:(on site), usually when it is not possible or economically viable to salvage it, and it is a navigational hazard. Removal and disposal of the ship's contents, such as cargo, stores, and equipment may be included. 1200:

The United Kingdom's Merchant Shipping Act 1995 states that jetsam, flotsam, lagan, and all other cargo in the wreckage remain the property of their original owners. Anyone removing those goods must inform the

1474:

When all or part of the main deck of a sunken ship is submerged, flooded spaces cannot be cleared until all openings are sealed or the effective freeboard is extended above the high water level. In salvage, a

4029: 3317:, the car carrier lost stability and developed a 60° list to port. The ship's condition quickly began to deteriorate as it took on water. The salvage team worked for 24 days to save the vessel and its cargo. 1883:

Inducing buoyancy into selected spaces by displacing water with compressed air, and adding high side water ballast to provide a couple. It may be necessary to provide some external force to start the rotation

2707:

Within twelve days of the sinking of the Mary Rose in 1545, a salvage attempt was started under the direction of two Italians, who attempted to apply the tidal lift technique, using two large merchant ships

1446:

Underwater patching is usually done by divers, but patch fabrication and rigging requires the diver to take as little time as possible underwater. Small leaks are generally sealed off and made watertight by

1388:

refill quickly, and the channel will be reasonably stable in the short term. If the vessel is resting on penetrating rocks, they must be removed even though it does not significantly reduce ground reaction.

2873:

in 1919. Between 1922–1939, 45 of the 52 warships sunk: six battleships, five battlecruisers, five cruisers, and 32 destroyers. They were raised from depths of up to 45 metres (0.028 mi), primarily by

2223:

vessels allowing convenient and economical use from vessels of opportunity. Some types of sensors, such as side-scan sonar and magnetometers, deployed near the bottom work better, so salvors deploy them as

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the target directly and can reason on the bottom. Crewed vehicles can operate without tethers, which can severely limit the maneuverability of tethered vehicles (ROVs), particularly in high-current areas.

2247:

towed behind a ship by a cable. Trailing the hydrophones behind the vessel on a cable that can be kilometers long keeps the array's sensors away from the ship's own noise sources, greatly improving its

882:

or other maritime casualty. Salvage may encompass towing, lifting a vessel, or effecting repairs to a ship. Salvors are normally paid for their efforts. However, protecting the coastal environment from

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takes the loss data analysis further by determining the most probable target location. The search area box is partitioned into smaller areas called cells, each individually assigned its own calculated

5619: 3910: 1493:

Diving work on cofferdams often involves clearing obstructions, fitting, and fastening—of which includes underwater welding, and where necessary, caulking, bracing and shoring the adjacent structure.

3194:

signal was picked up by the oil tanker Cherry Valley, which responded and towed the tug and its cargo to safety. NASA offered $ 5 million to the crew of the tanker (the salvors) as a reward, but the

2917:, with a cargo that included gold and silver bullion and gold sovereigns worth over £1 million. After the wreck was found in 1930, a salvage operation recovered most of the cargo of gold and silver. 1367:

Weight management is rearranging and distributing weight around the vessel. Weight removal nearby the ground reduces ground reaction, while removing weight farther away may increase ground reaction.

1160:

further loss and seek to minimize the degree of risk the vessel is in. If another vessel offers a tow and the master or owner negotiates an hourly rate before accepting, then salvage does not apply.

2704:, with considerable success. The "diving engines" were quite effective when used by their designers, but do not appear ever to have been upgraded, and the type was never used by any later salvors. 1040:

In order for a claim to be awarded, three requirements must be met: The property must be in peril, the service must be rendered voluntarily, and the salvage must be successful in whole or in part.

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Another part of the load is the self weight of the cable. This can be a large part of the load for deep work with steel cable due to the density of steel, but is much less of a problem with high

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until the task is complete or maintenance is required; operator fatigue does not limit mission duration which is particularly advantageous where the depth requires long ascent and descent times.

2472:

feasibility and economics. Every time an operator submerges to any depth, the risk to life in the operation increases. ROVs have become the primary tool of choice for many deep ocean operations.

1913:

Once the ship has been righted, appropriate methods for refloating may be applied if necessary, and further dewatering and ballasting may be used to achieve satisfactory stability for transit.

1842:

Righting a capsized ship is usually done to remove a ship that is obstructing a berth, harbor area, or access channel, although wrecks are also salvaged for environmental or aesthetic reasons.

1490:

Small cofferdams are used for pumping or allowing salvors access to spaces that are covered by water at some stage of the tide. They are usually prefabricated and fitted around minor openings.

936:("Special Compensation – P&I Clubs") clause to the LOF to ensure that a salvor does not abuse the aforementioned environmental policy stated in the 1989 Convention (pursuant to the case of 3186:

was involved in an at-sea rescue which resulted in a historic court case. The tank was being delivered by barge to the launch site in November 1994, when the tow vehicle encountered issues in

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If the salvage operator is unable to salvage the vessel, they or a different salvage contractor may be requested to remain on site to help manage the risk of pollution or decrease the damage.

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Pump types that are widely used in marine salvage work include self-contained, heavy-duty, internal combustion engine driven centrifugal pumps, pneumatic diaphragm and centrifugal pumps, and

1252:

Marine salvage requires the salvor to acclimatize to the situation, and the job is often constrained by urgency, weather and sea conditions, site accessibility, and financial considerations.

1171:

renounce their right to claim compensation for salvage, however if property is saved, they can make a claim but may need to pay for the use of the lifeboat and any damages that might occur.

2154:

are a class of passive acoustic search systems that do not produce any sound—they only detect sound within a specific frequency range. They are useful for finding artifacts equipped with an

1787:

The position and attitude of a capsized vessel in the water relative to the geography has a strong influence of the complexity and preferred method of righting and refloating it, including:

1286:

Rescue towing is when a ship in peril is saved and taken to a refuge point. If the vessel is adrift at sea or near a shore or harbor, a connection must be made before the ship goes aground.

793: 2835:

weave 'of which the silk was perfect', and pieces of leather; but no woolen clothing. By 1843, the whole of the keel and the bottom timbers had been raised and the site was declared clear.

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Progress of salvage capacity depends on accumulated knowledge, new ideas and their application, and the demand for services. The technological evolution of the late 20th century included:

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Richardson, J. (January 1991). "Abstract of the case of a diver employed on the wreck of the Royal George, who was injured by the bursting of the air-pipe of the diving apparatus. 1842".

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of the target being in that cell. A map of these cells will indicate where the search should be concentrated to improve the chance of early location of the target in a large search area.

891:

from a modern ship can also be a motivator, as oil, cargo, and other pollutants can easily leak from a wreck and in these instances, governments or authorities may organise the salvage.

4069: 4102: 5365: 3715: 1514:, portable dewatering pumps adapted for marine salvage work. They tend to be of rugged construction with a protective framework or packaging to reduce the risk of accidental damage. 4564: 801: 1880:

Selective sealing of major compartments in the hull, with controlled dewatering by pumping to restore buoyancy, combined with ballasting the high side to provide a righting couple

1734:

The salvage of a capsized vessel may involve righting on site, or towing to a more sheltered area before righting; possibly including refloating, either before or after righting.

2403:

straight run of several kilometers may be needed to get the towfish properly realigned in deep water work, so the time required for turns may exceed the time actually searching.

5808: 4645: 3426: 1427:

Pontoons of any kind can be placed alongside the stranded ship and rigged either directly to the hull or with slings under the hull to provide lift and reduce ground reaction.

4613:

Sakellariou, Dimitris; Georgiou, Panos; Mallios, Aggellos; Kapsimalis, Vasilios; Kourkoumelis, Dimitris; Micha, Paraskevi; Theodoulou, Theotokis; Dellaporta, Katerina (2007).

3199:

the proceeds to buy a house, which he calls "the house that NASA bought." The case has been the subject of at least one law review article analyzing the economics of salvage.

1819:

Embedding into the bottom sediments, and the associated suction effects that increase forces required to break the vessel out of the bottom at the start of righting or lifting

1543:

are commonly used in salvage. Tugs are attached to the vessel by a towline, and develop pulling forces with their engines and propellers. Salvage ground tackle is a system of

898:, salvage services would be given to a stricken vessel by any passing ship. Today, most salvage is carried out by specialist salvage firms with dedicated crews and equipment. 1336:

must then be reduced to a level where the vessel can be moved off of the ground without any additional scratches. Then, the vessel is pulled off and moved into deeper water.

5252: 161: 2808: 1433:

Temporary reductions of ground forces can be made during pulling to reduce ground reaction, friction, or both. Jetting nozzles can be rigged to wash away the ground or to

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Salvage law states that a salvor should be rewarded for risking their life and property to rescue another ship in danger. It is in some ways similar to the wartime law of

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contact classification. The actual sensing devices used in optical imaging include still photographic cameras, real-time video cameras, and laser-imaging systems, using

1961:

Air that leaks from inverted ships under tow or standing for long periods while upside down is replenished or the ship will sink again when sufficient buoyancy is lost.

4774: 2900: 4036: 2999:, resting on the bottom of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, were refloated and repaired. They were key participants in the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944. 1872:

Several methods may be used for righting capsized ships. Most involve rotating the vessel around the turn of the bilge as the contact area with the seabed, known as

1359:

Weight managing, increasing buoyancy, removing parts of the ground, scouring, or lifting the ship by using machinery, are some way to reduce ground reaction forces.

5913: 5652: 2275:

often have search sensors mounted as part of their basic outfit, as searches are a common task, and the same sensors are often also used for underwater navigation.

749: 5746: 4141: 1865:

Transverse and longitudinal stability analysis at selected stages of the righting process, and if necessary hull shear and bending moment analyses at these stages

4615:"Searching for Ancient Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea: the Discovery of Chios and Kythnos Hellenistic Wrecks with the Use of Marine Geological-Geophysical Methods" 2356:

uncertainty inherent in the deduced position. The confidence level that the target lies within the search box should be high before the actual search commences.

1876:. However, there are circumstances when this is not practical. Different criteria apply if the ship is refloated while capsized and then righted while floating. 1329:

It is usually preferable to refloat a vessel so that it can be taken to a suitable venue for repair or scrapping, but this is not always reasonably practicable.

3909:. Vol. 1: Strandings, Harbor Clearance and Afloat Salvage S0300-A6-MAN-010. United States. Navy Department. Supervisor of Salvage and Diving. 31 May 2013. 3641:

Maser, Edmund; Bünning, Tobias H.; Brenner, Matthias; Van Haelst, Sven; De Rijcke, Maarten; Müller, Patrick; Wichert, Uwe; Strehse, Jennifer S. (January 2023).

3025:

in stages underwater to shallower water where it was then pumped out and re-floated and towed out. Some of the techniques developed by Roen for the salvage of

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of Sweden to salvage the ship. Between 1663 and 1665, von Treileben's divers were successful in raising most of the bronze cannon, working from a diving bell.

4280: 3391:

High-strength, low density, synthetic lift lines, almost unaffected by self-weight, as the specific gravity is usually close to that of water, and unjacketed

2755:, sank undergoing routine maintenance work in 1782, and the Deane brothers were commissioned to perform salvage work on the wreck. Using their new pumped air 1399:

is clearing the ground by using flowing water. Currents may be produced by the propeller wash of tugs or jetting pumps, and is most effective in sand or mud.

5612: 3901: 2862:

team were successful in recovering all but 25 of the 3211 bars of gold. As of 2023, the salvage is the largest recovery of sunken gold by weight in history.

1467:

to seal against the damaged hull. Major patching is characterized by extensive diving work and includes detailed underwater surveys, measurements, and major

674: 2870: 304: 4563:. Vol. 4: Deep Ocean Operations S0300-A6-MAN-040 0910-LP-252-3200. United States. Navy Department. Supervisor of Salvage and Diving. 1 August 1993. 1868:

Available options for weight reduction, buoyancy addition, and other methods to reduce righting forces or lower the capsizing moment will be investigated

422: 1528:, which are dynamic pumps that use air or water to move other fluids. They are simple, rugged and versatile, and are widely used in salvage operations. 1044:

salvage award would be greater than 50 percent of the salvaged property's value. Usually, salvage awards amount to 10–25% of the value of the property.

2700:

Rowe moved north to Scotland, and after some unsuccessful work on a ship from the Spanish Armada, got to work salvaging another recent VOC wreck, the

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submersible that travels underwater without requiring continuous input from an operator. AUVs are part of a larger class of undersea systems known as

4747:

Committee on Undersea Vehicles and National Needs, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (1996).

3392: 1225: 5679: 1797:

The type of seabed and the contact area and distribution of the plating in contact with the seabed, and how much the ship is embedded in the bottom

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salvage some decades earlier. Halley claimed to have dived to 9 to 10 fathoms (16 to 18 m) for over an hour and a half without any injuries.

1351:, possibly restraining listing by pontoons fastened alongside to increase the waterplane area, or applying forces that go against counter forces. 1214: 858: 832: 5423: 4909: 3963: 2252:, and hence the effectiveness of detecting and tracking faint contacts, such as quiet, low noise-emitting submarine threats, or seismic signals. 787: 4061: 3365:

Compact, high-efficiency camera and optical systems that can produce near-daylight conditions with far-reaching penetration in clear seawater,

1619:

sheltered water, where the lift can be completed by several less seaworthy barges, and where relative movement can be more easily controlled.

5898: 5858: 4972: 4405: 4370: 4091: 3752: 3625: 3029:

established methods which became new standards for future salvages, where before many wrecks were considered too heavy and large to salvage.

2651:(7 casks) detonated through a tube leading above the surface with a primer charge at the bottom. This was effective in clearing the passage. 2447:

width the lower the resolution. Swath width is also a function of sensor height and bottom slope, and will vary depending on bottom profile.

2299:(ROVs) – controlled and powered from the surface by an operator via an umbilical. Some AUVs are capable of deep ocean, large area 2166:

used by nearly all military and commercial aircraft, which have a 37 kHz acoustic pinger to help locate them in case of a crash at sea.

1313:

A salvage survey is done to get information on the state of the vessel and the site which will be useful for planning the salvage operation.

4671: 1723: 1483:

Complete cofferdams cover most or all of the sunken vessel and are equivalent to extensions of the ship's sides to above the water surface.

1316:

There is usually an initial or preliminary survey, followed by detailed surveys of topsides, interiors, and underwater hulls, ending with a

5590: 5358: 2947: 2296: 2261: 1953:

The refloated ship is to be scuttled in deep water, scrapped in a dry-dock, or taken to some other place that can accept the inverted ship.

1583:

External lifting involves lifting units that can be synchronized to achieve the desired lift throughout the operation; it can provide more

94: 4555: 3707: 5785: 2005:

Extinguishing fires by systematic attacks by firefighting teams moving through the fire control boundaries and attacking the fire fronts.

1332:

There are some basic aspects to refloating a stranded ship: Its position must be stabilized to avoid any further damage from the ground.

3432: 3195: 1430:

If space and water depths are adequate, cranes and sheer leg barges are rigged to lift the stranded ship to reduce the ground reaction.

1164: 904: 822: 777: 743: 624: 5221: 3021:, by first removing the ore it was carrying and then using two vessels on each side of the underwater wreck, with cables that "walked" 5817: 5330: 5122: 4614: 3333: 1856:

Identification of the physical point about which the ship will rotate, which may involve substrate load-bearing and shear calculations

1290:

measures like reinforcing weakened parts of the ship, or special rigging to release the tow for sinking in a safe, controlled manner.

933: 5518: 4231: 4171: 3643:"Warship wrecks and their munition cargos as a threat to the marine environment and humans: The V 1302 "JOHN MAHN" from World War II" 5147: 3156:, which sank in 1857 carrying 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) of gold, was discovered in 1988. Salvage efforts remain incomplete. 3139: 2732:

The era of modern salvage operations was inaugurated with the development of the first surface supplied diving helmets by inventors

197: 179: 70: 4931: 3353:

Surface and underwater navigational systems that allow precise definition of target location and consistent return to the position,

5244: 927:

All vessels have an international duty to give reasonable assistance to other ships in distress for saving lives, but there is no

5583:"The USS Cole is slowly lifted from the water by the Norwegian heavy transport ship M/V Blue Marlin off the coast of Aden, Yemen" 3164: 827: 5924: 2399:

and also compensate for the inherent loss in the sonar return and resolution at the outer edges and caused by depth variations.

4424: 4254: 3211: 272: 56: 2047:

Deep salvage operations tend to be slow and tedious, and often require more precision than other types of salvage operations.

5399: 4015: 3489: 1468: 5336: 4719: 2819:

and treatment of diver Roderick Cameron following an injury that occurred on 14 October 1841 during the salvage operations.

2658:

used an inverted container as a diving bell to recover £200,000 worth of treasure from a Spanish ship sunk off the coast of

2143:

images indicate surfaces, which reflect the signal. Anything entirely in the shadow of another object will not be detected.

3042:

was raised between 1957 and April 1961 as a historical artifact of national importance. It had been lying on the bottom of

2624:

sank in Stockholm's harbour on its maiden voyage in 1628. Early attempts to refloat the vessel were unsuccessful. In 1658,

1886:

Applying external static forces to lever arms mounted on the hull, usually in combination with dewatering some compartments

966: 4800: 3119: 2859: 2848: 2284: 1826:

Silt deposition inside the hull that increases weight within the vessel or necessitates removal before lifting or righting

1210: 1116: 1093: 5644: 4825:

Galili, Ehud; Rosen, Baruch (2008). "Ancient Remotely-Operated Instruments Recovered Under Water off the Israeli Coast".

1895:

Extending lever arms, known as headframes, from the hull and applying external righting forces at the end of these levers

1517:

Other features include the ability to self-prime and to handle a wide range of fluid viscosities and specific gravities.

4752: 3081: 2812: 5613:"Board of Inquiry Report into the grounding of HMS Nottingham at Wolf Rock, Lord Howe Island, Australia on 7 July 2002" 4201: 4133: 1037:. Salvors performing high-order salvage receive substantially greater rewards than those performing low-order salvage. 3310: 3277: 3179: 2292: 1717:

Capsizing occurs when a boat or ship is tipped over beyond the angle of positive static stability. It may result from

851: 3132: 2647:

of several wrecks of colliers, which had sunk in a spring flood. He accomplished this by exploding a large amount of

4316:

stating the purpose of Italian prize law is to compensate for the expense incurred, risk taken, and labor performed.

3266:. It was salvaged, transported back to the US on the heavy transport ship Blue Marlin, and repaired to serve again. 2780: 212: 3321: 3285: 1995:

can be considered salvage work when done as assistance to a vessel in distress, and is done in three basic phases.

1889:

Applying external counterweights to the high side of the hull, and external buoyant lifting systems to the low side

1511: 738: 664: 1849:

The method, or combination of methods, to be used to right a capsized ship, depend on several factors, including:

5890: 5721:"Odyssey Marine Exploration Asserts Position in "Black Swan" Admiralty Case with Historical and Legal Precedents" 4397: 4362: 3744: 3617: 2993: 2525: 2364: 1992: 917: 547: 1601:

and rigid steel pontoons have been consistently useful as submersible buoyant lifting devices for salvage work.

5038: 3221: 1909:

Dredging or scouring sedimentary bottom ground out along the bilges to undercut the side resting on the bottom.

760: 476: 3309:, carrying 4,700 Mazda cars and Isuzu trucks bound for the North American market, was traveling from Japan to 1108:. They dived and found at least fifteen wrecks, of which about seven provided valuable intelligence material. 4257:. Department of the Navy – Naval History & Heritage Command Underwater Archaeology Branch. Archived from 1947:

Items that will increase the navigational draft of the inverted ship can be removed easily, or do not matter.

5939: 5720: 5446: 3369: 2932: 2785: 2745: 2675: 2625: 2115: 1988: 1925:

A vessel that is capsized has its positions calculated to ensure that the ship does not significantly move.

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1910 Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules with Respect to Assistance and Salvage at Sea

1217:

protects ships and aircraft that are the last resting place of the remains of members of the armed forces.

5944: 3172: 3007: 2986: 2982: 2159: 1902:

Fixing righting beams to the high side of the capsized ship, then applying a lifting force to these levers

1588: 976:

hard aground in 1971 due to a typhoon: after three weeks of effort, Naval salvors deemed it unsalvageable.

844: 31: 5675: 4751:. Undersea Vehicles and National Needs (Report). Washington, D.C.: National academies press. p. 22. 4672:"Quasi-Fluid-Mechanics-Based Quasi-Bayesian Cramér–Rao Bounds for Deformed Towed-Array Direction Finding" 5168: 3514: 3477: 3338: 3208: 3136:

was discovered in 1985 with recovered gold and other artifacts worth an estimated US$ 400 million.

2974: 2816: 2737: 2733: 2724:

in 1783. These attempts were made challenging by being made on some of the largest ships of their time.

2325: 2249: 1594:

There are three categories of external lifts: immersed buoyant lifts, tidal lifts and mechanical lifts.

1333: 1123: 637: 491: 5700: 5415: 3955: 2918: 2793:

Pasley's diving salvage operation set many diving milestones, including the first recorded use of the

1080:— where most of the water is shallower than 80 metres (260 ft)— are threatened by scavenging for 4768: 3654: 3501: 3270: 2163: 2151: 2124: 1663: 1571:, or the shore. The total pulling force may be developed by a combination of ground tackle and tugs. 1560: 1277: 1134:

with a commercial vessel, spent over $ 800 million in 1974 on the clandestine operation now known as

1081: 921: 913: 707: 453: 256: 3359:

Imaging systems for identification and inspection of bottom objects and definition of debris fields,

3238: 2595:

A few attempts to raise entire ships, such as the Mary Rose, Vasa, and Royal George usually failed.

2002:

Control of fires inside the imposed boundaries, and securing adjacent areas from the threat of fire.

1521: 5949: 5846: 3404: 3018: 2640: 2572: 2380: 2212: 2169:

Pinger-locators that use an omnidirectional hydrophone have a maximum detection range of about one

2104: 2060: 1709: 1317: 970: 938: 400: 62: 4432:(Rev. 3 ed.). United States. Navy Department. Supervisor of Salvage and Diving. 1 July 2002. 3571:

ground leg: The mooring assembly between the ground to which it is anchored, and the hauling gear.

1552: 1448: 5807:

Whitehill, Jr., A. Simeon (2001). "High strength synthetic fiber ropes". In Bash, John F. (ed.).

5077: 4842: 4682: 4637: 4009: 3688: 3441: 3398: 3325: 3150: 3096: 2773:

commenced the first large scale salvage operation in 1839. His plan was to break up the wreck of

2421: 1584: 1396: 516: 385: 316: 263: 5582: 5471: 5115:

The Sunken Gold: A Story of World War I, Espionage, and the Greatest Treasure Salvage in History

2231:, towed behind a surface vessel, with the display and recording equipment on the towing vessel. 1548: 3262:

was severely damaged in October 2000 by terrorists while it was harbored in the Yemeni port of

1929:

and sealing openings that would allow air to escape from buoyant compartments during righting.

5894: 5854: 5777: 5557: 5395: 5326: 5143: 5118: 5095: 5005: 4978: 4968: 4401: 4366: 3993: 3748: 3680: 3672: 3621: 3465: 3256: 2907: 2629: 2552: 2533: 2508: 2240: 2224: 1718: 1348: 1202: 1168: 947: 806: 723: 612: 557: 412: 367: 321: 249: 5921:(Worldwide free database of 65,000 wrecks with timelines, maritime charts, and GPS positions) 5549: 4790:

Deep-Ocean Search and Inspection: Advanced Unmanned Search System (AUSS) Concept of Operation

3580:

hauling gear: The equipment which takes up the slack and exerts tension in the ground tackle.

3293: 3146:

in 1986 off Florida after it disintegrated shortly after liftoff due to a mechanical defect.

1556: 5364:. Department of the Navy. Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command. 29 April 1988. 5213: 5085: 5069: 4834: 4749:"Chapter 2: Undersea Vehicle Capabilities and Technologies - Autonomous Underwater Vehicles" 4629: 3662: 3483: 3328:

and recovered an estimated US$ 500 million in silver and gold coins from a shipwreck in the

3314: 3281: 3220:

following an internal explosion, leading to the death of 118 crew-members. A portion of the

3187: 3085: 2824: 2803: 1675: 1580:

watertight, which usually requires less preparation time at depth and inside a sunk vessel.

1417: 1131: 767: 574: 432: 417: 374: 299: 283: 3708:"Maritime 'Repo Men': A Last Resort for Stolen Ships (Published 2015)." The New York Times" 1829:

Slope of the bottom, which influences the position and attitude of the vessel on the bottom

5707: 5163: 5058:"Notes on the "Laurentic" Salvage Operations and the Prevention of Compressed Air Illness" 4223: 4163: 3520: 3232: 3160: 3125: 3060: 2968: 2866: 2767: 2520: 2300: 2155: 2135: 1704: 1648: 1615: 1135: 1101: 733: 702: 647: 642: 602: 395: 1412:

Ground reaction may also be reduced by physically lifting the ship. Methods used include

4939: 3658: 3589:

purchase: A system of cables and sheave blocks rigged to provide a mechanical advantage.

3356:

Search systems that facilitate fine-grained searches over large areas at greater depths,

2611:

in the Florida Keys is recorded to have weighed 680 lb (310 kg) and cost 5000

1653:

When close enough to the shore, land based lifting equipment may be used when available.

5090: 5057: 4001: 3526: 3459: 3329: 3289: 3247: 2770: 2741: 1308: 1247: 1182: 1147: 1026: 899: 631: 607: 567: 481: 390: 357: 217: 3224:

was raised to the surface in 2001 to recover the bodies and eliminate the hazard from

2073:

whether there are acoustic pingers, transponders or other location aids on the target.

105: 5933: 4962: 4846: 4838: 4633: 4586: 4455: 3932: 3692: 3532: 3420: 3372:

that allow manned salvage operations beyond the ambient pressure diving depth limits,

3303: 3095:, was granted South Carolina State Salvage License No. 1 to salvage the wreck of the 3092: 3068: 2951: 2756: 2655: 2556: 2512: 2170: 1748:

Rotating the ship until it is completely upside down and refloating the inverted ship

1671: 1540: 1257: 1018: 888: 728: 540: 506: 471: 466: 362: 347: 309: 278: 226: 4910:"Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800" 4708: 4641: 4258: 3667: 3642: 3378:

AUVs for long range search at virtually any depth, unaffected by surface conditions,

1052: 5306:

Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations

3517: – Pioneering diving engineer and inventor of a surface supplied diving helmet 3495: 3100: 2855: 2794: 2181: 1983: 1637: 1631: 1525: 1434: 1344: 1340: 1206: 1056: 772: 457: 340: 335: 3474: – Act of deliberately sinking a ship by allowing water to flow into the hull 3462: – Diving work associated with the recovery of vehicles, cargo and structures 2529:

disappears when the load is standing still or when it is lifted out of the water.

2076:

datum quality – the accuracy and reliability of the existing position information,

1455:, small wooden patches and concrete boxes, or small steel plate patches; they are 5320: 1803:

Proximity to fixed installations, such as piers, wharves, or harbor installations

3382: 3217: 3037: 3003: 2903: 2659: 2619: 2497: 2368: 2272: 1598: 1273: 1153: 619: 496: 486: 442: 4789: 3529: – British engineer mostly known for his contributions to diving equipment 2685:

Lethbridge and Rowe worked together on the outward bound British East Indiaman

1950:

The route to the destination is deep enough to allow the inverted ship to pass.

1745:

Refloating the ship on its side and moving it to another location to be righted

5073: 2940: 2914: 2875: 2799: 2752: 2644: 2564: 2244: 1667: 1105: 982: 928: 669: 380: 352: 5561: 5491: 5293:. The Conference on Historic Site Archeology Papers 1970. Vol. 5 Part 1. 4982: 4748: 3676: 3468: – Official who administers law dealing with maritime wrecks and salvage 2865:

The largest marine salvage operation on record was the raising of the German

4193: 3985: 3471: 3401:, which can minimise shock loading and resonance problems in lifting cables, 3168: 3055: 3047: 3043: 2963: 2881: 2694: 2648: 2524:

basic air weight when lifting it out of the water. Additional water will be

1853:

Calculation of the righting moments needed to overcome the capsizing moments

1815:

Environmental effects that influence the salvage of capsized ships include:

1699: 1476: 1339:

Stabilizing the vessel implies that it will not capsize due to insufficient

1077: 884: 879: 686: 659: 654: 579: 522: 501: 437: 405: 216:

Marine salvage of a fishing boat off the coast of Estonia in 1973. Photo by

17: 5099: 3684: 3375:

ROVs for unmanned, long-duration salvage operations at virtually any depth,

1189:, so that they can be recovered later by the owners. Derelict is abandoned 234: 5009: 3997: 2777:

with gunpowder charges and then salvage as much as possible using divers.

2516:

force, ensuring that the load ascends at the rate the cable is reeled in.

1238:

salvage award can never exceed the salved value of the ship and property.

4860:

Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C.; Pennefather, John (1975). "History of diving".

3480: – Support ship for submarine rescue and deep-sea salvage operations 3288:, in August 2002 for minor repairs, and was consequently returned to the 3108: 2927: 2893: 2844: 1999:

Containment of fire within structural boundaries to prevent it spreading.

1862:

Determination of load-bearing capacity of hull areas critical to righting

1400: 1375: 1112: 4281:"The world's biggest grave robbery: Asia's disappearing WWII shipwrecks" 3492: – List of salvaged artifacts from the sunken US battleship Arizona 2802:

was suffered by a Private Williams—the early diving helmets used had no

2559:

used a diving bell to salvage cargo from a sunken Spanish treasure ship.

989:

hazards, or recovery of cargo, fuel, stores, equipment, or scrap metal.

5081: 2959: 2955: 2568: 2228: 1682: 1641: 1536: 1413: 1178: 1130:, who conducted the salvage under the guise of mining the seafloor for 986: 951: 586: 552: 530: 511: 4332:

discussing doctrine of postliminium and salvage of recaptured vessels.

3017:, which sank in a collision in 23 metres (77 ft) of water in the 5724: 5676:"High Tech Cowboys of the Deep Seas: The Race to Save the Cougar Ace" 3385:

umbilicals for high bandwidth command, control and data transmission,

3191: 3183: 3064: 3033: 2760: 1892:

Applying a direct, external lifting force to the low side of the hull

1544: 1464: 1269: 1174: 1097: 955: 679: 427: 5816:(3rd ed.). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from 5519:"The CHERRY VALLEY Case: How Wrong Can Economists Be About Salvage?" 5278:. International Conference on Underwater Archeology. Charleston, SC. 5043:

Iron: An Illustrated Weekly Journal for Iron and Steel Manufacturers

2079:

target characteristics (size, material and breakup characteristics),

3453: – international convention on maritime assistance and salvage 3435: – international convention on maritime assistance and salvage 3429: – International convention on maritime assistance and salvage 2563:

The recovery of cargo from ships sunk in shallow coastal waters by

1680:

Wrecking in place, or piecemeal demolition, is dismantling a wreck

1567:, on a platform, which may be the stranded ship, a salvage ship, a 5245:"The Quest to Find — and Save — the World's Most Famous Shipwreck" 4602:. Ellesmere Port, Cheshire: British Sub-Aqua Club. September 2000. 3237: 2880: 2832: 2779: 2551: 2288: 2199: 2119: 1703: 1568: 1564: 1463:

or fibre-reinforced resins. Minor patches are usually fitted with

1460: 1456: 1452: 1194: 1051: 1034: 965: 895: 330: 325: 211: 4585:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4454:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3931:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3362:

Seafloor mapping systems that precisely define bottom topography,

2420:"Z" search patterns are used specifically for the location of an 1224:

reflects the traditional legal principles of marine salvage. The

1177:

are goods thrown off a ship to eliminate any unnecessary weight.

5925:

The International Convention on Salvage 1989 (complete text PDF)

3263: 2828: 2519:

The object to be recovered has a weight in water, also known as

1859:

Investigation of local hull stresses in the ship during righting

1610: 1234: 1190: 1186: 875: 535: 3407:

systems for surface ships, which allow precise station keeping,

2031:

be useful in an investigation to determine cause of a casualty,

2017:

Cleaning and repairing damaged areas, patching, and dewatering.

1944:

The ship's bottom is relatively intact or can be made airtight.

1185:

or lagan are goods left in the sea, on the wreck, or tied to a

1181:

are goods that floated away from the ship when it was sinking.

5419: 3444: – Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea 3276:

suffered serious damage due to a navigational error, striking

3115: 3010:, did what was considered financially impossible and salvaged 2972:

attempt. Ellsberg wrote about his experience in the 1946 book

2693:, followed by more successful missions in South Africa around 1127: 1092:

During World War I, a Royal Navy team of covert divers led by

136: 77: 36: 4134:"What Is Marine Salvage? Types and Process of Marine Salvage" 3388:

Acoustic communication links, for through-water data transfer

1722: 1626:

The following types of mechanical lifts are made in salvage:

4312:

De Iure Praedae Commentarius (On the Law of Prize and Booty)

3128:. The attempt was reported to be only partially successful. 3118:

attempted to recover the sunken Soviet Golf-class submarine

2981:

As part of the harbor clearance and ship recovery after the

2592:

metals, which retain their value even after long immersion.

924:

initiative was later incorporated into the 1989 Convention.

3990:

Marine Salvage: The Unforgiving Business of No Cure, No Pay

3552:

salvor: A person or company involved in salvage activities.

2946:

In April 1941, in the face of British Army advances in the

2511:

is the limiting factor to ascent speed. To keep control, a

117: 5918: 5810:

Handbook of oceanographic winch, wire and cable technology

2507:

lifting device may cause an uncontrolled ascent, in which

1591:

compared to recovery of buoyancy, and is usually quicker.

932:

are clear. Since 2000, it has become standard to append a

109: 4426:

U.S. Navy Towing Manual SL740-AA-MAN-010 0910-LP-101-2029

3451:

Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks

5851:

Resurrection: Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor

5185:

Resurrection: Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor

3313:, when during an exchange of ballast water south of the 2536:

synthetic cables, which can be nearly neutral buoyancy.

2303:

search and detailed optical inspection interchangeably.

2158:(pinger) as a signal of the vehicle's location, such as 113: 5416:"No sign of Air France flight recorders as search ends" 4681:. Vol. 52 (1 ed.). p. 36. Archived from 4092:"LOF 2020 – Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement" 3446:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2009:

There are also two associated, but subsidiary, phases:

1758:

Factors influencing how a ship is righted may include:

157: 101: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4344:

Prize Cases Decided in the United States Supreme Court

3523: – British explorer and marine salvor (born 1940) 2139:

system with a high proficiency of detecting a target.

1806:

Distance to sheltered or protected shallow water areas

1163:

Some maritime rescue organizations, such as Britain's

958:, or for preventing or limiting environmental damage. 30:"Salvor" redirects here. For the US salvage ship, see 4670:

Tichavský, Petr; Wong, Kainam Thomas (January 2004).

4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 2878:& Metal Industries Ltd, and broken up for scrap. 2339:

Position of the loss or last contact with the object.

2336:

Eyewitness and survivor accounts describing the loss.

1096:

salvaged intelligence materials from recently sunken

916:

made provision that a salvor who attempts to reverse

4964:

The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651–1695

4628:(2). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK: 365–381. 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3455:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3437:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3427:

Brussels Convention on Assistance and Salvage at Sea

2043:

have sufficient intrinsic value to justify the cost.

1765:

Whether the cargo and fuel are environmental hazards

27:

Recovering a ship or cargo after a maritime casualty

4255:"In Defense of Perpetual Title to Sovereign Wrecks" 3124:in the secret and expensive intelligence operation 2643:contracted Edmund Custis to clear the mouth of the 152:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 2809:British Association for the Advancement of Science 2636:about half an hour, though usually somewhat less. 1742:Righting the ship in place, and then refloating it 1229:where their provisions are mutually incompatible. 1062:, an example of a modern naval rescue salvage ship 5220:. Hearst Magazines. December 1944. pp. 1–4. 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4862:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 4709:"Identification underwaterwith towed array sonar" 4622:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4342:Brown, James Scott, ed. (1923). "The Mary Ford". 2037:be hazardous to the environment if left in place, 1309:Salvage diving § Survey of underwater damage 4419: 4417: 4127: 4125: 4123: 2459:turn time, taking into account the water depth. 1762:How much of a hazard to navigation the vessel is 5914:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5887:Practical Guide to Salvage and Places of Refuge 5778:"Record Breaking Deep Ocean Salvage Operations" 5325:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 505. 5319:Zumdahl, Steven S.; DeCoste, Donald J. (2013). 4394:Practical Guide to Salvage and Places of Refuge 4359:Practical Guide to Salvage and Places of Refuge 4314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 164. 3741:Practical Guide to Salvage and Places of Refuge 3614:Practical Guide to Salvage and Places of Refuge 2766:Following on from this success, Colonel of the 2751:, a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the 1846:superstructure, adding to the cost of repairs. 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4827:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3735: 3733: 3159:There has been a search for the wreckage and 1937:Refloating an upside-down ship applies when: 1614:usually used in pairs with the sunken vessel 1084:for use in medical and scientific equipment. 1029:as well as the value of the property itself. 852: 8: 4788:Uhrich, R.W.; Watson, S.J. (November 1992). 4773:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3171:, and the recovery of some wreckage and the 2069:The main factors of a search operation are: 1771:The weather and climate of the vessel's area 5492:"Rescues at sea, and how to make a fortune" 5142:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 130–138. 4833:(2). Nautical Archaeology Society: 283–94. 4330:. New York: John Voorhies. pp. 234–35. 3608: 3606: 3053:The raising and subsequent conservation of 2333:Times of the loss and other related events. 2213:Underwater searches § Search platforms 2040:prevent it from falling into hostile hands, 1941:It is capsized to more than ninety degrees. 1794:The depth of water around and over the ship 1713:capsized after being gutted by fire in 1972 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5776:Heinrich, Mark; LeHardy, Peter K. (2021). 5589:. US Department of Defense. October 2000. 5461: 5459: 2807:into rigid interior of the helmet. At the 2759:, they managed to recover about two dozen 2381:Underwater searches § Search patterns 859: 845: 222: 5645:"Destroyed Destroyer Gets Long Lift Home" 5359:"Space Shuttle Challenger Salvage Report" 5089: 4961:Baker, Emerson W.; Reid, John G. (1998). 3666: 3395:(UHMWPE) (Spectra or Dyneema) will float, 2105:Underwater searches § Search sensors 1471:operations to prepare and fit the patch. 1420:, helicopters, and cranes or sheer legs. 920:will be paid, even if unsuccessful. This 198:Learn how and when to remove this message 180:Learn how and when to remove this message 164:, without removing the technical details. 5710:– $ 500M Treasure Ship Found in Atlantic 4967:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3393:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 1226:1989 International Convention on Salvage 1115:, the United States raised a portion of 5291:Underwater Archeology in South Carolina 4742: 4740: 4346:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 130. 3602: 3545: 3504: – Community salvage of shipwrecks 3423: – Law of the oceans and their use 3302:In July 2006, the Japanese car carrier 2348:Weather conditions at the time of loss. 1459:and sometimes additionally sealed with 1215:Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 833:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 814: 715: 694: 594: 452: 291: 241: 225: 95:instructions, advice, or how-to content 5757:from the original on 24 September 2015 5747:"Sunken treasure headed back to Spain" 5467:Margate Shipping Co. v. M/V JA Orgeron 5276:Underwater Archeology on the Georgiana 4766: 4755:from the original on 19 September 2021 4679:IEEE Transactions on signal processing 4007: 3167:at 4,900 metres (16,000 ft) near 2082:water depth and other characteristics, 1800:Slope of the bottom and amount of trim 1213:of archaeological importance, and the 1067:Spain, Bahrain, Singapore, and Japan. 788:International Convention on Load Lines 5447:"STS-71 Space Shuttle Mission Report" 5445:Fricke, Robert W. Jr. (August 1995). 5371:from the original on 1 September 2021 4600:Instructor notes: Search and Recovery 3498: – Recreational diving on wrecks 2858:by a German mine on 25 January 1917. 2351:Water conditions at the time of loss. 2297:remotely operated underwater vehicles 1264:Disabled and abandoned vessels afloat 1027:based upon the "merit" of the service 1006:operator by the casualty’s insurers. 162:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 5682:from the original on 28 October 2009 5625:from the original on 18 October 2015 5618:. whatdotheyknow.com. 22 July 2011. 5472: US 143 F.3d 976 (5th Cir. 1998) 4725:from the original on 31 January 2023 4651:from the original on 5 November 2021 3956:"Basic Principles of Marine Salvage" 3718:from the original on 8 November 2020 3486: – Physical search for treasure 3091:In 1968, Shipwrecks Inc., headed by 1783:Condition and position of the vessel 1780:Value of the vessel and its contents 1487:surface in the spaces being pumped. 5426:from the original on 21 August 2009 4132:Shafran, Dmitry (3 December 2022). 3433:International Convention on Salvage 3196:United States Department of Justice 1165:Royal National Lifeboat Institution 823:International Maritime Organization 778:Ballast Water Management Convention 744:International Convention on Salvage 625:The captain goes down with the ship 104:so that it is more encyclopedic or 5788:from the original on 19 April 2022 5655:from the original on 17 April 2023 5593:from the original on 11 April 2023 5339:from the original on 17 April 2023 5224:from the original on 17 April 2023 4908:Ratcliffe, John E. (Spring 2011). 4806:from the original on 14 April 2023 4439:from the original on 10 April 2023 4234:from the original on 10 April 2023 4204:from the original on 10 April 2023 4174:from the original on 10 April 2023 4144:from the original on 10 April 2023 3992:. Garden City, NY, US: Doubleday. 3966:from the original on 10 April 2023 2185:rock if present in large amounts. 1917:Refloating while lying on the side 1838:Righting in place, then refloating 1791:The angle of the vessel's rotation 1777:Structural condition of the vessel 1205:to avoid the accusation of theft. 25: 5881:, Seafarer Books, Sheridan House. 5674:Joshua Davis (25 February 2008). 5392:Ship of Gold in the Deep Blue Sea 5255:from the original on 6 April 2023 5117:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. 5045:. Vol. 39. Knight and Lacey. 4797:AD-A265 171 Technical Report 1530 4570:from the original on 5 April 2023 4072:from the original on 27 June 2022 3916:from the original on 5 April 2023 2906:that sank after a collision with 1965:Minimizing disruption to shipping 900:The legal significance of salvage 52:This article has multiple issues. 4839:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00187.x 4634:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00133.x 4580: 4449: 4291:from the original on 22 May 2022 4108:from the original on 5 July 2022 3926: 3706:Urbina, Ian (28 December 2015). 3647:Science of the Total Environment 3535: – Underwater archaeologist 3410:Satellite communication systems. 3399:Ship motion compensating systems 3292:aboard the heavy lifting vessel 3165:South African Airways Flight 295 2125:speed of sound through the water 2034:be usefully returned to service, 912:discouraging to salvors, so the 905:International Salvage Convention 233: 141: 82: 41: 5548:Oliver, Mark (8 October 2001). 5138:Fine, John Christopher (2004). 3668:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159324 3284:. It was towed, stern first to 3207:On 12 August 2000, the Russian 1256:limited to conditions when the 1211:laws to protect historic wrecks 1167:advise that the crews of their 1021:, in pure salvage (also called 874:is the process of recovering a 273:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 60:or discuss these issues on the 5782:OCEANS 2021: San Diego – Porto 5394:. New York: Atlantic Monthly. 5198:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1963). 5172:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. 3490:USS Arizona salvaged artifacts 3182:used on Space Shuttle mission 3059:, the flagship of the navy of 3050:on its maiden voyage in 1628. 2935:, or observation bell, called 2279:Autonomous underwater vehicles 2088:prevailing weather conditions, 1469:underwater cutting and welding 1: 4707:Kopp, Carlo (December 2009). 4230:. Naval Sea Systems Command. 4200:. Naval Sea Systems Command. 2345:Position of survivor rescues. 2285:autonomous underwater vehicle 2085:seafloor type and topography, 828:Comité Maritime International 794:International Regulations for 750:United Nations Convention on 5853:, US Naval Institute Press, 5202:. Little, Brown and Company. 3082:Portsmouth Historic Dockyard 3063:, which sank in 1545 in the 2342:Position of floating debris. 2293:unmanned underwater vehicles 1933:Refloating while upside down 1343:. This may require reducing 1100:. They mostly worked in the 796:Preventing Collisions at Sea 5879:Salvage, A personal odyssey 5550:"Kursk successfully raised" 5523:Tulane Maritime Law Journal 3960:Marine Studies South Africa 3381:Lightweight, high-strength 3311:Vancouver, British Columbia 3140:Recovery of debris and crew 2843:From 1917–1924, 44 tons of 2365:Search probability analysis 2360:Search probability analysis 1575:Salvage rigging and lifting 815:International organizations 5966: 5027:. London. 12 October 1840. 4328:Maritime Warfare and Prize 4014:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3370:atmospheric diving systems 3322:Odyssey Marine Exploration 3286:Newcastle, New South Wales 3006:salvage engineer, Captain 2925:(So.Ri.Ma.) used the ship 2923:Società Ricuperi Marittimi 2495: 2378: 2256:Remotely operated vehicles 2210: 2102: 2058: 1981: 1697: 1661: 1442:Patching and cofferdamming 1355:Reduction of ground forces 1306: 1267: 1245: 1145: 739:Maritime Labour Convention 29: 5891:Witherby Publishing Group 5872:, Cornell Maritime Press. 5517:Sinclair, M.B.W. (2006). 5113:Williams, Joseph (2017). 5074:10.1017/s0022172400017198 4914:Nautical Research Journal 4398:Witherby Publishing Group 4363:Witherby Publishing Group 4164:"Looking at Ship Salvage" 3745:Witherby Publishing Group 3618:Witherby Publishing Group 2954:successfully blocked the 2921:from the Genoese company 2262:remotely operated vehicle 1609:s mainly use the rise of 1298:Stranded and sunken ships 1233:peril at the time, and a 716:International conventions 5868:Milwee, William (1996), 5187:. Naval Institute Press. 4557:U.S. Navy Salvage Manual 4062:"Lloyds Open Form (LOF)" 3903:U.S. Navy Salvage Manual 3133:Nuestra Señora de Atocha 2847:were recovered from the 2676:atmospheric diving suits 2239:A towed array sonar, or 2116:multi-beam echo sounders 894:Before the invention of 761:International piracy law 752:the Law of the Sea 5289:Spence, E. Lee (1971). 5274:Spence, E. Lee (1974). 5214:"Fishing For A Million" 5183:Madsen, Daniel (2003). 5140:Lost on the Ocean Floor 5023:"article CS117993292". 4224:"SUPSALV ESSM Location" 2950:, Italian Rear Admiral 2889:closed observation bell 2628:was contracted by King 2193:Optical imaging systems 2160:cockpit voice recorders 2094:equipment availability. 1630:Bow and stern lifts by 1282:Rescue and salvage ship 1104:but extended as far as 914:Lloyd's Open Form (LOF) 783:Anti-fouling Convention 5498:. NPR. 26 January 2024 5062:The Journal of Hygiene 4168:www.hendersongroup.org 3954:Ingpen, Brian (2015). 3345:Technological advances 3253: 3173:cockpit voice recorder 2983:attack on Pearl Harbor 2913:on 20 May 1922 in the 2890: 2871:scuttled at Scapa Flow 2827:'s brass instruments, 2790: 2626:Albrecht von Treileben 2579:16th to 18th centuries 2560: 2091:geographical location, 1989:Shipboard firefighting 1714: 1589:longitudinal stability 1117:Soviet submarine 1063: 977: 878:and its cargo after a 220: 32:USNS Salvor (T-ARS-52) 5870:Modern Marine Salvage 5390:Kinder, Gary (1998). 5169:Under the Red Sea Sun 4400:. 2022. p. 135. 4365:. 2022. p. 133. 3747:. 2022. p. 131. 3515:Charles Anthony Deane 3478:Submarine rescue ship 3241: 3209:Oscar-class submarine 3161:flight data recorders 3142:of the space shuttle 3036:17th-century warship 2975:Under the Red Sea Sun 2948:East African campaign 2884: 2783: 2639:In 1673, the town of 2567:and by dragging with 2555: 2407:Constant range search 2379:Further information: 2250:signal-to-noise ratio 2211:Further information: 2164:flight data recorders 2103:Further information: 1811:Environmental effects 1707: 1124:Western Pacific Ocean 1111:At the height of the 1055: 969: 215: 5753:. 18 February 2012. 5474: (July 1, 1998). 5056:Damant, GCC (1926). 3502:Wrecking (shipwreck) 2943:had been recovered. 2937:torretta butoscopica 2931:. A specially-built 2887:torretta butoscopica 2618:The Swedish warship 2394:Parallel grid search 1978:Salvage firefighting 1774:Logistical resources 1664:Wrecking (shipwreck) 1303:Surveys and planning 1278:Emergency tow vessel 1088:Intelligence salvage 1082:low-background steel 950:is considered to be 918:environmental damage 708:Vice admiralty court 454:Contract of carriage 257:Corpus Juris Civilis 5706:20 May 2007 at the 5651:. 1 November 2002. 5322:Chemical Principles 4998:Undersea Biomed Res 4942:on 19 December 2013 4228:www.navsea.navy.mil 4198:www.navsea.navy.mil 4042:on 18 December 2014 3659:2023ScTEn.857o9324M 3620:. 2022. p. 5. 3405:Dynamic positioning 3222:destroyed submarine 3019:Straits of Mackinac 2876:Cox & Danks Ltd 2813:Sir John Richardson 2641:Newcastle upon Tyne 2573:classical antiquity 2273:Crewed submersibles 2268:Crewed submersibles 2127:during the search. 2061:Underwater searches 2055:Underwater searches 1768:Where the vessel is 1318:hydrographic survey 939:The Nagasaki Spirit 102:rewrite the content 5727:on 2 February 2009 5678:. Wired Magazine. 5422:. 20 August 2009. 4718:. pp. 32–33. 3962:. maritimesa.org. 3712:The New York Times 3442:Marine archaeology 3341:aircraft in 2019. 3326:Black Swan Project 3254: 3114:In 1974, the U.S. 3097:American Civil War 3027:George M. Humphrey 3023:George M. Humphrey 3014:George M. Humphrey 3002:In 1943–1944, the 2891: 2791: 2656:Sir William Phipps 2561: 2557:Sir William Phipps 2326:Loss data analysis 2321:Loss data analysis 2312:Navigation systems 2307:Other search tools 2022:Deep water salvage 1751:Wrecking the ship 1715: 1710:Seawise University 1510:Salvage pumps are 1258:risk is acceptable 1064: 978: 317:Maritime transport 221: 5900:978-1-914992-65-0 5877:Tew, Ian (2007), 5860:978-1-55750-488-3 5218:Popular Mechanics 5200:The Two Ocean War 4974:978-0-8020-0925-8 4932:"Important dates" 4407:978-1-914992-65-0 4372:978-1-914992-65-0 4099:assets.lloyds.com 3754:978-1-914992-65-0 3627:978-1-914992-65-0 3466:Receiver of Wreck 3368:Submersibles and 3246:being carried by 3075:, the salvage of 2811:meeting in 1842, 2804:non-return valves 2630:Gustavus Adolphus 2565:breathhold divers 2534:specific strength 2509:hydrodynamic drag 2422:undersea pipeline 2295:, which includes 2243:, is a system of 2225:towed array sonar 1658:Wrecking in place 1363:Weight management 1349:centre of gravity 1203:Receiver of Wreck 1132:manganese nodules 869: 868: 807:Athens Convention 773:MARPOL Convention 724:Hague-Visby Rules 613:Freight forwarder 558:Proof of delivery 413:Maritime security 250:Code of Hammurabi 208: 207: 200: 190: 189: 182: 135: 134: 75: 16:(Redirected from 5957: 5903: 5882: 5873: 5864: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5823:on 26 April 2023 5822: 5815: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5723:. Archived from 5717: 5711: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5649:Maritime Journal 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5304:Spence, E. Lee. 5301: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5164:Ellsberg, Edward 5160: 5154: 5153: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5013: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4938:. Archived from 4928: 4922: 4921: 4905: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4552: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4310:Grotius (1950). 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4261:on 22 March 2014 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4035:. Archived from 4034: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4005: 3986:Gores, Joseph N. 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3898: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3670: 3653:(Pt 1): 159324. 3638: 3632: 3631: 3610: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3484:Treasure hunting 3456: 3447: 3438: 3315:Aleutian Islands 3282:Lord Howe Island 3233:nuclear reactors 3230: 3188:Hurricane Gordon 3099:blockade runner 3086:Mary Rose Museum 2919:Giovanni Quaglia 2817:diving apparatus 2744:, in the 1830s. 2720:in 1628 and the 2467:Recovery systems 2207:Sensor platforms 1726: 1676:Clearance diving 1649:sheer-leg barges 1608: 1607: 1341:static stability 1334:Ground reactions 993:Contract salvage 952:counterintuitive 861: 854: 847: 768:SOLAS Convention 755: 620:Captain (Master) 418:Letter of marque 375:Marine insurance 284:Hanseatic League 237: 223: 203: 196: 185: 178: 174: 171: 165: 145: 144: 137: 130: 127: 121: 86: 85: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5930: 5929: 5910: 5901: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5845: 5842: 5840:Further reading 5837: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5708:Wayback Machine 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5587:www.defense.gov 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5333: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5243:Reilly, Lucas. 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5021: 5017: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4975: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4907: 4906: 4873: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4765: 4758: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4688:on 3 March 2016 4685: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4581: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4462: 4450: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4006: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3939: 3927: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3774: 3768:Nagasaki Spirit 3766: 3762: 3755: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3521:Michael Hatcher 3511: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3417: 3347: 3228: 3205: 3153:Central America 3126:Project Azorian 3084:and the nearby 3067:, North of the 3061:King Henry VIII 2969:Edward Ellsberg 2867:High Seas Fleet 2860:G.C.C. Damant's 2841: 2784:The sinking of 2768:Royal Engineers 2730: 2710:Jesus of Lübeck 2609:Santa Margarita 2581: 2571:is recorded in 2550: 2521:apparent weight 2500: 2494: 2469: 2440: 2438:Search coverage 2431: 2418: 2409: 2396: 2383: 2377: 2375:Search patterns 2362: 2323: 2314: 2309: 2301:side-scan sonar 2281: 2270: 2258: 2237: 2220: 2218:Surface vessels 2215: 2209: 2195: 2179: 2156:acoustic beacon 2152:Pinger locators 2149: 2147:Pinger locators 2136:Side-scan sonar 2133: 2131:Side-scan sonar 2112: 2107: 2101: 2063: 2057: 2024: 1991:and associated 1986: 1980: 1967: 1935: 1919: 1874:static righting 1840: 1813: 1702: 1696: 1678: 1660: 1605: 1604: 1577: 1534: 1532:Pulling systems 1512:general-purpose 1508: 1499: 1444: 1410: 1408:Heavy machinery 1394: 1385: 1373: 1365: 1357: 1347:, lowering the 1327: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1284: 1266: 1250: 1244: 1150: 1144: 1136:Project Azorian 1102:English Channel 1090: 1073: 1050: 1015: 995: 964: 865: 798: 795: 757: 753: 751: 734:Rotterdam Rules 703:Admiralty court 643:Freight company 634: 396:General average 377: 348:Merchant marine 254: 204: 193: 192: 191: 186: 175: 169: 166: 158:help improve it 155: 146: 142: 131: 125: 122: 99: 87: 83: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Marine salvage 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5908:External links 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5889:, Livingston: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5847:Madsen, Daniel 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5799: 5768: 5738: 5712: 5693: 5666: 5636: 5604: 5574: 5540: 5509: 5476: 5455: 5437: 5407: 5400: 5382: 5350: 5332:978-1111580650 5331: 5311: 5308:. p. 436. 5296: 5281: 5266: 5235: 5205: 5190: 5175: 5155: 5148: 5130: 5124:978-1613737583 5123: 5105: 5048: 5030: 5015: 4988: 4973: 4953: 4923: 4871: 4852: 4817: 4780: 4736: 4699: 4662: 4605: 4591: 4460: 4413: 4406: 4396:. Livingston: 4378: 4371: 4361:. Livingston: 4350: 4334: 4326:Upton (1863). 4318: 4302: 4272: 4253:Pixa, Rand R. 4245: 4215: 4194:"SUPSALV Home" 4185: 4155: 4119: 4083: 4066:www.lloyds.com 4053: 4021: 4002:Willard Bascom 3977: 3937: 3772: 3760: 3753: 3743:. Livingston: 3729: 3698: 3633: 3626: 3616:. Livingston: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3527:Augustus Siebe 3524: 3518: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3460:Salvage diving 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3330:Atlantic Ocean 3324:undertook the 3290:United Kingdom 3269:In July 2002, 3204: 3201: 3109:Wedgwood china 2840: 2837: 2815:described the 2800:helmet squeeze 2771:Charles Pasley 2757:diving helmets 2742:Augustus Siebe 2729: 2726: 2691:Slot ter Hooge 2580: 2577: 2549: 2546: 2493: 2490: 2468: 2465: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2429:ROV box search 2427: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2395: 2392: 2376: 2373: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2280: 2277: 2269: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2236: 2233: 2219: 2216: 2208: 2205: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2175: 2148: 2145: 2132: 2129: 2111: 2108: 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963: 960: 872:Marine salvage 867: 866: 864: 863: 856: 849: 841: 838: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 817: 816: 812: 811: 810: 809: 804: 802:SAR Convention 799: 792: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 748: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 718: 717: 713: 712: 711: 710: 705: 697: 696: 692: 691: 690: 689: 684: 683: 682: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 651: 650: 645: 640: 629: 628: 627: 617: 616: 615: 610: 597: 596: 592: 591: 590: 589: 584: 583: 582: 572: 571: 570: 560: 555: 550: 545: 544: 543: 533: 528: 527: 526: 519: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 482:Bill of lading 479: 474: 469: 461: 460: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 443:Wartime prizes 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 410: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 358:Passenger ship 355: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 314: 313: 312: 307: 294: 293: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 269: 268: 267: 252: 244: 243: 239: 238: 230: 229: 206: 205: 188: 187: 149: 147: 140: 133: 132: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5962: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5945:Admiralty law 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5819: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5800: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5769: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5438: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5383: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5249:getpocket.com 5246: 5239: 5236: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5149:9781591142751 5145: 5141: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5039:Percy, Sholto 5034: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4954: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4716:Defence Today 4710: 4703: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587:public domain 4566: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 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Preface by 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:public domain 3912: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3533:E. Lee Spence 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3421:Admiralty law 3419: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3339:C-2 Greyhound 3335: 3334:Supreme Court 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320:In May 2007, 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180:external tank 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093:E. Lee Spence 3089: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:Isle of Wight 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3046:harbor since 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2996:West Virginia 2991: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:Mario Bonetti 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933:armoured suit 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2517: 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1938: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1672:Ship breaking 1669: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1647:Bow lifts by 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638:crane vessels 1635: 1633: 1632:salvage ships 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:ground tackle 1538: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1506:Salvage pumps 1505: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1345:free surfaces 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1048:Naval salvage 1047: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1023:merit salvage 1020: 1019:United States 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 992: 990: 988: 984: 975: 974: 968: 961: 959: 957: 953: 949: 943: 941: 940: 935: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 885:oil spillages 881: 877: 873: 862: 857: 855: 850: 848: 843: 842: 840: 839: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 818: 813: 808: 805: 803: 800: 797: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 762: 759: 758: 756: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 729:Hamburg Rules 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 719: 714: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 685: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 585: 581: 580:International 578: 577: 576: 573: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 542: 539: 538: 537: 534: 532: 529: 525: 524: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 508: 507:Force majeure 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Affreightment 465: 464: 463: 462: 459: 455: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 407: 404: 402: 401:Seaworthiness 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310:Fisheries law 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 282: 280: 279:Amalfian Laws 277: 275: 274: 270: 266: 265: 261: 260: 259: 258: 253: 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 236: 232: 231: 228: 227:Admiralty law 224: 219: 214: 210: 202: 199: 184: 181: 173: 163: 159: 153: 150:This article 148: 139: 138: 129: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 97: 96: 91:This article 89: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5886: 5878: 5869: 5850: 5825:. 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Retrieved 3711: 3701: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3613: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3557: 3548: 3496:Wreck diving 3348: 3319: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3225: 3216:sank in the 3212: 3206: 3203:21st century 3177: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3102: 3090: 3076: 3072: 3054: 3052: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2973: 2945: 2936: 2926: 2922: 2909: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2864: 2856:Lough Swilly 2850: 2845:gold bullion 2842: 2839:20th century 2831:garments of 2821: 2795:buddy system 2792: 2787:Royal George 2786: 2775:Royal George 2774: 2765: 2748:Royal George 2747: 2731: 2728:19th century 2722:Royal George 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2653: 2638: 2634: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2562: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2518: 2505: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2363: 2354: 2324: 2315: 2282: 2271: 2259: 2238: 2221: 2196: 2187: 2180: 2168: 2150: 2141: 2134: 2113: 2099:Sensor types 2068: 2064: 2049: 2046: 2025: 2008: 1987: 1984:Firefighting 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1936: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1873: 1871: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1814: 1786: 1757: 1752: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1716: 1708: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1625: 1621: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1582: 1578: 1553:hauling gear 1535: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480:operations. 1473: 1449:wooden plugs 1445: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1411: 1395: 1386: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1315: 1312: 1294:permission. 1292: 1288: 1285: 1254: 1251: 1231: 1219: 1207:Wreck diving 1199: 1173: 1162: 1158: 1151: 1118: 1110: 1091: 1074: 1065: 1058: 1042: 1039: 1031: 1022: 1016: 1013:Pure salvage 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 983:navigational 979: 972: 944: 937: 926: 910: 893: 889:contaminants 871: 870: 562: 553:Packing list 521: 458:Charterparty 368:Registration 341:Shipbuilding 271: 262: 255: 209: 194: 176: 167: 151: 123: 100:Please help 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 18:Ship salvage 5701:cbsnews.com 5567:15 November 5004:(1): 63–4. 4946:26 December 4936:Vasa Museet 4920:(1): 35–56. 4769:cite report 3383:fiber optic 3250:Blue Marlin 3218:Barents Sea 3071:. As with 3004:Great Lakes 2958:harbour of 2904:ocean liner 2740:as well as 2660:San Domingo 2498:Lifting bag 2369:probability 2287:(AUV) is a 2245:hydrophones 2227:systems on 2114:Single and 1597:Inflatable 1549:ground legs 1461:epoxy resin 1274:Salvage tug 695:Judiciaries 497:Consignment 218:Jaan Künnap 110:Wikiversity 5950:Shipwrecks 5934:Categories 5731:5 February 5686:17 October 5533:3 February 5502:3 February 5401:0871134640 5343:31 October 5228:31 October 4799:(Report). 4046:17 January 4030:"LOF 2011" 3722:12 October 3597:References 3306:Cougar Ace 3273:Nottingham 3144:Challenger 2989:California 2941:strongroom 2915:Celtic Sea 2869:which was 2753:Royal Navy 2738:John Deane 2687:Vansittart 2645:River Tyne 2496:See also: 2416:"Z" search 1982:See also: 1698:See also: 1668:Demolition 1662:See also: 1606:Tidal lift 1585:transverse 1555:rigged to 1497:Dewatering 1325:Refloating 1307:See also: 1268:See also: 1246:See also: 1242:Techniques 1106:Scapa Flow 1094:GCC Damant 1057:USNS 987:ecological 929:obligation 517:Commercial 492:Chartering 406:Total loss 381:Act of God 353:Cargo ship 118:Wikivoyage 57:improve it 5919:Wrecksite 5629:13 August 5562:0261-3077 5430:20 August 5025:The Times 4983:222435560 4847:110312998 4692:8 October 4010:cite book 3693:252775154 3677:0048-9697 3472:Scuttling 3278:Wolf Rock 3271:HMS 3257:USS 3169:Mauritius 3103:Georgiana 3077:Mary Rose 3056:Mary Rose 3048:capsizing 3044:Stockholm 3008:John Roen 2994:USS 2987:USS 2964:scuttling 2854:sunk off 2851:Laurentic 2746:HMS 2695:Cape Town 2654:In 1687, 2649:gunpowder 2526:entrained 1899:buoyancy. 1724:knockdown 1719:broaching 1700:Capsizing 1636:Lifts by 1599:lift bags 1561:purchases 1526:air lifts 1477:cofferdam 1169:lifeboats 1078:Indonesia 887:or other 880:shipwreck 687:Stevedore 665:Principal 660:Consignor 655:Consignee 638:Charterer 523:Pro forma 502:Demurrage 487:Brokerage 438:Smuggling 433:Pollution 391:Collision 170:July 2023 126:June 2023 114:Wikibooks 93:contains 63:talk page 5893:, 2022, 5849:(2003), 5827:26 April 5792:19 April 5786:Archived 5755:Archived 5704:Archived 5680:Archived 5659:11 April 5653:Archived 5620:Archived 5597:11 April 5591:Archived 5424:Archived 5366:Archived 5337:Archived 5259:12 April 5253:Archived 5222:Archived 5166:(1946). 5100:20474875 5041:(1843). 4810:16 April 4801:Archived 4759:16 April 4753:Archived 4729:16 April 4720:Archived 4655:4 August 4646:Archived 4642:56327567 4574:28 March 4565:Archived 4443:10 April 4434:Archived 4289:Archived 4265:21 March 4238:10 April 4232:Archived 4208:10 April 4202:Archived 4178:10 April 4172:Archived 4148:10 April 4142:Archived 4103:Archived 4070:Archived 3988:(1971). 3970:10 April 3964:Archived 3920:28 March 3911:Archived 3716:Archived 3685:36216058 3415:See also 3304:MV 3294:MV 3248:MV 3190:. 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