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benefits of steam and gas engines in 1829. His report recommended the use of steam engines, and so a 40 horsepower (30 kW) engine was ordered from
Boulton Watt and Co., which would drive two scoop wheels. The engine cost £1,184, and the engine house another £836. It was installed where the Whitehouse Drain met the River Little Ouse (otherwise known as Brandon Creek), and was commissioned in 1832, when it became known as the Brandon Engine. There were initial teething problems, which resulted in one of the scoop wheels being removed, repairs to the boiler, and a second boiler being installed, but once these problems had been sorted out, it became obvious that the new system was an efficient way to drain the Fens.
529:, and used to repair the banks of the rivers and the cross dyke. The teams consisted of three men, who managed a train of five boats between them, each capable of holding 8 tons of gault. The boats were owned by the Commissioners, but the men were responsible for the provision of a horse, shovels and barrows. In 1886, new terms of employment were negotiated by the Commissioners, as they felt that the wages earned by the men were excessive. In 1920, the Ouse Drainage Board was established, and responsibility for the maintenance of the river banks passed to them, so the Commissioners laid off the men and sold the boats.
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there were empowered to borrow money, and to charge a drainage rate of 1 shilling (5p) per acre, rising to 1/6d (7.5p) after seven years. The costs of carrying out such work were grossly optimistic, and the commissioners were soon in financial difficulties. Despite this, and heavy flooding in the winter of 1761/2, which resulted in no taxes being collected, the
Commissioners owned eight mills by 1774, each of which used a scoop wheel to lift water into the rivers. The costs of maintenance and repair of the mills were high, not helped by the Naval shipbuilding programme driving up the cost of oak.
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of
Parliament was obtained, authorising the raising of the drainage rate to 2 shillings (10p) per acre for ten years, and the imposing of penalties for late payment of the rates. A third Act was obtained in 1796, to raise the rates to 3/6 (17.5p) per acre, and kept them solvent for another eleven years. By 1807, they had borrowed £11,500 to finance the work, with little prospect of being able to pay it back. A fourth Act of Parliament increased the rates again, and changed the constitution of the Commissioners.
589:, and the Commissioners therefore applied to the River Board to enlarge their District by the addition of 2,059 acres (833 ha) which included parts of Sedge Fen, Decoy Fen and Redmere. The expansion was ratified by the Great Ouse River Board (Burnt Fen Internal Drainage District) Order, which was passed in 1962. It revoked all of the Burnt Fen Acts, and after 203 years, the Commissioners ceased to exist, being replaced by an elected board of 20 members known as the Burnt Fen Internal Drainage Board.
49:
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District is known as
Lakenheath Little Fen. Besides notables such as the Lord Bishop of Ely and others, every person who owned 300 acres (120 ha) of "taxable land" was a commissioner, and people who owned over 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land could vote annually for several elected commissioners. "Taxable land" consisted of any land that might be affected by flooding, and would therefore benefit from drainage measures.
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provision for such use to be charged. The burden of repair costs to river banks was further lightened by an annual contribution from the
Bedford Level Corporation, and also from the Turnpike Commissioners, who had built a road close to the course of the River Great Ouse on the north western edge of the Fen, although this latter sum proved difficult to obtain at times.
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on 25 May 1976. Further improvements followed, when negotiations with
British Rail resulted in the skew bridge, which carried the Ely to Norwich line over the main drain being demolished and replaced by a culvert. This action allowed the main pumping drain to the Lark Engine to be made deeper and wider, improving flows between the two halves of Burnt Fen.
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area, which enables some saving of costs and improved efficiency, as a result of sharing resources. They have shared offices at
Prickwillow, which are owned by the Middle Fen and Mere IDB, but the costs of running the office and of administration staff are shared. Nevertheless, the Burnt Fen IDB remains an independent legal entity.
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were made immediately. Following the success of the Lark Engine, Hathorn, Davey and Co. were contacted, and supplied a pump set capable of pumping 75 tons per minute, which was operational by
October 1892. Although the pump worked well, there were protracted arguments over a set of spanners which had been invoiced as an "extra".
568:, which required the construction of 1.25 miles (2 km) of main pumping drain, to connect it to the existing drains. Two 210 brake horsepower (160 kW) electric motors with vertical spindle axial flow pumps were supplied by W. H. Allen Sons and Company Ltd, and the station was opened on 10 September 1958.
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and Co., which would drive a horizontally mounted centrifugal pump of 6.5 feet (2.0 m) diameter. Completion of the Lark Engine installation was delayed by failure to achieve the quoted output, and by flood levels affecting the construction of the outfall tunnel, but the problems were resolved by
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The name "Burnt Fen" is believed to originate from the practice of levelling the land, which has been carried out since the mid 17th century. Large tufts of rushes, which made the land surface rough, were cut and dried. Once dried, they could be burnt, and the ashes used as fertiliser. This practice,
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Diesel engine, which drives a 33-inch (84 cm) Allen Gwynne vertical spindle pump. The work included the provision of a wooden plaque, showing all of the engines which had been installed since the opening of the station in 1842, which was unveiled by Mrs F. G. Starling at the formal opening held
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The
Brandon Engine served the north part of the Fen, and the Commissioners decided that a similar engine should serve the south of the District. Tenders were invited, and Boulton Watt and Co. again supplied a 40 horsepower (30 kW) engine, this time with three boilers. The chosen location on the
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Part of the defence of the area involved the construction of a cross bank across its south eastern edge, to prevent flood water from the
Lakenheath Little Fen reaching the Burnt Fen. The costs of building this were large, as were the costs of maintaining the river banks, and so in 1772, a second Act
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delayed implementation. Approval was eventually obtained to install a Crossley 300 brake horsepower (220 kW) engine driving a 42 inches (110 cm) Gwynne rotary pump, capable of pumping 150 tons per minute in 1941, but it was January 1945 before work was completed. The Lark steam engine was
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The Brandon steam engine did not last long as a standby as it was de-commissioned in April 1927 and finally sold for scrap for £25 in 1933. The Lark engine fared better, and although little used, was maintained in working order until 1945. Further consideration was given to upgrading the engines in
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rotary pump, capable of pumping 150 tons per minute. The engines were to be erected alongside the existing engines, which could then still be used as a backup in an emergency. The new Brandon engine was installed by Autumn 1925, but the completion of the Lark engine was celebrated in a much grander
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reconstruction. However, a more serious problem for the Burnt Fen area was the steady shrinkage of the land surface as the water was removed from the peat soils, and the blowing away of the light soil as it dried out. Water could no longer flow by gravity from the land into the rivers. Although the
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The Brandon site was finally abandoned in the 1950s. The White House drain, which supplied it, had become steadily deeper as the land surface had sunk, and the soil through which it ran was unstable, requiring regular maintenance to prevent slippage. The pumping station was effectively on top of a
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Under the Acts of Parliament obtained in 1759, 1773, 1797, and 1807, two drainage districts had been set up, called the Burnt Fen First District and the Burnt Fen Second District. Re-organisation in 1879 resulted in the First District being renamed the Burnt Fen District, while the Second District
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had been used to dredge the bottoms of the rivers, and in 1782, servants of the former proprietors had bought plots of land at reduced prices, which had proved to be profitable. He noted that one estate, bought for £200, could be sold for £2,000, following the completion of better banks and mills.
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was obtained in 1759, which created two drainage districts. Each had its own set of Commissioners, and the boards were called the Burnt Fen First District and the Burnt Fen Second District. The area controlled by the First District broadly covers the area known as Burnt Fen today, while the Second
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The Burnt Fen IDB manages an area of 17,140 acres (69.36 km), in which they maintain 39 miles (63 km) of drains to feed surplus water to their two pumping stations. Since 2002, they have been part of the Ely Group of Internal Drainage Boards, an umbrella organisation for ten IDBs in the
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The Lark Engine pumping station was upgraded again in 1974. The Blackstone engine was retired but kept intact as part of the history of the district, the Crossley engine became the standby, and the Crossley enginehouse was extended to allow the installation of a 230 brake horsepower (170 kW)
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When they turned their attention to the Brandon Engine in 1890, it was in a worse state than expected. The drains in the northern and southern sections of the Burnt Fen were by then interconnected, so that either engine could pump the whole area in an emergency, and plans for a new Brandon Engine
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The Commissioners met for the first time on 6 June 1760, and planned the take-over of all of the drainage mills in the region, the construction of new ones, and the digging of the main drainage channels which would feed surface water to the mills and into the rivers. To finance these operations,
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The financial standing of the Drainage District had steadily improved since the 1807 Act, and they were repaying the money borrowed in earlier years. A Fifth Burnt Fen Act was obtained in 1823, which recognised the damage done to river banks by horses and commercial traffic using them, and made
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required the construction of the Engine Drain. Purchase of the land for the new drain was protracted, but once obtained, the engine was commissioned in 1842 and there were no significant teething problems. The Brandon Engine was thought to be worn out by 1848, and a new Cornish type boiler was
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Wind engines had the inherent design fault that they would only work when the wind blew, and could therefore be unusable when they were most needed. The Commissioners therefore turned their attention to mechanising the pumping mills, and employed Mr. W. C. Mylne to advise them on the relative
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in 1759, and managed the drainage ditches and pumping stations until 1962, when the Burnt Fen Drainage District was expanded a little, and a new Internal Drainage Board was constituted to manage the area. They are responsible for 17,140 acres (6,940 ha) of land, which includes 42.3 miles
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was responsible for the main rivers in the region, they did not have control of the smaller tributaries. Landowners could and did build windmills to act as drainage engines, but there was no overall policy, with the result that there were legal disputes, with one landowner complaining that a
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From the beginning, there were tensions between those who wanted to use the rivers for navigation and those who wanted to use them for drainage, to the extent that when Denver Sluice was demolished by an extremely high tide in 1713, the towns of Cambridge and Thetford petitioned against its
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fitted. Experiments were carried out to try to improve the lift and efficiency of the scoop wheels, as the land levels, and consequently the depth of the drains, continued to sink. Larger scoop wheels were fitted to the Brandon Engine in 1860, and to the Lark Engine shortly afterwards.
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With the land surfaces still sinking, the Commissioners looked at ways to improve the discharge of the engines in 1919, but did not take any immediate action. Instead, they considered the replacement of the steam engines by oil engines, and in 1924 asked
336:(68.1 km) of drainage ditches and two pumping stations, one on the River Lark, and the other on the Great Ouse. Water flows along the drainage channels by gravity, and is then lifted by up to 16 feet (4.9 m) to enter the high level rivers.
344:, published in 1652. He suggested that it should be used on the lowest levels of fen land which had been 'long drowned', and recorded details of the practical application of the process to an area of 28,000 acres (110 km) in the Bedford Level.
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In 1959, the Commissioners looked into the drainage of several areas on the fringe of Burnt Fen, as a result of requests by landowners in Sedge Fen. A report suggested that the best solution would be the incorporation of those areas into an
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Progress was not always smooth. Young, writing in 1794, recorded that there had been serious breaches of the banks in 1777, which had resulted in the ruin of many of the proprietors. However, a machine called
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road, which runs broadly north west to south east, and the Ely to Norwich Railway, which runs from east to west. There are four hamlets within this area, Little Ouse, Shippea Hill, Sedge Fen and Mile End.
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Because of the low-lying nature of the terrain, the area is entirely dependent on pumped drainage to prevent it from being flooded. The Commissioners of the Burnt Fen First District were formed by
279:, when the area of responsibility was expanded. Funding for the drainage works is collected by a system of rates, paid by those whose property would be threatened by flooding without the works.
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The Commissioners had employed teams of gaulters throughout the 19th and early 20th century, who got their name from the use of an impervious type of clay called gault, which was obtained from
303:. It is an area of prime agricultural land, which is mostly below sea level, and all of it is below the normal flood levels of the rivers which surround it on three sides. These comprise the
272:, England. It is surrounded on three sides by rivers, and consists of prime agricultural land, with sparse settlement. It is dependent on pumped drainage to prevent it from flooding.
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By 1882, the scoop wheels had reached the practical limits of improvement, and the Commissioners asked George Carmichael to act as a consulting engineer, and advise on how
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1926 saw further improvements, when the traditional use of spades and barrows to maintain the drains was superseded by a petrol/paraffin dragline excavator, obtained from
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Despite all the changes, the Lark Engine house still carries the inscription penned in 1842 by William Harrison, the Superintendent of the Works between 1831 and 1871.
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Burnt Fen is part of the South Level of the Fens, and as such was judged to have been drained satisfactorily as a result of the work of the Dutch drainage engineer
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in 1652. The courses of a number of rivers had been altered to improve drainage and reclaim land for agriculture, and a thanksgiving service was held in
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hill, rather than being at the lowest part of the Fen, and so a decision was taken to construct a new pumping station at Whitehall on the
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November 1883, and the Commissioners were able to delay taking a decision on the Brandon Engine because the new engine worked so well.
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could be utilised. Carmichael recommended a new engine and pump, and an 80 horsepower (60 kW) engine was obtained from
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style, with all taxpayers from the district being invited to the opening, which was followed by a lunch party.
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period. One of the largest hoards of Bronze-Age artifacts ever unearthed in western Europe was found near
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known as paring and burning, was used widely in the Fens, and was advocated by Walter Blith in his book
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to supply two 250 horsepower (190 kW) oil engines, each with a 42 inches (110 cm)
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to celebrate the event. Burnt Fen was a low-lying region surrounded on three sides by the
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Diagram showing the arrangement of an electric powered vertical spindle pump.
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A sugar beet clamp on Burnt Fen. The flat nature of the terrain can be seen.
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neighbour's drainage mill resulted in flooding of surrounding properties.
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sold for scrap in July, and the engine house converted into a workshop.
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The Engine Drain where it meets the River Lark at Lark Engine House
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is an area of low-lying land crossed by the A1101 road between
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was called Burnt Fen between 1 April 1885 and 30 March 1904.
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on the south western edge. The area is crossed by the A1101
27:"Shippea Hill" redirects here. For the railway station, see
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311:(or Brandon Creek) on the north eastern edge and the
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Burnt Fen is located near the eastern borders of the
769:. Burnt Fen Internal Drainage Board. Archived from
307:(or Ten Mile River) on the north western edge, the
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364:. Many of the 6,000 pieces are on show at the
804:Beck Row Parish Council, History of Burnt Fen
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295:, although parts of it are also located in
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462:" I’ve seen thee rise, the Queen of Fens,
617:Steam, mighty steam, ascends the throne,
1210:"Ely Group of Internal Drainage Boards"
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645:. Ely Local History Publication Board.
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1272:Archaeological sites in Cambridgeshire
352:The area shows a remarkable amount of
1216:from the original on 27 December 2020
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466:And though the praise was other men’s
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662:The River Great Ouse and tributaries
614:The infant's will, the giant's hand,
1307:Land drainage in the United Kingdom
1190:from the original on 10 August 2020
425:Against this background, a private
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681:The Directory of Railway Stations
664:. Imray Norie Laurie and Wilson.
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620:And reigns lord paramount alone.
611:Precision, promptitude, command,
497:became the Mildenhall District.
468:I shared the grateful pride..."
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63:
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1282:Archaeological sites in Norfolk
1277:Archaeological sites in Suffolk
605:In fitness for the urgent hour,
706:. Cambridge University Press.
540:Blackstone and Company Limited
368:, located in Bury St Edmunds.
1:
660:Blair, Andrew Hunter (2006).
342:The English Improver Improved
1312:East Cambridgeshire District
326:Shippea Hill railway station
29:Shippea Hill railway station
1287:Landforms of Cambridgeshire
950:, pp. 31–32 quoted in
555:1939, but the start of the
97:OS grid reference
36:Human settlement in England
1328:
608:Unlimited, untiring power,
26:
414:Bedford Level Corporation
193:
58:
46:
702:The Draining of the Fens
552:Priestman Bros. Limited.
1212:. Ely Drainage Boards.
1186:. Ely Drainage Boards.
806:, accessed 11 July 2009
725:. Landmark Publishing.
723:Fenland Pumping Engines
587:Internal Drainage Board
421:The First Commissioners
277:Internal Drainage Board
1238:British History online
641:Beckett, John (1983).
576:
471:
464:Improved on every side
381:
183:Postcode district
1259:at Wikimedia Commons
721:Hinde, K S G (2006).
574:
476:Farewell to Burnt Fen
379:
1297:Landforms of Norfolk
1292:Landforms of Suffolk
683:. Patrick Stephens.
679:Butt, R V J (1995).
163:Sovereign state
698:Darby, H C (1956).
474:—William Harrison,
386:Cornelius Vermuyden
232: /
954:, pp. 166–167
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382:
366:Moyses Hall Museum
1255:Media related to
1246:of Cambridgeshire
1137:, pp. 42–43.
1113:, pp. 40–41.
1101:, pp. 39–40.
1089:, pp. 36–39.
1053:, pp. 29–30.
1041:, pp. 27–29.
1005:, pp. 23–24.
818:, pp. 83–84.
773:on 3 October 2011
740:Young, A (1794).
732:978-1-84306-188-5
713:978-1-107-40298-0
690:978-1-85260-508-7
671:978-0-85288-943-5
652:978-0-904463-88-0
507:centrifugal pumps
427:Act of Parliament
402:River Little Ouse
333:Act of Parliament
309:River Little Ouse
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1211:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1173:, p. 25.
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:, p. 48.
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:, p. 47.
1148:
1143:
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1131:
1128:
1125:, p. 42.
1124:
1119:
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1107:
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1095:
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1076:
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1052:
1047:
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1035:
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1017:, p. 24.
1016:
1011:
1008:
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999:
996:
993:, p. 26.
992:
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984:
981:, p. 22.
980:
975:
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969:
966:, p. 21.
965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
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941:
938:, p. 20.
937:
932:
929:
926:, p. 19.
925:
920:
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914:, p. 18.
913:
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901:
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797:
794:, p. 49.
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533:Modernisation
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511:Hathorn Davey
508:
501:The Steam Age
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451:Mechanisation
450:
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1218:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1178:
1171:Beckett 1983
1166:
1159:Beckett 1983
1154:
1147:Beckett 1983
1142:
1135:Beckett 1983
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1123:Beckett 1983
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924:Beckett 1983
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912:Beckett 1983
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900:Beckett 1983
895:
890:, p. 9.
888:Beckett 1983
883:
876:Beckett 1983
871:
864:Beckett 1983
859:
854:, p. 6.
852:Beckett 1983
847:
842:, p. 7.
840:Beckett 1983
835:
830:, p. 85
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:the original
741:
722:
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661:
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634:Bibliography
628:
600:
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33:
18:Shippea Hill
1244:Archaeology
1184:"Burnt Fen"
390:Adventurers
348:Archaeology
289:Isle of Ely
241:52.46; 0.36
239: /
1266:Categories
1027:Hinde 2006
952:Darby 1956
948:Young 1794
828:Blair 2006
816:Darby 1956
751:References
625:Management
486:River Lark
406:River Lark
404:, and the
358:Mesolithic
321:Mildenhall
317:Littleport
313:River Lark
266:Mildenhall
258:Littleport
1257:Burnt Fen
792:Butt 1995
580:Expansion
254:Burnt Fen
173:Post town
78:Burnt Fen
42:Burnt Fen
1214:Archived
1188:Archived
444:the bear
388:and his
283:Location
104:TL605875
1220:5 March
1194:5 March
777:22 June
372:History
362:Isleham
301:Norfolk
297:Suffolk
270:Suffolk
224:52°28′N
208:England
155:England
149:Country
729:
710:
687:
668:
649:
595:Dorman
544:Gwynne
478:, 1871
400:, the
227:0°22′E
131:Region
1222:2021
1196:2021
779:2009
727:ISBN
708:ISBN
685:ISBN
666:ISBN
647:ISBN
299:and
264:and
188:IP28
139:East
527:Ely
525:at
319:to
268:in
260:in
1268::
971:^
758:^
408:.
291:,
203:UK
1224:.
1198:.
781:.
744:.
735:.
716:.
693:.
674:.
655:.
31:.
20:)
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