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265:, which was created to encourage self-sufficiency among Native American Tribes and enforce assimilation into American society, had disastrous social and economic consequences on the Tribes. Their loss of federal recognition, and eligibility for federal support, meant that half of all tribal members died between 1954 and 1980, due to lack of basic health resources. With inadequate income to meet their needs, the Paiutes could also not afford to pay property taxes, and lost about 15,000 acres of former reservation lands. Like most Native American tribes during the termination era, the Shivwits began to suffer from diminishing pride in their cultural heritage.
205:, permanently settled on Paiute lands, putting an end to the Shivwits' traditional lifestyle. These settlers colonized many places that the Natives used for foraging, which resulted in many Natives facing problems with starvation. New diseases were also introduced to the Native Americans, whose epidemics ultimately killed 90 percent of some groups, drastically reducing their population. As a result, many Natives were pressed by the effects of poverty and vulnerability, and often, many women and children would turn to roles of servitude to the new settlers in order to support themselves.
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evenly throughout the whole earth so that all people would have a fair share of land to live upon. However, the sly
Shinangwav had another idea. Legend tells that Shinangwav cut open the sack and the people fell out in small concentrated clusters all over the world. This uneven distribution and disruption brought among the people much contention and fighting between humans. As legend has it, the few remaining people left in the sack were blessed by Tabuts and placed in Earth's choicest land: those people were the Southern Paiutes.
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since been famously used to represent the expansion of early white Mormon settlers and their positive and negative impact on Indian society. Though uncertain, most reports agree that at least 160 Shivwits were baptized by Mormon missionaries—men, women, and children up to 60 years old. Within Savage’s historic photograph, is pictured Chief Qui-Tuss, or “Burning Fire,” standing in the water, preparing to be baptized by Bishop
156:. In the spring and summer they would gather, plant, and hunt food in preparation for winter. After growing season was over in the fall they would gather together to celebrate marriages and have dances. (Other major celebrations include the pine nut harvest at the spring fish spawn.) In the winter they told stories of the Wolf and the Coyote, and recounted the history of their people.
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The settlement of
Mormons also had unique assimilating consequences upon the Shivwits through the intensive proselytizing efforts of the Mormon settlers. C. R. Savage, travelling with Mormon missionaries, captured the mass baptisms of Shivwits on March 19, 1875 through photography, and his photo has
135:
The
Shivwits Paiutes settled in Utah around 1100 BC. Typically the Shivwits people are portrayed as hunter-gatherers who sought after berries, roots and pine nuts and hunted game such as rabbits and deer. However, excavations of two proto-historic features near the Santa Clara River provide evidence
321:
As described by the constitution, the government of PITU is run by a council of six members, five of whom consist of one representative from each of the five constituent bands. These five members are chosen through popular vote in band elections, and become the respective band’s council member. By
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The
Shivwits Band is governed by a Band Council, which coordinates with federal, state, and local governments on a government-to-government basis, working to protect and advance the sovereignty of the Shivwits Band as a federally recognized Indian Tribe through transparent and effective governance
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The
Paiutes trace their origin story to the tale of Tabuts who was a wise wolf and older brother to Shinangwav, the mischievous coyote. Mankind was created as Tabuts decided to carve many different people out of sticks. When he was finished, he placed the people in a sack, so he could scatter them
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on 3 April 1980. This act, Public Law 96-227, served as the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
Restoration Act, and was enacted to restore and confirm to the members of the Bands of Shivwits, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Indian Peaks, federal services and benefits, as well as extend services to the Cedar
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Nine miles west of St. George on
Highway 91, the Shivwits culture endures in a self-sustaining community surrounded by red cliffs. Their community includes forty homes, a health clinic, a community center, a gas station and a market. Economic development is an ongoing political challenge for the
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Gray Ware shards, all of which support the
Shivwits production of these Native American ceramics. With near total consistency, these Shivwits wares were most commonly characterized by their style of being very large jars, large enough that it would take one person to transport just one jar. This
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This tribal council is the main governing body of PITU, and their powers include executive and legislative powers to promulgate and enforce laws. These powers include but aren’t limited to regulating laws, taxes, land and territory, so long as they don't infringe on US federal regulation, nor
317:
The
Shivwits Band is one of five Bands comprising the inter-Tribal entity of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah. The Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah adopted an Indian-created constitution on June 11, 1991. It passed with a vote of 31 in favor and 14 opposed, and following the approval of Ronal Eden,
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approved a new constitution on March 21, 1940 to alter the governmental workings of the
Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians. This constitution was limited in the actual sovereignty and powers it granted the Paiute Indians, as most tribal constitutions issued by the US government during the Indian
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The sixth member is the tribal-chairperson. An election is subsequently held from among those just elected to be on the council, and are elected by all the members of the tribe eligible to vote. The council member chosen to be chairman vacates their position as council member, and their vice
250:. It did not receive water rights so they were forced to abandon farming. The reservation had a population of 194 that year. There were 154 Shivwits in 1906. The Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians of Utah first received federal recognition on March 3, 1891 as the "Shebit tribe of Indians in
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was also once a source of ceramic pottery that contributed to a thriving ceramic trade system that linked regions around southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. These Shivwits wares were composed of iron rich, dark brown/red ceramic materials, as well as crushed
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in the 1950s. Unlike other Paiute groups, the Shivwits retained ownership of their lands after termination and leased them to ranchers, instead of selling them outright. Currently, the Shivwits Band have over 28,000 acres in Washington County.
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Spurred by the era of rapid expansion of settlers in the mid 19th century in Southern Utah, white settlement of the land marked the end of the Native American sovereignty and traditional lifestyle. By 1858, these settlers, predominantly
757:
United States. Office of Indian Affairs; United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Constitution and by-Laws of the Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians of the Shivwits Reservation, Utah, Approved March 21, 1940. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.,
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created a route to California directly through Paiute territory. The 19th century brought non-Native trappers, traders, and settlers to the area. The newly introduced livestock had a negative effect on the area's delicate ecology.
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began efforts to convince the federal government that the Shivwits Band of Southern Paiutes should be moved to an area along the Santa Clara river. A few years later, the first Paiute reservation was established in 1891 on the
372:
Every year, the Paiute Restoration Gathering celebrates the reinstatement of federal recognition after the five bands of Utah Paiutes were terminated. Paiutes and their inner-tribal members all gather at an annual
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and cultivated crops of corn, squash, melons, gourds, sunflowers, and, after European contact, winter wheat. They also practiced irrigation agriculture along the banks of the Virgin and Santa Clara river.
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issued an order to expand the reservation to 26,880 acres, the land was still too resource poor for the Shivwits to survive, so they were dependent on the federal government. In 1954, the US policy of
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A significant concern for the Shivwits today is the rapid development of the surrounding land in Washington County, and its impact on the ancient history of the Paiute nations. Many artifacts such as
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band, and in the dry desert basin water-lease agreements play an important role in economic survival. Future plans for the Shivwits reservation include building a gymnasium and cultural center.
950:
229:. As per custom, the chief, who was around fifty years old, was the first to be baptized as an act of respect to the chief, and to also encourage other tribe members to follow his lead.
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The people in the Shivwits Band of Paiutes camped together in family groupings. They had a nomadic mobile lifestyle and moved around frequently. For shelter, many created cone-shaped
960:
257:
Although the Shivwits Reservation was established in 1891 on the Santa Clara River, it wasn’t formally recognized by the government until 1903. And although in 1916 President
780:
377:, where they celebrate their tribal traditions by dancing and singing and performing ceremonies to help educate their youth about who they are and where they come from.
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president becomes the new council representative of their respective band. A term for council members, vice-council members, chairman, and vice-chairman is four years.
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of Southern Paiute practice of garden cultivation (horticulture) such as wheat grains and maize cob and kernel fragments. They were farmers living along the
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589:"Settlement Patterns, Scheduling Conflicts, and Climate Variability: An Explanation for the Collapse of the Shivwits Ware Distribution Network"
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ceramic trade, however, disappeared under unknown circumstances and only the historical evidence remains in support of its existence.
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The reservation is larger than it was originally, covering over 28,000 acres. In 2003, the Shivwits received water rights for 4,000
664:"Reflections in the Water: An Exploration of the Various Uses of C. R. Savage's 1875 Photograph of the Mass Baptism of the Shivwit"
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358:. Their office is located at 6060 West 3650 North Ivins, UT 84738. The current band chairperson is Carmen Clark.
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445:"Archaeology and Archaeobotany of Southern Paiute Horticulture in the St. George Basin, Southwestern Utah"
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and pottery are being disturbed by home development and rapid population growth in Southern Utah.
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infringe on individual band rights which involve sovereign rights like autonomy and equality.
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305:(4,900,000 m) annually, enabling the tribe to create new economic development projects.
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856:"Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah - Cedar, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem & Shivwits Bands"
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default, each band has a vice-council member, chosen by getting the second highest vote.
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is named after the tribe. Today the Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians of Utah identify as
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often captured Paiute women and children and sold them to European-Americans as slaves.
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50:. The Shivwits Band is one of five Bands comprising the inter-Tribal government of the
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The Shivwits regained federal recognition through an act signed by President
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ALLISON, JAMES R.; MEEGAN, CATHRYN M.; SABRINA MURRAY, SHAWN (June 2008).
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C. R. Savage's photograph: Member of the Shivwits Band, in 1875, being
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We Shall Remain: A Native History of Utah | We Shall Remain the Paiute
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of 1776 was most likely the Shivwits' first contact with Europeans.
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director of the Office of Tribal Services, was officially adopted.
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tribes, the Shivwits' relationship with the federal government was
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Band of the Paiute Indian Tribe in southwestern Utah, United States
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153:
26:
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781:"Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah | Utah Division of Indian Affairs"
902:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
81:, meaning "people who live in the east." It is also spelled
922:
270:
US Department of the Interior Office of Indian Affairs
587:Willis, William M.; Harry, Karen G. (2019-10-02).
889:Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1986.
951:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
268:Following the era of Indian assimilation, the
702:"The Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians of Utah"
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961:Populated places in Washington County, Utah
31:Flag of the Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians
403:Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah: Tribal Bands
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904:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
832:"Constitution and Open Government Docs"
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728:"U.S. accord gives water to Shivwits."
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73:. The word may be based on the prefix
882:D'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor.
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733:. 20 Nov 2003 (retrieved 31 Oct 2012)
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314:and effective economic development.
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350:and the unincorporated community of
237:In the late 1880’s, a rancher named
233:Dealings with the Federal Government
885:Handbook of North American Indians
113:, meaning "Whitish Earth People".
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931:Native Americans in Post War Utah
117:Paiute Origin Story in Folklore
956:Native American tribes in Utah
743:"Paiute Indian Tribe History."
179:DomĂnguez–Escalante expedition
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605:10.1080/00231940.2019.1689657
540:"Shivwits Indian Reservation"
346:The Band is headquartered in
173:Beginning of White Settlement
152:to live in. Later, some used
500:Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah.
680:10.5406/jmormhist.43.3.0096
516:"Utah History Encyclopedia"
502:2009 (retrieved 7 Dec 2009)
497:"Shivwits Band of Paiutes."
52:Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
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44:federally recognized tribe
887:, Volume 11: Great Basin.
668:Journal of Mormon History
662:James R. Swensen (2017).
461:10.1179/kiv.2008.73.4.003
309:Current Tribal Government
273:Termination period were.
923:Shivwits Band of Paiutes
809:SHIVWITS BAND OF PAIUTES
46:located in southwestern
40:Shivwits Band of Paiutes
356:Washington County, Utah
252:Washington County, Utah
748:(retrieved 7 Dec 2009)
420:"The Paiutes: History"
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276:Along with other Utah
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159:It is likely that the
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568:ilovehistory.utah.gov
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211:
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544:www.forefamilies.org
131:Pre European Contact
77:, meaning "east" or
900:Pritzker, Barry M.
289:Recent developments
218:Mormon Missionaries
925:, official website
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263:Indian termination
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910:978-0-19-513877-1
895:978-0-16-004581-3
746:Access Genealogy.
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814:2021-04-05
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429:2021-04-05
381:References
282:terminated
246:, west of
183:Fur trader
87:Shi'-vwits
688:0094-7342
621:214188684
613:0023-1940
564:"Paiutes"
477:129614910
469:0023-1940
303:acre-feet
352:Shivwits
214:baptized
150:wickiups
140:and the
91:She-bits
83:Shivwitz
79:si-vints
71:sipicimi
63:Shivwits
18:Shivwitz
877:Sources
375:Pow-Wow
203:Mormons
195:Navajos
126:History
107:Arizona
95:SĂĽbĂĽ'ts
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475:
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298:Band.
278:Paiute
154:tepees
101:. The
97:, and
69:word,
758:1940.
617:S2CID
473:S2CID
348:Ivins
334:Today
166:Moapa
99:Sebit
75:sibi-
906:ISBN
891:ISBN
684:ISSN
609:ISSN
593:KIVA
465:ISSN
449:KIVA
193:and
191:Utes
177:The
58:Name
48:Utah
38:The
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216:by
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