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have been used to study shock hardening. Although too labor-intensive for widespread industrial application, they do provide a versatile research testbed. They allow precise control of both magnitude and profile of the shock wave through adjustments to the projectile's muzzle velocity and density
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profile, respectively. Studies of various projectile types have been crucial in overturning a prior theory that spallation occurs at a threshold of pressure, independent of time. Instead, experiments show longer-lasting shocks of a given magnitude produce more material damage.
149:. When compared to traditional cold work, such an extremely rapid process results in a different class of defect, producing a much harder material for a given change in shape. If the shock wave applies too great a force for too long, however, the
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pulse to apply force to the laser's target. The rebound from the expelled matter can create very high pressures, and the pulse length of lasers is often quite short, meaning that good hardening can be achieved with little risk of
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Goswami, Debkalpa; Munera, Juan C.; Pal, Aniket; Sadri, Behnam; Scarpetti, Caio Lui P. G.; Martinez, Ramses V. (2018-05-18). "Roll-to-Roll
Nanoforming of Metals Using Laser-Induced Superplasticity".
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front that follows it can form voids in the material due to hydrostatic tension, weakening the material and often causing it to
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can be increased threefold when treated with this technique:
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Shock hardening has been observed in many contexts:
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133:produces atomic-scale defects in the material's
274:. New York: John Wiley. pp. 5, 382, 570.
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