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60:
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881:. Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their buying decisions; the Internet provides access to a lot of information about a particular product, which can be looked at, evaluated, and comparison-priced at any given time. Online shopping allows the buyer to save the time and expense, which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall. According to technology and research firm Forrester, mobile purchases or mcommerce will account for 49% of ecommerce, or $ 252 billion in sales, by 2020
1211:"Window shopping" is a term referring to the browsing of goods by a consumer with or without the intent to purchase. Window shopping is often practised by a particular segment, known as the recreation-conscious or hedonistic shopper. Recreational shopping is characterised by the consumer's engagement in the purchase process, and recreational shoppers are those consumers who see the act of shopping as a form of enjoyment. Other consumers use window shopping as part of their planning activity for a later purchase.
510:
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offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907, became a staple feature event for many department stores and celebrity appearances were also used to great effect. Themed events featured wares from foreign shores, exposing shoppers to the exotic cultures of the Orient and Middle-East.
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cheapest and best deal with one third of all shopping searches on Google happen between 10:00 pm and 4:00 am. Shoppers are now spending more time consulting different sources before making a final purchasing decision. Shoppers once used an average of five sources for information before making a purchase, but numbers have risen to as high as 12 sources in 2014.
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a roof constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting. Inside the arcade, individual stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices.
1217:, the practice of examining merchandise in a traditional retail store without purchasing it, but then shopping online to find a lower price for the same item, has become an increasingly prevalent problem for traditional retailers as a result of online competitors, so much so that some have begun to take measures to combat it.
89:(business to consumer) process has made it easy for consumers to select any product online from a retailer's website and to have it delivered relatively quickly. Using online shopping methods, consumers do not need to consume energy by physically visiting physical stores. This way they save time and the cost of traveling. A
1026:(NRF) also highlights the importance of back-to-school shopping for retailers which comes second behind holiday shopping, when buyers often buy clothing and school supplies for their children. In 2017, Americans spent over $ 83 billion on back-to-school and back-to-college shopping, according to the NRF annual survey.
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sales and buying more for less. Stores need to get rid of all of their previous seasonal clothing to make room for the new trends of the upcoming season. The end-of-season sales usually last a few weeks with prices lowering further towards the closing of the sale. During sales items can be discounted
233:
In
Britain, medieval attitudes to retailing and shopping were negative. Retailers were no better than hucksters, because they simply resold goods, by buying cheaper and selling dearer, without adding value of national accounts. Added to this were concerns about the self-interest of retailers and some
357:
Designed to attract the genteel middle class, retailers sold luxury goods at relatively high prices. However, prices were never a deterrent, as these new arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos of daily street
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The rise of window shopping as a recreational activity accompanied the use of glass windows in retail shop-fronts. By the late eighteenth century, grand shopping arcades began to emerge across
Britain, Europe and in the Antipodes in what became known as the "arcade era." Typically, these arcades had
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of the brain were stimulated during a shopping spree similarly to the stimulation experienced during sexual activity. A shopping spree may be "especially problematic for those whose immediate release of tension is followed by subsequent feelings of guilt, sadness, anger, or despair over what turned
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was dissolved. Department stores were established on a large scale from the 1840s and 50s, in France, the United
Kingdom and the US. French retailer, Le Bon Marche, is an example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store,
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The term, "department store" originated in the United States. In 19th century
England, these stores were known as emporia or warehouse shops. A number of major department stores opened across the US, Britain and Europe from the mid nineteenth century including; Harrod's of London in 1834; Kendall's
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These trends gathered momentum in the 18th century, as rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption. Important shifts included the marketing of goods for individuals as opposed to items for the household, and the new status of goods as
283:
225:
In the more populous
European cities, a small number of shops were beginning to emerge by the 13th century. Specialist retailers such as mercers and haberdashers were known to exist in London, while grocers sold "miscellaneous small wares as well as spices and medicines." However, these shops were
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that served as retail shops, situated on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront. In the Roman world, the central market primarily served the local peasantry. Those who lived on the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to
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life; a place shoppers could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid nineteenth century, promenading in these arcades became a popular pass-time for the emerging middle classes.
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Historically, prices were established through a system of barter or negotiation. The first retailer to adopt fixed prices is thought to be the retailers operating out of the Palais-Royal complex in the 18th-century. These retailers adopted a system of high price maintenance in order to cultivate
229:
The
Medieval shopper's experience was very different from that of the contemporary shopper. Interiors were dark and shoppers had relatively few opportunities to inspect the merchandise prior to consumption. Glazed windows in retail environments, were virtually unknown during the medieval period.
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Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and
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In Europe, the Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784, became one of the earliest examples of the new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and
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becoming a month-long event stretching promotions across
November . These days shopping doesn't stop once the mall closes, as people have more access to stores and their sales than ever before with the help of the internet and apps. Today many people research their purchases online to find the
221:
Relatively few permanent shops were to be found outside the most populous cities. Instead customers walked into the tradesman's workshops where they discussed purchasing options directly with tradesmen. Itinerant vendors such as costermongers, hucksters and peddlers operated alongside markets,
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As the 18th-century progressed, a wide variety of goods and manufactures were steadily made available for the urban middle and upper classes. This growth in consumption led to the rise of 'shopping' - a proliferation of retail shops selling particular goods and the acceptance of shopping as a
242:
The modern phenomenon of shopping for pleasure is closely linked to the emergence of a middle class in the 17th and 18th-century Europe. As standards of living improved in the 17th century, consumers from a broad range of social backgrounds began to purchase goods that were in excess of basic
213:. Instead, they provided for their basic needs through subsistence farming practices and a system of localised personal exchanges. However, by the late Middle Ages, consumers turned to markets for the purchase of fresh produce, meat and fish and the periodic fairs where non-perishables and
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was "a world of gold and silver plate, then pearls and gems shedding their dazzling lustre, home manufactures of the most exquisite taste, an ocean of rings, watches, chains, bracelets, perfumes, ready-dresses, ribbons, lace, bonnets, and fruits from all the zones of the habitable world".
330:, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the direction of the prevailing tastes. One of his preferred sales techniques was to stage expansive showcases of wares in this private residences or in a rented hall, to which he invited the upper classes.
972:, Office Supplies and framers. The neighbourhood retailers sell essential goods and services to the residential area they are located in. There can be many groups of neighbourhood retailers in different areas of a region or city, but destination retailers are often part of
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were established to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. People would shop for goods at a regular market in nearby towns. However, the transient nature of stalls and stall-holders meant the consumers needed to make careful inspection of goods prior to purchase. In
916:), and a social place to meet. Neighbourhood retailing differs from other types of retailers such as destination retailers because of the difference in offered products and services, location and popularity. Neighbourhood retailers include stores such as; Food shops/marts,
230:
Goods were rarely out on display; instead retailers kept the merchandise at the rear of the store and would only bring out items on request. The service counter was virtually unknown and instead, many stores had openings onto the street from which they served customers.
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where the numbers of consumers is higher than that of a neighbourhood retail area. The destination retailers are becoming more prevalent as they can provide a community with more than the essentials, they offer an experience, and a wider scope of goods and services.
84:
has become a major disruptor in the retail industry as consumers can now search for product information and place product orders across different regions. Online retailers deliver their products directly to the consumers' home, offices, or wherever they want. The
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Spree shopping, or âgoing on a shopping spreeâ, is an individual period of intense and indulgent shopping involving many purchases, which differs from both normal shopping and compulsive shopping in its scope and purpose. One study reportedly showed that the
234:
of their more unethical practices. Attitudes to spending on luxury goods also attracted criticism, since it involved importing goods which did little to stimulate national accounts, and interfered with the growth of worthy local manufacturers.
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Much pamphleteering of the time was devoted to justifying conspicuous consumption and private vice for luxury goods for the greater public good. This then scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of
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Retailers designed attractive shop fronts to entice patronage, using bright lights, advertisements and attractively arranged goods. The goods on offer were in a constant state of change, due to the frenetic change in
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at the turn of the 19th-century, steadily expanded, the affluent bourgeois middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group was the catalyst for the emergence of the retail revolution of the period.
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is a method of marketing products by hosting a social event, using the event to display and demonstrate the product or products to those gathered, and then to take orders for the products before the gathering ends.
1616:
Peck, Linda, "Consuming
Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England", Cambridge Press, 2005; Gunor, B., "A Research Regarding the Importance of Bernard Mandeville's Article: The Fable of Bees,"
702:
The smaller malls are less likely to include the same features of a large mall such as an indoor concourse, but are beginning to evolve to become enclosed to comply with all weather and customer preferences.
255:
and porcelain from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. The act of shopping came to be seen as a pleasurable pass-time or form of entertainment.
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regard such spending seasons as being against their faith and dismiss the practice. Many contest the over-commercialization and the response by stores that downplay the shopping season often cited in the
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Malls peaked in
America in the 1980s-1990s when many larger malls (more than 37,000 sq m in size) were built, attracting consumers from within a 32 km radius with their luxurious department stores.
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could be obtained. Women were responsible for everyday household purchases, but most of their purchasing was of a mundane nature. For the main part, shopping was seen as a chore rather than a pleasure.
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from 10% up to as much as 50%, with the biggest reduction sales occurring at the end of the season. Holiday shopping periods are extending their sales further and further with holidays such as
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bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building. In London, one of the first to use
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which refers to a range of tactics, designed to have a positive psychological impact. For example, price tags using the terminal digit "9" (e.g., 9.99, 19.99, or 199.99) can be used to signal
1631:
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was one such example of a planned shopping centre. Shops started to become important as places for
Londoners to meet and socialise and became popular destinations alongside the theatre.
1390:
Arnold, Mark J.; Kristy E. Reynolds; Nicole Ponderc; Jason E. Lueg (August 2005). "Customer delight in a retail context: investigating delightful and terrible shopping experiences".
1037:. In winter people bundle up in warm layers and coats to keep warm, while in summer people wear less clothing to stay cooler in the heat. Seasonal shopping now revolves a lot around
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is an activity in which a customer browses the available goods or services presented by one or more retailers with the potential intent to purchase a suitable selection of them. A
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By the 17th-century, produce markets gradually gave way to shops and shopping centres; which changed the consumer's shopping experience. The New Exchange, opened in 1609 by
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will be divided between consumers and producers. Neither party has a clear advantage because the threat of no sale exists, in which case the surplus would vanish for both.
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The modern shopping centre is now different from its antecedents, the stores are commonly in individual buildings or compressed into one large structure (usually called
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in a compact geographic area. It consists of a collection of retail, entertainment and service stores designed to serve products and services to the surrounding region.
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Berg, M. and Clifford, H., Manchester University Press, 1999; Berg, M., "New Commodities, Luxuries and Their Consumers in Nineteenth-Century England," Chapter 3 in
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Stores are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services. Usually they are tiered by target demographics based on the
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374:, where he fitted the shop-front with large plate glass windows. Although this was condemned by many, he defended his practice in his memoirs, claiming that he:
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Cox, N., "'Beggary of the Nation': Moral, Economic and Political Attitudes to the Retail Sector in the Early Modern Period", in: John Benson and Laura Ugolini,
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goods can be taken for free. In antique shops, the public can find goods that are older and harder to find. Sometimes people are broke and borrow money from a
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are very large malls that contain at least five department stores and 300 shops. This type of mall attracts consumers from a broad radius (up to a 160-km). A
696:, called "Sawgrass Mills Mall": it has 2,370,610 square feet (220,237 m2) of retail selling space, with over 329 retail outlets and name brand discounters.
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Jones, C. and Spang, R., "Sans Culottes, Sans Café, Sans Tabac: Shifting Realms of Luxury and Necessity in Eighteenth-Century France," Chapter 2 in
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has been developed by scholars which identifies one group of shoppers as recreational shoppers, that is, those who enjoy shopping and view it as a
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may vary. They are based on a variety of factors including how the customer is treated, convenience, the type of goods being purchased, and mood.
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The smaller malls are often called open-air strip centres or mini-marts and are typically attached to a grocery store or supermarket.
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevendennis/2017/06/12/retails-single-biggest-disruptor-spoiler-alert-its-not-e-commerce/#af35a92227b6
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Jones, P.T.A., "Redressing Reform Narratives: Victorian London's Street Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity,"
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Some shops sell secondhand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a
2006:
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Neighbourhood shopping areas and retailers give value to a community by providing various social and community services (like a
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http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/nielsenglobal/de/docs/Nielsen%20Global%20Connected%20Commerce%20Report%20January%202017.pdf
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or telephone ordering from catalogs; telephone ordering in response to advertisements in print and electronic media (such as
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stimulated demand for luxury goods and began to purchase a wider range of luxury goods and imported goods, including: Indian
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Shopping frenzies are periods of time where a burst of spending occurs, typically near holidays in the United States, with
1959:
1151:. However, in Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates
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In the second half of the 19th-century, shops transitioned from 'single-function' shops selling one type of good, to the
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London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position with speculative architects like
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Convenience stores are common in North America, and are often called "bodegas" in Spanish-speaking communities or "
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The first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co, which opened in 1796 on
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Engen, Darel. âThe Economy of Ancient Greeceâ. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples, July 31, 2004. URL
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providing the convenience of home delivery to households, and especially to geographically isolated communities.
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being the biggest shopping spending season, starting as early as October and continuing until after Christmas.
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in 1714, in which he argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.
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pricing. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the
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cultural activity in its own right. Specific streets and districts became devoted to retail, including the
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566:, U.S., the top American retailing hub with $ 6 billion in sales annually. Each mall employs a different
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primitive. As late as the 16th century, London's shops were described as little more than "rude booths."
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Sproles, G. B., & Kendall, E. L., "A methodology for profiling consumers' decision-marking styles,"
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318:, related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal, as opposed to just their utility. The
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images of luxury. For their upper class clientele, fixed prices spared them from hassle of bartering.
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systems and modern technology (such as television, telephones, and the Internet), in combination with
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406:, founded in Paris, offered a wide variety of goods in "departments" inside one building, from 1851.
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at Trajan's forum, built around 100-110CE, was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with
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Various types of retail stores that specialize in the selling of goods related to a theme include
1514:
Consumption and Gender in the Early Seventeenth-Century Household: The World of Alice Le Strange,
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to locate the best price and/or to make a decision about who or where to buy from to save money.
1181:, it can be more difficult to negotiate price given that you are not directly interacting with a
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1887:"shopping center Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about shopping center"
1860:"shopping center Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about shopping center"
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1305:"Consumer innovativeness and consumer decision styles: a confirmatory and segmentation analysis"
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sold from the window more goods...than paid journeymen's wages and the expenses of housekeeping.
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in Kansas City which opened in 1922, from there the first enclosed mall was designed by Victor
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467:. This venture was described as being a public retail establishment offering a wide range of
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Archaeological evidence suggests that the British engaged in minimal shopping in the early
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An early 17th-century shop, with customers being served through an opening onto the street
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The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600â1900,
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also includes shopping trips e.g. 9% of all shopping trips in Germany are by bicycle.
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The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England,
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370:, who experimented with this new retailing method at his tailoring establishment in
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Eckart Olshausen and Holger Sonnabend (eds), Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 2002, p. 229
1377:; Nielsen, "What's in-Store for Online Grocery Shopping," , January, 2017, Online:
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869:, allow consumers to shop from home. There are three main types of home shopping:
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served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods.
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call directly at their farm-gates, obviating their need to attend local markets.
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about the price. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total
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in different departments. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the
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Advertising image of a man shopping for Christmas presents, United States, 1918
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Beyond the Primal Addiction: Food, Sex, Gambling, Internet, Shopping, and Work
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2253:, BUND Freunde der erde, Landesverband Berlin e.V (Accessed 28 October 2007)
2114:"Holiday Is (Almost) Here: 5 Shopping Trends Marketers Should Watch in 2014"
1935:"Forrester Research Web-Influenced Retail Sales Forecast, 2015 To 2020 (US)"
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where a large variety of goods were sold. As economic growth, fueled by the
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Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting,
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amount (or percentage) to the retailers' cost. Another common technique is
765:. College students are known to resell books back through college textbook
649:; an assortment of stalls lining streets selling a large variety of goods.
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The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
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are known to have been used by Romans. One such list was discovered near
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1688:, Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris , 1990.
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https://www.campaignlive.com/article/disruptor-year-2016-amazon/1418737
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that presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to
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2228:"Store Charges Customers $ 5 'Just Looking' Fee To Combat Showrooming"
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The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
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it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852.
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Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (and How to Take Advantage of It),
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Sales being made at Soulard Market, St. Louis, Missouri, drawing by
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Schiavocampo, Mara; Pou, Jackie; Valiente, Alexa (April 13, 2015).
1783:"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores"
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Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur Historischen Geographie des Altertums,
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shop, the public donates goods to these shops, commonly known as
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Remains of marketplace and retail shops at Trajan's Forum in Rome
1367:; IbisWorld, "E-commerce Disruptors," 23 February 2015; Online:
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https://www.ibisworld.com/media/2015/02/23/ecommercedistruptors
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pass through neighborhoods offering goods and services. Also,
252:
86:
600:" in the United States, or the "high street" in Britain, and
1737:
Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850,
1579:
A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing
1352:
Berg, M. and Clifford, H., Manchester University Press, 1999
1752:
Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time
1350:
Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650-1850
1346:
Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650-1850
615:, are collections of stores; that is a grouping of several
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1418:
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economy-of-ancient-greece/
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of the shopper. They can be tiered from cheap to pricey.
692:". One of the biggest malls in the world is the one near
2175:
Core Values in American Life: Living with Contradictions
2157:"This Is What Your Brain Looks Like on a Shopping Spree"
2032:"Shopping for Clothes in the Off-Season - Financial Web"
678:
Different types of malls can be found around the world.
2085:"2014 Holiday Shopper Research: Shopping Never Sleeps"
2056:"2014 Holiday Shopper Research: Shopping Never Sleeps"
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shops . Destination retailers include stores such as;
411:
Evolution of stores: from arcades to department stores
1055:"Shopping spree" redirects here. For other uses, see
1029:
Seasonal shopping consists of buying the appropriate
592:
can be found in many cities, more formally called a
1881:
1879:
579:
Retail § Retail format: types of retail outlet
2188:The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,
1707:The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,
1594:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
1147:and bring an item in at just under the consumer's
1605:Perceptions of Retailing in Early Modern England,
1566:Perceptions of Retailing in Early Modern England,
1527:The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300â1500,
1444:Bintliff, J., "Going to Market in Antiquity," In
1361:Dennis, D., "Retail's Single Biggest Disruptor,"
1158:In a fixed-price system, consumers may still use
659:The first modern shopping mall in the US was The
1720:"Making a Pilgrimage to Cathedrals of Commerce"
769:. Old used items are often distributed through
688:can contain at least two department stores or "
432:of London in 1909; Macy's of New York in 1858;
1810:"Naissance des grands magasins: Le Bon Marché"
671:in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis.
1812:, Ministry of Culture of France, (in French)
1654:McKendrick, N., Brewer, J. and Plumb . J.H.,
1555:Vol. 5, 1841, Knight & Co, London, p. 132
8:
1607:Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 2007, p,. 129
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158:utilized a similar marketplace known as the
1960:"Successful neighbourhood shopping centres"
1666:
1664:
1621:, Vol. 5, pp 521â536, 10.7816/idil-05-22-01
1568:Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 2007, p. 155
295:, which justified conspicuous consumption.
641:Traditionally, shopping hubs were called
243:necessities. An emergent middle class or
2141:Nina Savelle-Rocklin and Salman Akhtar,
1823:Shopping as an Entertainment Experience,
1672:"Material Culture: Getting and Spending"
1371:; "Disruptor of the Year 2016: Amazon,"
710:
2173:Arthur Neal an dHelen Youngelson Neal,
1516:Oxford University Press, 2012, pp 9- 11
1295:
1632:"Coming to live in a consumer society"
1581:, London, I.B. Taurus, 2003, pp 25-51
2277:Spree: A Cultural History of Shopping
2190:ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90â93
1709:ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90â93
1512:By Jane Whittle, Elizabeth Griffiths
893:" in French-speaking ones. Sometimes
843:sell a wider variety of products not
550:. Four different shopping malls near
7:
2203:NY, Hill and Wang, 2011, pp. 184â200
1982:"Back-to-school sales' mixed grades"
1825:Plymouth, Lexington Books, pp. 35â39
1106:technique used by most retailers is
1463:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
387:. A foreign visitor commented that
2216:, Vol., 20 No. 2, 1986, pp. 267â79
1980:Kavilanz, Parija B. (2007-08-09).
1501:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
25:
1373:Campaign Live, 15 December 2015,
1068:out to be an unwanted purchase".
753:in Australia and New Zealand. In
2266:Jan Hein Furnee and Clé Lesger,
1785:, University of Dartmouth, 2011,
1459:"Roman shopping list deciphered"
540:
524:
508:
492:
1542:, Vol 41, No. 1, 2006, pp 64â65
1486:Schofield, J. and Vince, A.G.,
1057:Shopping Spree (disambiguation)
63:A woman shopping in Japan, 2016
1363:Forbes, 12 June 2017; Online:
1:
2007:"Back-to-School Headquarters"
1590:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
1435:Elsevier, Oxford, 2006, p. 28
1404:10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.01.006
968:, Herbal dispensary clinics,
1503:A & C Black, 2001, p.257
1465:. 2001-03-05. Archived from
1392:Journal of Business Research
1321:10.1080/09593969.2014.911199
1119:manufacturers suggested list
596:, but more commonly called "
500:Westfield Garden State Plaza
2214:Journal of Consumer Affairs
1619:Journal of Art and Language
1603:Cox, N.C. and Dannehl, K.,
1564:Cox, N.C. and Dannehl, K.,
1207:Window shopping in the rain
193:and written for a soldier.
162:. Rome had two forums; the
2329:
2226:Bhasin, Kim (2013-03-25).
2011:National Retail Federation
1958:Allan, Dr Abigail (2009).
1836:"the definition of bazaar"
1749:Patrick Robertson (2011).
1490:A&C Black, 2003, p.151
1196:
1075:
1054:
1024:National Retail Federation
854:
761:using an item of value as
749:in the United Kingdom, or
576:
349:Royal Arcade, Sydney, 1892
115:
101:for money or other goods.
29:
2177:(Routledge, 2017), p. 93.
1967:Opus Central Laboratories
1755:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1187:price comparison services
1112:. This involves adding a
622:Typical examples include
594:central business district
446:
400:
72:typology of shopper types
32:Shopping (disambiguation)
1252:Price comparison service
2274:Pamela Klaffke (2003).
1739:Routledge, Oxon, p. 140
1072:Pricing and negotiation
847:related to each other.
724:Albuquerque, New Mexico
428:in Manchester in 1836;
366:in shops was retailer,
2280:. arsenal pulp press.
1433:Shopping Environments,
1208:
1139:are both widely used.
1095:
745:in the United States,
727:
667:and opened in 1956 as
452:of France in 1852 and
407:
350:
296:
206:
132:
64:
56:
48:
1915:TheFreeDictionary.com
1686:Les Passages Couverts
1206:
1185:. Some consumers use
1141:Psychological pricing
1132:psychological pricing
1126:by the manufacturer.
1089:
1076:Further information:
905:are a common form of
885:Neighborhood shopping
877:, TV and radio); and
835:, department stores,
823:Other stores such as
714:
577:Further information:
421:Industrial Revolution
398:
348:
292:The Fable of the Bees
285:
238:Shopping for pleasure
204:
189:dated back to 75â125
130:
118:Retail § History
116:Further information:
62:
54:
42:
1891:www.encyclopedia.com
1864:www.encyclopedia.com
1303:A. Mishra, Anubhav.
1129:In retail settings,
588:A larger commercial
473:business partnership
304:'s influential work
30:For other uses, see
2313:Shopping (activity)
1808:Jacques Marseille,
1254:(Internet shopping)
1237:the high levels of
1033:for the particular
867:electronic commerce
681:Superregional malls
570:to grow and thrive.
456:of France in 1905.
104:Shoppers' shopping
2186:Byrne-Paquet, L.,
1796:"Regency Shopping"
1705:Byrne-Paquet, L.,
1674:. British Library.
1540:The London Journal
1225:In countries like
1209:
1137:odd-number pricing
1096:
1082:Pricing strategies
1005:Christmas shopping
833:convenience stores
728:
661:Country Club Plaza
611:Shopping hubs, or
532:Bergen Town Center
454:Galeries Lafayette
408:
351:
302:Bernard Mandeville
297:
287:Bernard Mandeville
251:and calico; silk,
207:
133:
65:
57:
49:
2287:978-1-55152-143-5
2118:Think with Google
2089:Think with Google
2060:Think with Google
1939:www.forrester.com
1821:Howard Moss, M.,
1193:"Window shopping"
1149:reservation price
1109:cost-plus pricing
1092:Marguerite Martyn
994:Shopping activity
732:disposable income
307:Fable of the Bees
16:(Redirected from
2320:
2299:
2254:
2251:Shopping by bike
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:Business Insider
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2199:Poundstone, W.,
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2120:. Archived from
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1955:
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1727:
1718:Woodward, R.B.,
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1637:. Archived from
1636:
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1408:
1407:
1398:(8): 1132â1145.
1387:
1381:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1300:
1172:economic surplus
1065:pleasure centers
1017:War on Christmas
999:Shopping seasons
956:, Pet groomers,
899:ice cream trucks
669:Southdale Centre
613:shopping centers
608:speaking areas.
544:
528:
512:
496:
451:
450:
417:department store
405:
404:
328:Josiah Wedgewood
277:Lionel Cranfield
21:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2273:
2270:Springer, 2014.
2263:
2261:Further reading
2258:
2257:
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2234:
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2211:
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2194:
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2153:
2149:
2145:(2019), p. 129.
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2096:
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2054:
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2016:
2014:
2005:
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1989:
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1978:
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1724:New York Times,
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1389:
1388:
1384:
1360:
1356:
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1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:Window shopping
1247:
1239:utility cycling
1223:
1221:Utility cycling
1201:
1199:Window shopping
1195:
1179:shopping online
1084:
1074:
1060:
1053:
1001:
996:
983:
887:
879:online shopping
859:
853:
798:hardware stores
755:give-away shops
709:
586:
581:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
568:retail strategy
545:
536:
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534:
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504:
503:
502:
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486:
484:Shopping venues
413:
364:display windows
273:Nicholas Barbon
240:
199:
172:Trajan's Market
125:
120:
114:
93:or a shop is a
82:Online shopping
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2147:
2134:
2105:
2076:
2047:
2036:www.finweb.com
2023:
1998:
1972:
1950:
1926:
1911:"anchor store"
1902:
1875:
1851:
1840:Dictionary.com
1827:
1814:
1801:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1741:
1735:Mitchell, I.,
1728:
1726:11 March 2007,
1711:
1698:
1677:
1660:
1647:
1644:on 2013-08-10.
1623:
1609:
1596:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1525:Thrupp, S.L.,
1518:
1505:
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1197:Main article:
1194:
1191:
1073:
1070:
1052:
1051:Spree shopping
1049:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
982:
981:Party shopping
979:
974:shopping malls
962:Tattoo parlour
886:
883:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
837:general stores
825:big-box stores
771:surplus stores
718:shopping at a
708:
705:
624:shopping malls
585:
582:
548:Fashion Center
546:
539:
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522:
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469:consumer goods
434:Bloomingdale's
412:
409:
380:
379:
316:status symbols
239:
236:
198:
195:
187:Hadrian's wall
183:Shopping lists
168:Trajan's Forum
146:ancient Greece
135:In antiquity,
124:
121:
113:
110:
43:Shoppers at a
26:
24:
18:Shopping spree
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2144:
2138:
2135:
2124:on 2016-04-02
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2095:on 2016-04-01
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2066:on 2016-04-01
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1762:9781608197385
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1694:9782905118219
1691:
1687:
1684:Lemoine, B.,
1681:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:London, 1982.
1657:
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1469:on 2008-03-03
1468:
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1434:
1431:Coleman, P.,
1428:
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851:Home shopping
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743:thrift stores
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695:
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690:anchor stores
687:
686:regional mall
683:
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656:in the USA).
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560:Bergen County
557:
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552:New York City
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2200:
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2174:
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2142:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2117:
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2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2059:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2013:. 2014-07-15
2010:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:CNNMoney.com
1985:
1975:
1966:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1790:
1781:Koot, G.M.,
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1751:
1744:
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1714:
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1639:the original
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1552:
1551:Knight, C.,
1547:
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1495:
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1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
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1345:
1315:(1): 35â54.
1312:
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1183:sales person
1176:
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1153:price points
1145:price points
1136:
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1044:Black Friday
1028:
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1002:
984:
938:Bottle shops
930:Hairdressers
926:Dry cleaners
911:
903:garage sales
888:
860:
845:horizontally
829:hypermarkets
822:
818:supermarkets
802:hobby stores
775:
736:
729:
720:thrift store
701:
698:
685:
679:
677:
673:
658:
653:
651:
647:marketplaces
640:
632:flea markets
628:town squares
621:
610:
587:
516:Paramus Park
478:
458:
426:
414:
381:
360:
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352:
332:
324:entrepreneur
312:
305:
298:
290:
261:Robert Cecil
258:
241:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:luxury goods
208:
181:
156:Ancient Rome
154:
137:marketplaces
134:
103:
80:
67:
66:
36:
27:Buying goods
1231:Netherlands
1215:Showrooming
1168:negotiation
907:second hand
875:periodicals
786:candy shops
716:Deb Haaland
442:J.C. Penney
342:in London.
269:Restoration
245:bourgeoisie
211:Middle Ages
197:Middle Ages
106:experiences
2296:1036881488
2237:2014-08-10
2128:2016-03-31
2099:2016-03-31
2070:2016-03-31
2041:2016-03-31
2017:2018-01-18
1992:2008-01-27
1944:2016-11-29
1920:2016-03-30
1896:2016-03-30
1869:2016-03-30
1845:2016-03-30
1768:2013-02-07
1473:2007-09-23
1290:References
1160:bargaining
987:party plan
950:Gift shops
922:Pharmacies
891:dépanneurs
810:pharmacies
806:pet stores
794:gift shops
778:bookstores
767:bookstores
763:collateral
617:businesses
564:New Jersey
430:Selfridges
340:Piccadilly
78:activity.
47:in Tunisia
1499:Dye, C.,
1329:0959-3969
1268:Retailing
1258:Marketing
1012:religions
958:Engravers
946:take-away
814:sex shops
782:boutiques
759:pawn shop
739:nonprofit
461:Pall Mall
444:in 1902;
440:in 1867;
436:in 1861;
123:Antiquity
99:customers
2307:Category
2161:ABC News
1245:See also
1164:haggling
1031:clothing
909:resale.
895:peddlers
751:op shops
726:in 2019.
598:downtown
385:fashions
289:'s work
176:tabernae
95:business
91:retailer
68:Shopping
1553:London,
1529:pp. 7â8
1273:Selling
1235:Germany
1227:Denmark
1124:product
1104:pricing
1078:Pricing
1039:holiday
934:barbers
918:dairies
914:library
643:bazaars
636:bazaars
556:Paramus
320:pottery
263:in the
112:History
76:leisure
2294:
2284:
1759:
1692:
1327:
1263:Retail
1229:, the
1114:markup
1094:, 1912
1035:season
707:Stores
606:Arabic
465:London
389:London
336:Strand
265:Strand
249:cotton
148:, the
1988:. CNN
1963:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1278:Trade
1177:When
1010:Some
942:Cafés
861:Home
694:Miami
665:Gruen
602:souks
438:Sak's
160:forum
150:agora
141:fairs
2292:OCLC
2282:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1325:ISSN
1233:and
1166:; a
1102:The
1080:and
1022:The
985:The
944:and
897:and
871:mail
816:and
654:Mall
634:and
590:zone
338:and
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166:and
139:and
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1400:doi
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