214:, the leisure industry had emerged in all British cities, and the pattern was copied across Western Europe and North America. It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length and convenient locales at inexpensive prices. These include sporting events, music halls, and popular theater. By 1880 football was no longer the preserve of the social elite, as it attracted large working-class audiences. Average gate was 5,000 in 1905, rising to 23,000 in 1913. That amounted to 6 million paying customers with a weekly turnover of £400,000. Sports by 1900 generated some three percent of the total gross national product in Britain. Professionalization of sports was the norm, although some new activities reached an upscale amateur audience, such as lawn tennis and golf. Women were now allowed in some sports, such as archery, tennis, badminton and gymnastics.
421:
activities. Leisure can become a central place for the development of emotional closeness and strong family bonds. Contexts such as urban/rural shape the perspectives, meanings, and experiences of family leisure. For example, leisure moments are part of work in rural areas, and the rural idyll is enacted by urban families on weekends, but both urban and rural families somehow romanticize rural contexts as ideal spaces for family making (connection to nature, slower and more intimate space, notion of a caring social fabric, tranquillity, etc.). Also, much "family leisure" requires tasks that are most often assigned to women. Family leisure also includes playing together with family members on the weekend day.
161:. Opportunities for leisure came with more money, or organization, and less working time, rising dramatically in the mid-to-late 19th century, starting in Great Britain and spreading to other rich nations in Europe. It spread as well to the United States, although that country had a reputation in Europe for providing much less leisure despite its wealth. Immigrants to the United States discovered they had to work harder than they did in Europe. Economists continue to investigate why Americans work longer hours. In a recent book, Laurent Turcot argues that leisure was not created in the 19th century but is imbricated in the occidental world since the beginning of history.
361:
44:
182:, with a population of 80,000 in 1858, the cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1300, or one for every three houses. Lille counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37 clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets, festivals and competitions. At the turn of the century thousands of these clubs had been created.
170:
hockey, singalongs, roller skating and board games. The churches tried to steer leisure activities, by preaching against drinking and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities. By 1930 radio played a major role in uniting
Canadians behind their local or regional hockey teams. Play-by-play sports coverage, especially of ice hockey, absorbed fans far more intensely than newspaper accounts the next day. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage.
64:
114:(1899) of "nonproductive consumption of time." Free time is not easy to define due to the multiplicity of approaches used to determine its essence. Different disciplines have definitions reflecting their common issues: for example, sociology on social forces and contexts and psychology as mental and emotional states and conditions. From a research perspective, these approaches have an advantage of being quantifiable and comparable over time and place.
315:
paperbacks. The line signaled cultural self-improvement and political education. The more polemical
Penguin Specials, typically with a leftist orientation for Labour readers, were widely distributed during World War II. However the war years caused a shortage of staff for publishers and book stores, and a severe shortage of rationed paper, worsened by the air raid on Paternoster Square in 1940 that burned 5 million books in warehouses.
191:
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games became popular almost overnight, including golf, lawn tennis, cycling and hockey. Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones. The aristocracy and landed gentry, with their ironclad control over land rights, dominated hunting, shooting, fishing and horse racing.
429:
Leisure is important across the lifespan and can facilitate a sense of control and self-worth. Older adults, specifically, can benefit from physical, social, emotional, cultural, and spiritual aspects of leisure. Leisure engagement and relationships are commonly central to "successful" and satisfying
229:
became symbolic of the
Imperial spirit throughout the Empire. Soccer proved highly attractive to the urban working classes, which introduced the rowdy spectator to the sports world. In some sports, there was significant controversy in the fight for amateur purity especially in rugby and rowing. New
169:
In Canada, leisure in the country is related to the decline in work hours and is shaped by moral values, and the ethnic-religious and gender communities. In a cold country with winter's long nights, and summer's extended daylight, favorite leisure activities include horse racing, team sports such as
1260:
Most people assume that the members of the
Shoshone band worked ceaselessly in an unremitting search for sustenance. Such a dramatic picture might appear confirmed by an erroneous theory almost everyone recalls from schooldays: A high culture emerges only when the people have the leisure to build
314:
in 1935. The first titles included novels by Ernest
Hemingway and Agatha Christie. They were sold cheap (usually sixpence) in a wide variety of inexpensive stores such as Woolworth's. Penguin aimed at an educated middle class "middlebrow" audience. It avoided the downscale image of American
206:
limited the workweek to 56.5 hours. The movement toward an eight-hour day. Furthermore, system of routine annual vacations came into play, starting with white-collar workers and moving into the working-class. Some 200 seaside resorts emerged thanks to cheap hotels and inexpensive railway fares,
132:
differs from leisure in that it is a purposeful activity that includes the experience of leisure in activity contexts. Economists consider that leisure times are valuable to a person like wages. If it were not, people would have worked instead of taking leisure. However, the distinction between
217:
Leisure was primarily a male activity, with middle-class women allowed in at the margins. There were class differences with upper-class clubs, and working-class and middle-class pubs. Heavy drinking declined; there was more betting on outcomes. Participation in sports and all sorts of leisure
137:
as well as for long-term utility. A related concept is social leisure, which involves leisurely activities in social settings, such as extracurricular activities, e.g. sports, clubs. Another related concept is that of family leisure. Relationships with others is usually a major factor in both
233:
Cricket had become well-established among the
English upper class in the 18th century, and was a major factor in sports competition among the public schools. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, and encouraged the locals to learn cricket so they could have some entertaining
420:
Family leisure is defined as time that parents, children and siblings spend together in free time or recreational activities, and it can be expanded to address intergenerational family leisure as time that grandparents, parents, and grandchildren spend together in free time or recreational
221:
By the 1920s the cinema and radio attracted all classes, ages, and genders in very large numbers. Giant palaces were built for the huge audiences that wanted to see
Hollywood films. In Liverpool 40 percent of the population attended one of the 69 cinemas once a week; 25 percent went twice.
327:; the publisher sent observers around the country to talk to boys and learn what they wanted to read about. The story line in magazines and cinema that most appealed to boys was the glamorous heroism of British soldiers fighting wars that were perceived as exciting and just.
322:
the leading publisher. Romantic encounters were embodied in a principle of sexual purity that demonstrated not only social conservatism, but also how heroines could control their personal autonomy. Adventure magazines became quite popular, especially those published by
293:
The range of serious leisure activities is growing rapidly in modern times with developed societies having greater leisure time, longevity and prosperity. The
Internet is providing increased support for amateurs and hobbyists to communicate, display and share products.
250:
which are undertaken for personal satisfaction, usually on a regular basis, and often result in satisfaction through skill development or recognised achievement, sometimes in the form of a product. The list of hobbies is ever changing as society changes.
274:
is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer ... that is highly substantial, interesting, and fulfilling and where ... participants find a career...". For example, collecting stamps or maintaining a public wetland area.
306:. New additions to adult fiction doubled during the 1920s, reaching 2800 new books a year by 1935. Libraries tripled their stocks, and saw heavy demand for new fiction. A dramatic innovation was the inexpensive paperback, pioneered by
290:. Their engagement is distinguished from casual leisure by a high level of perseverance, effort, knowledge and training required and durable benefits and the sense that one can create in effect a leisure career through such activity.
351:
is a short-term, moderately complicated, either one-shot or occasional, though infrequent, creative undertaking carried out in free time." For example, working on a single
Knowledge (XXG) article or building a garden feature.
198:
As literacy, wealth, ease of travel, and a broadened sense of community grew in
Britain from the mid-19th century onward, there was more time and interest in leisure activities of all sorts, on the part of all classes.
430:
aging. For example, engaging in leisure with grandchildren can enhance feelings of generativity, whereby older adults can achieve well-being by leaving a legacy beyond themselves for future generations.
401:, less common than the social myths, are those who work compulsively at the expense of other activities. They prefer to work rather than spend time socializing and engaging in other leisure activities.
110:. Leisure as an experience usually emphasizes dimensions of perceived freedom and choice. It is done for "its own sake", for the quality of experience and involvement. Other classic definitions include
339:
is immediately, intrinsically rewarding; and it is a relatively short-lived, pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it." For example, watching TV or going for a swim.
234:
competition. Most of the Empire embraced cricket, with the exception of Canada. Cricket test matches (international) began by the 1870s; the most famous is that between Australia and Britain for "
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pyramids or to create art. The fact is that high civilization is hectic, and that primitive hunters and collectors of wild food, like the Shoshone, are among the most leisured people on earth.
202:
Opportunities for leisure activities increased because real wages continued to grow and hours of work continued to decline. In urban Britain, the nine-hour day was increasingly the norm; the
404:
European and American men statistically have more leisure time than women, due to both household and parenting responsibilities and increasing participation in the paid employment. In
225:
The British showed a more profound interest in sports, and in greater variety, that any rival. They gave pride of place to such moral issues as sportsmanship and fair play.
246:
The range of leisure activities extends from the very informal and casual to highly organised and long-lasting activities. A significant subset of leisure activities are
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Hebblethwaite, Shannon (2014). "Grannie's got to go fishing": meanings and experiences of family leisure for three-generation families in rural and urban settings".
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Goodin, Robert E.; Rice, James Mahmud; Bittman, Michael; & Saunders, Peter. (2005). "The time-pressure illusion: Discretionary time vs free time".
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Hebblethwaite, S.; Norris, J. (2011). "Expressions of generativity through family leisure: Experiences of grandparents and adult grandchildren".
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Team IV (CAT IV 1967). During the Vietnam War soldiers waiting to go on patrol would sometimes spend their leisure time playing cards. Courtesy
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Schiller, Kay; Young, Christopher (2009). "The history and historiography of sport in Germany: Social, cultural and political perspectives".
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is a way of viewing the wide range of leisure pursuits in three main categories: casual leisure, serious leisure, and project-based leisure.
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Leisure by the mid-19th century was no longer an individualistic activity. It was increasingly organized. In the French industrial city of
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Hatcher, John. "Labour, Leisure and Economic Thought before the Nineteenth Century". In: Past and Present 160 (1998), pp. 64–115.
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Beck, Peter J. "Leisure and Sport in Britain." in Chris Wrigley, ed., A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain (2008): 453–469.
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Lorenz, Stacy L. (2000). "A Lively Interest on the Prairies": Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870–1939".
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Edward C. Prescott, "Why do Americans work so much more than Europeans?" (No. w10316. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004)
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Man's Rise to Civilization As Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State
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Cooper, David (1999). "Canadians Declare 'It Isn't Cricket': A Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game, 1860–1960".
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Burke, Peter. "The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe". In: Past and Present 146 (1995), pp. 136–150.
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27:
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leisure and unavoidable activities is not a rigidly defined one, e.g. people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for
1725:
Ritter, Gerhard A (1978). "Workers' culture in Imperial Germany: problems and points of departure for research".
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widespread banking holidays and the fading of many religious prohibitions against secular activities on Sundays.
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Shaw, S. M. (1997). "Controversies and contradictions in family leisure: An analysis of conflicting paradigms".
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activities increased for average English people, and their interest in spectator sports increased dramatically.
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Boys Will Be Boys: The Story of Sweeney Todd, Deadwood Dick, Sexton Blake, Billy Bunter, Dick Barton et al.
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Time available for leisure varies from one society to the next, although anthropologists have found that
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Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure, and Identity in Late-nineteenth-century Small-town Ontario
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Traditionalists grumbled about the American cultural invasion, but the permanent impact was minor.
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Laurent Turcot, Sports et Loisirs. Une histoire des origines à nos jours. Paris, Gallimard, 2016.
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tend to have significantly more leisure time than people in more complex societies. As a result,
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Substantial and fulfilling hobbies and pursuits are described by Sociologist Robert Stebbins as
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412:, adult men usually have between one and nine hours more leisure time than women do each week.
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This made many people happy as now they could spend more time together. (1977) pp 2:270–271.
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Workers' culture in imperial Germany: leisure and recreation in the Rhineland and Westphalia
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Gerald Redmond, "Some Aspects of Organized Sport and Leisure in Nineteenth-Century Canada."
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The Development of Leisure Amongst the Social Classes During the Industrial Revolution
1721:(Cab international, 1996), on France, Poland, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, and the UK.
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The Feminine Middlebrow Novel, 1920s to 1950s: Class, Domesticity, and Bohemianism
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Laurent Turcot, "The origins of leisure", International Innovation, April 2016,
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An Inquiry into the Philosophical Concept of Scholê: Leisure As a Political End
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Nicholas Joicey, "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c. 1951."
1076:(1978). "Popular Reading And Our Public Libraries: The Abjured Prescription".
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As literacy and leisure time expanded after 1900, reading became a popular
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Forever England: femininity, literature and conservatism between the wars
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Grand Tours and Cook's Tours: A history of leisure travel, 1750 to 1915
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Peter J. Beck, "Leisure and Sport in Britain." in Chris Wrigley, ed.,
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The culture of consent: mass organisation of leisure in fascist Italy
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537:(3rd ed.). Boston and London: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 17–27.
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Round-trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880–1930
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People of Prowess Sport Leisure and Labor in Early Anglo-America
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Encyclopedia of world sport: from ancient times to the present
1276:. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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came across as extraordinarily lazy to European colonialists.
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Land of sport and glory: Sport and British society, 1887–1910
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The Future of Work? The Political Theory of Work and Leisure
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Kleiber, D. A., Walker, G. J., & Mannell, R. C. (2011).
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Leisure and recreation in Canadian society: An introduction
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Time, work and leisure: Life changes in England since 1700
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Encyclopedia of European social history from 1350 to 2000
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Encyclopedia of European social history from 1350 to 2000
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People undertaking serious leisure can be categorised as
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Sports et Loisirs. Une histoire des origines à nos jours
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Towner, John, and Geoffrey Wall. "History and tourism."
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has often been defined as a quality of experience or as
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A History of Leisure: The British Experience since 1500
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France, 1848–1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety
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The English seaside resort. A social history 1750–1914
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820:
19:
This article is about free time. For other uses, see
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Rye, J (2006). "Rural youths' images of the rural".
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Popular Reading and Publishing in Britain: 1914–1950
194:
A caricature of upper class Victorian tourists, 1852
1712:
International journal of African historical studies
1424:. Newbury Park and London: Sage. pp. 125–145.
157:Leisure has historically been the privilege of the
47:Public parks were initially set aside for leisure,
1719:Leisure research in Europe: methods and traditions
1477:Encyclopedia of recreation and leisure in America.
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559:
528:
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128:concerned with the study and analysis of leisure.
26:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1528:Rojek, Chris, Susan M. Shaw, and A.J. Veal, eds/
1133:Passion's fortune: the story of Mills & Boon
620:Macroeconomics: Canada in the Global Environment
1799:The invention of leisure in early modern Europe
1508:Encyclopedia of leisure and outdoor recreation
828:A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain
318:Romantic fiction was especially popular, with
997:. New Brunswick, US: Transaction Publishers.
595:. New York: New American Library. p. 46.
8:
995:Serious Leisure – A Perspective for Out Time
1673:Turcot, Laurent "The origins of Leisure",
1501:Leisure and society: a comparative approach
566:. Ann Arbor, MI: Allyn and Bacon. pp.
367:, watercolor by James Pollock, U. S. Army
16:Time that is freely disposed by individuals
102:, as well as necessary activities such as
846:(Oxford University Press, 2004), 529–570.
373:National Museum of the United States Army
1601:Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen.
844:A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918
683:. Cornell University Press. p. 53.
1816:"The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)"
1492:Free Time: The Forgotten American Dream
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1019:"The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)"
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1579:A social history of leisure since 1600
1506:Jenkins, John M., and J.J.J. Pigram.
1820:The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)
1525:. London; New York: Bloomsbury, 2017.
1053:The Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP)
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753:Loisir et société/Society and Leisure
147:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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1636:(2001) 5:3–261; 18 essays by experts
727:Oxford Companion to Canadian History
1629:, 2011, retrieved: 25 October 2011.
1186:Journal of Anthropological Research
973:A Social History of English Cricket
617:Michael Parkin; Robin Bade (2018).
1541:Annual Review of Political Science
928:Britain between the Wars 1918–1940
145:was realised in article 24 of the
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1839:My Nephew's Take on Leisure (SMD)
1104:Twentieth Century British History
67:Leisure time swimming at an oasis
1496:(Temple University Press, 2013).
1459:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00637.x
1727:Journal of Contemporary History
1484:Key concepts in leisure studies
771:. University of Toronto Press.
623:. Pearson Canada. p. 485.
593:The Theory of the Leisure Class
487:The Theory of the Leisure Class
1408:A social psychology of leisure
1394:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.01.005
1313:10.1080/00222216.1997.11949785
1:
1691:Leisure in Britain, 1780–1939
1627:Institute of European History
1530:A Handbook of Leisure Studies
1410:. Venture Pub., Incorporated.
912:Leisure in Britain, 1780–1939
1489:Hunnicutt, Benjamin Kline.
1351:10.1080/04419057.2013.876588
1274:Society at a Glance 2009: OE
1618:Leisure Time and Technology
1571:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
1293:Journal of Leisure Research
765:Lynne Sorrel Marks (1996).
725:Suzanne Morton, "Leisure",
562:To Leisure: An Introduction
260:serious leisure perspective
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1739:10.1177/002200947801300201
1661:Annals of tourism research
1651:Annals of Tourism Research
899:The English pub: a history
645:Social Indicators Research
591:Veblen, Thorstein (1953).
28:Free time (disambiguation)
25:
18:
1670:, Paris, Gallimard, 2016.
1420:Kelly, John, ed. (1993).
1170:Ernest Sackville Turner,
993:Stebbins, Robert (2015).
138:satisfaction and choice.
59:A man relaxing on a couch
1675:International Innovation
1610:The Emergence of Leisure
1535:Rose, Julie L. (2024). "
1374:Journal of Rural Studies
1198:10.1086/jar.36.1.3629555
955:Journal of Sport History
794:Journal of Sport History
654:, "Time pressure" (PDF))
558:Neulinger, John (1981).
143:leisure as a human right
21:Leisure (disambiguation)
1623:European History Online
1023:www.seriousleisure.net)
663:Peter N. Stearns, ed.,
500:Waiting for the Weekend
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1632:Stearns, Peter N. ed.
505:Work-leisure dichotomy
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1835:"Leisure Perspective"
1811:(archived 9 May 2008)
1776:10.1093/gerhis/ghp029
1683:26 April 2016 at the
1663:12#3 (1985): 297–333.
1584:De Grazia, Victoria.
1510:. (Routledge, 2003).
1339:World Leisure Journal
476:Lifestyle (sociology)
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349:Project-based leisure
343:Project-based leisure
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1653:18.1 (1991): 71–84.
1596:Histories of Leisure
1106:4#1 (1993): 25–56.
652:JamesMahmudRice.info
533:Kelly, John (1996).
466:Leisure satisfaction
356:Cultural differences
126:academic disciplines
122:sociology of leisure
1608:Marrus, Michael R.
1386:2006JRurS..22..409R
1305:1997JLeiR..29...98S
755:2#1 (1979): 71–100.
729:(2006) pp. 355–356.
677:Mark Wyman (1993).
446:Conspicuous leisure
1803:Past & Present
1714:35#1 (2002): 1–16.
1605:(Oxford UP, 1999).
1552:History of leisure
1521:Kostas Kalimtzis.
1422:Activity and Aging
930:(1955) pp. 246–250
924:Charles Loch Mowat
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855:Hugh Cunningham,
810:Theodore Zeldin,
630:978-0-13-468683-7
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1615:Poser, Stefan:
1612:. New York 1974
1567:Borsay, Peter.
1554:
1482:Harris, David.
1475:Cross, Gary S.
1472:
1470:Further reading
1467:
1466:
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1174:(3rd ed. 1975).
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1144:Nicola Humble,
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667:(2001) 5:3–261.
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471:Leisure studies
436:
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358:
345:
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300:
272:Serious leisure
268:
266:Serious leisure
256:serious leisure
244:
188:
176:
167:
155:
141:The concept of
118:Leisure studies
96:domestic chores
78:. Free time is
39:
36:Timepass (film)
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1882:
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1812:
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1792:
1785:
1784:External links
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:(3): 313–330.
1764:German History
1759:
1733:(2): 165–189.
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:Historiography
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1664:
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1606:
1599:
1594:Koshar, Rudy.
1592:
1589:
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1565:
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1557:Abrams, Lynn.
1553:
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1497:
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1486:. (Sage, 2005)
1480:
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1464:
1453:(1): 121–133.
1437:
1430:
1412:
1399:
1380:(4): 409–421.
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1192:(1): 105–115.
1176:
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1157:Alison Light,
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1084:(4): 222–227.
1078:Library Review
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971:Derek Birley,
964:
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939:Derek Birley,
932:
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897:Peter Haydon,
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886:A New England?
877:
869:John K. Walton
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1677:, April 2016
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1299:(1): 98–112.
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1278:See image at
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312:Penguin Books
310:(1902–70) at
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1844:19 September
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1823:. Retrieved
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1345:(1): 42–61.
1342:
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1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1103:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
994:
972:
967:
958:
954:
948:
940:
935:
927:
919:
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906:
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864:
856:
851:
843:
840:G. R. Searle
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397:
387:such as the
378:
365:GI Card Game
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209:
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156:
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116:
75:
71:
70:
40:
1825:17 February
1795:Peter Burke
1244:E.P. Dutton
1228:Farb, Peter
1058:18 February
1028:18 February
888:pp. 547–553
399:Workaholics
393:Great Basin
159:upper class
92:job hunting
1857:Categories
1280:dx.doi.org
1246:. p.
1049:"Concepts"
517:References
481:Recreation
325:DC Thomson
308:Allen Lane
284:volunteers
130:Recreation
51:and sport.
49:recreation
1755:144905527
1625:, Mainz:
1532:. (2006).
1359:143743562
1321:141509996
1214:152360790
288:hobbyists
236:The Ashes
100:education
76:free time
1681:Archived
1230:(1968).
961:: 51–81.
884:Searle,
434:See also
408:and the
389:Shoshone
280:amateurs
135:pleasure
124:are the
108:sleeping
84:business
1863:Leisure
1790:Leisure
1700:(1997).
1693:(1983).
1645:excerpt
1643:(1996)
1598:(2002).
1588:(2002).
1581:(1990).
1561:(2002).
1503:(1991).
1479:(2004).
1382:Bibcode
1301:Bibcode
1256:E77.F36
1206:3629555
1161:(1991).
1148:(2001).
1135:(1999).
1122:(1992).
977:excerpt
975:(1999)
914:(1983).
901:(1994).
875:(1983).
742:(2011).
535:Leisure
391:of the
304:pastime
298:Reading
248:hobbies
227:Cricket
153:History
72:Leisure
1753:
1747:260112
1745:
1655:online
1514:
1428:
1357:
1319:
1254:
1212:
1204:
1108:online
1001:
943:(1995)
859:(2014)
775:
705:online
687:
627:
574:
541:
406:Europe
258:. The
174:France
165:Canada
104:eating
98:, and
30:,
1751:S2CID
1743:JSTOR
1355:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1210:S2CID
1202:JSTOR
568:10–26
425:Aging
242:Types
180:Lille
1846:2016
1827:2016
1512:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1060:2016
1030:2016
999:ISBN
773:ISBN
685:ISBN
625:ISBN
572:ISBN
539:ISBN
120:and
106:and
88:work
80:time
1772:doi
1735:doi
1547:(1)
1539:".
1455:doi
1390:doi
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1309:doi
1252:LCC
1194:doi
1086:doi
286:or
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
