Short-term effects of alcohol consumption

872:

acetaldehyde, whereas, a null allele in ALDH2 causes an accumulation of acetaldehyde by preventing its catabolism to acetate. The genetic variants of these enzymes can explain the differences in the alcohol metabolism in different races. The different isoforms of ADH showed protection against alcoholic disorders in Han Chinese and Japanese (due to presence of ADH1B*2 ) and in African (due to presence of ADH1B*3). On the other hand, presence of ALDH2*2 in East Asians (a variant of the ALDH gene), can cause blood acetaldehyde levels of 30 to 75 μM or higher, which is more than 10 times the normal level. The excess amount of blood aldehyde produce facial flushing, nausea, rapid heartbeat, and other adverse effects. Presence of these alleles causes rapid conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde which can be toxic in large amount. So, the East Asians and Africans feel the adverse effects of alcohol early and stop drinking. For Caucasians, ADH1B*1 allele is the most prevalent allele which causes slower conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde and it makes them more vulnerable to alcohol use disorders.

1019:, 7% in Malaysians, 3% in natives of India, 3% in Hungarians, and 1% in Filipinos; percentages are essentially 0 in individuals of Native African descent, Caucasians of Western European descent, Turks, Australian Aborigines, Australians of Western European descent, Swedish Lapps, and Alaskan Eskimos. The prevalence of ethanol-induced allergic symptoms in 0 or low levels of glu487lys genotypes commonly ranges above 5%. These "ethanol reactors" may have other gene-based abnormalities that cause the accumulation of acetaldehyde following the ingestion of ethanol or ethanol-containing beverages. For example, the surveyed incidence of self-reported ethanol-induced flushing reactions in Scandinavians living in Copenhagen as well as Australians of European descent is about 16% in individuals homozygous for the "normal" ADH1B gene but runs to ~23% in individuals with the ADH1-Arg48His SNP variant; 629:

in visual functions (rapid tracking of a moving target), a decline in the ability to perform two tasks at the same time (divided attention)"; (2) A BAC of .05 will result in "educed coordination, reduced ability to track moving objects, difficulty steering, reduced response to emergency driving situations"; (3) A BAC of .08 will result in "oncentration, short-term memory loss, speed control, reduced information processing capability (e.g., signal detection, visual search), impaired perception"; (4) A BAC of .10 will result in "educed ability to maintain lane position and brake appropriately"; and (5) A BAC of .15 will result in "ubstantial impairment in vehicle control, attention to driving task, and in necessary visual and auditory information processing."

135: 33: 142: 1032: 955:), homozygote individuals for glu487lys have undetectable while heterozygote individuals for glu487lys have little ALDH2 activity. In consequence, Japanese individuals homozygous or, to only a slightly lesser extent, heterozygous for glu487lys metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde normally but metabolize acetaldehyde poorly and are susceptible to a set of adverse responses to the ingestion of, and sometimes even the fumes from, ethanol and ethanol-containing beverages; these responses include the transient accumulation of acetaldehyde in blood and tissues; facial 1023:, this variant metabolizes ethanol rapidly and in humans, it is proposed, may form acetaldehyde at levels that exceed the capacity of ALDH2 to metabolize. Notwithstanding such considerations, experts suggest that the large proportion of alcoholic beverage-induced allergic-like symptoms in populations with a low incidence of the glu487lys genotype reflect true allergic reactions to the natural and/or contaminating allergens particularly those in wines and to a lesser extent beers. 5309: 731: 713:, the site of antidiuretic hormone release. Alcohol causes the osmoreceptors to signal that there is low osmotic pressure in the blood, which triggers an inhibition of the antidiuretic hormone. As a consequence, one's kidneys are no longer able to reabsorb as much water as they should be absorbing, therefore creating excessive volumes of urine and the subsequent overall 862:

Alcohol affects males and females differently because of difference in body fat percentage and water content. On average, for equal body weight, women have a higher body fat percentage than men. Since alcohol is absorbed into body water content, and men have more water in their bodies than women, for

1392:

Alcohol taken with a meal increases and prolongs postprandial triglyceridemia. This is true despite the observation that the relationship between alcohol consumption and triglyceridemia is "J-shaped," meaning that fasting triglycerides concentration is lower in people who drink 10–20 g/alcohol a day

1322:

at moderate and higher doses of alcohol. Previous experience with alcohol also influences the extent to which alcohol positively or negatively affects sleep. Under free-choice conditions, in which subjects chose between drinking alcohol or water, inexperienced drinkers were sedated while experienced

130:

Different BACs have different effects. The following lists describe the common effects of alcohol on the body depending on the BAC. However, tolerance varies considerably between individuals, as does individual response to a given dosage; the effects of alcohol differ widely between people. Hence in

122:

The definition of a unit of alcohol ranges between 8 and 14 grams of pure ethanol depending on the country. There is no agreement on definitions of a low, moderate or high dose of alcohol either. The U.S. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines a moderate dose as alcohol intake up

1402:

increase in blood pressure: a 2.7 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure and 1.4 mmHg rise in diastolic blood pressure. A Cochrane systematic review based on only randomized controlled trials which investigates the acute effect of alcohol consumption in healthy and hypertensive adults is in progress.

1272:

receptors, although it is unclear whether alcohol affects these directly or if they are affected by downstream consequences of the GABA/NMDA effects. People with a family history of alcoholism may exhibit genetic differences in the response of their NMDA glutamate receptors as well as the ratios of

628:

Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC. NHTSA reports that the following blood alcohol levels (BAC) in a driver will have the following predictable effects on his or her ability to drive safely: (1) A BAC of .02 will result in a "ecline

1401:

A systematic review reported that alcohol has bi-phasic effect on blood pressure. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell when they were measured couple of hours after alcohol consumption. However, the longer term measurement (20 hours average) showed a modest but statistically significant

1330:

Moderate alcohol consumption 30–60 minutes before sleep, although decreasing, disrupts sleep architecture. Rebound effects occur once the alcohol has been largely metabolized, causing late night disruptions in sleep maintenance. Under conditions of moderate alcohol consumption where blood alcohol

1379:

within the semicircular canals. When the head is tilted, the endolymph flows and moves the cupula. The hair cells then bend and send signals to the brain indicating the direction in which the head is tilted. By changing the viscosity of the endolymph to become less dense when alcohol enters the

1410:

A 2015 literature review found that alcohol administration confers acute pain-inhibitory effects. It also found the relationship between alcohol consumption and pain is curvilinear; moderate alcohol use was associated with positive pain-related outcomes and heavy alcohol use was associated with

1331:

levels average 0.06–0.08 percent and decrease 0.01–0.02 percent per hour, an alcohol clearance rate of 4–5 hours would coincide with disruptions in sleep maintenance in the second half of an 8-hour sleep episode. In terms of sleep architecture, moderate doses of alcohol facilitate "rebounds" in

871:

Alcohol metabolism depends on the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Genetic variants of the genes coding for these enzymes can affect the rate of alcohol metabolism. Some ADH gene variants lead to higher metabolic activity, resulting in the accumulation of

677:

can often duplicate the social effects of alcohol at either low or moderate doses. Some studies have suggested that intoxicated people have much greater control over their behavior than is generally recognized, though they have a reduced ability to evaluate the consequences of their behavior.

1232:

to enter the cell. These inhibitory effects are thought to be responsible for the "memory blanks" that can occur at levels as low as 0.03% blood level. In addition, reduced glutamate release in the dorsal hippocampus has been linked to spatial memory loss. Chronic alcohol users experience an

835:

results in postural instability; gait instability is manifested as a disorderly, wide-based gait with inconsistent foot positioning. Ataxia causes the observation that drunk people are clumsy, sway back and forth, and often fall down. It is presumed to be due to alcohol's effect on the

863:

women there will be a higher blood alcohol concentration from the same amount of alcohol consumption. Women are also thought to have less alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme which is required to break down alcohol. That is why the drinking guidelines are different for men and women.

79:(BAC). The amount and circumstances of consumption play a large role in determining the extent of intoxication; for example, eating a heavy meal before alcohol consumption causes alcohol to absorb more slowly. The amount of alcohol consumed largely determines the extent of 1216:

are also affected. Activation of these receptors causes most of the effects of alcohol such as relaxation and relief from anxiety, sedation, ataxia and increase in appetite and lowering of inhibitions that can cause a tendency toward violence in some people.

681:

Areas of the brain that are responsible for planning and motor learning are sharpened. A related effect, which is caused by even low levels of alcohol, is the tendency for people to become more animated in speech and movement. This is caused by increased

918:) to acetic acid. Eastern Asians reportedly have a deficiency in acetaldehyde metabolism in a surprisingly high percentage (approaching 50%) of their populations. The issue has been most thoroughly investigated in native Japanese where persons with a 2730:

Linneberg A, Fenger RV, Husemoen LL, Vidal C, Vizcaino L, Gonzalez-Quintela A (2010). "Immunoglobulin E sensitization to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants: epidemiological study of clinical relevance and role of alcohol consumption".

938:

487; this renders the enzyme essentially inactive in metabolizing acetaldehyde to acetic acid. The variant allele is variously termed glu487lys, ALDH2*2, and ALDH2*504lys. In the overall Japanese population, about 57% of individuals are

2831:

Huang Q, He X, Ma C, Liu R, Yu S, Dayer CA, et al. (January 2000). "Pharmacophore/receptor models for GABA(A)/BzR subtypes (alpha1beta3gamma2, alpha5beta3gamma2, and alpha6beta3gamma2) via a comprehensive ligand-mapping approach".

672:

Short-term effects of alcohol include the risk of injuries, violence, and fetal damage. Alcohol has also been linked with lowered inhibitions, although it is unclear as to what degree this is chemical or psychological as studies with

1245:. The seizures experienced during alcohol abstinence are thought to be a result of this NMDA upregulation. Alteration of NMDA receptor numbers in chronic alcoholics is likely to be responsible for some of the symptoms seen in 1335:(REM) following suppression in REM and stage 1 sleep in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode, REM and stage 1 sleep increase well beyond baseline in the second half. Moderate doses of alcohol also very quickly increase 2031: 3158:

Shimizu, A. Matsubara, K. Uezono, T. Kimura, K. Shiono, H. "Reduced dorsal hippocampal glutamate release significantly correlates with the spatial memory deficits produced by benzodiazepines and ethanol". Neuroscience. P

848:

The Mellanby effect is the phenomenon that the behavioral impairment due to alcohol is less, at the same BAC, when the BAC is decreasing than when it is increasing. This effect was confirmed in a 2017 meta-analysis.

2867:

Platt DM, Duggan A, Spealman RD, Cook JM, Li X, Yin W, Rowlett JK (May 2005). "Contribution of alpha 1GABAA and alpha 5GABAA receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in squirrel monkeys".

2911:

Duke AN, Platt DM, Cook JM, Huang S, Yin W, Mattingly BA, Rowlett JK (August 2006). "Enhanced sucrose pellet consumption induced by benzodiazepine-type drugs in squirrel monkeys: role of GABAA receptor subtypes".

987:

exacerbations of their asthmatic disease. These allergic reaction-like symptoms, which typically occur within 30–60 minutes of ingesting alcoholic beverages, do not appear to reflect the operation of classical

814:

stages of memory formation. As the GABA system is found in the hippocampus (among other areas in the CNS), which is thought to play a large role in memory formation, this is thought to be possible.

1444:

Horowitz M, Maddox A, Bochner M, Wishart J, Bratasiuk R, Collins P, Shearman D (August 1989). "Relationships between gastric emptying of solid and caloric liquid meals and alcohol absorption".

752: 3253:

Qiang M, Denny AD, Ticku MK (July 2007). "Chronic intermittent ethanol treatment selectively alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit surface expression in cultured cortical neurons".

1380:

system, the hair cells can move more easily within the ear, which sends the signal to the brain and results in exaggerated and overcompensated movements of body. This can also result in

831:, in its appendicular, gait, and truncal forms. Appendicular ataxia results in jerky, uncoordinated movements of the limbs, as if each muscle were working independently from the others. 4720: 1253:

can also be affected by high doses of alcohol, and alteration in the numbers of these channels in chronic alcoholics is likely to be responsible for as well as other effects such as

3973: 1347:

in the central nervous system. In addition, tolerance to changes in sleep maintenance and sleep architecture develops within three days of alcohol consumption before bedtime.

4644: 1686: 1555:

Feige B, Scaal S, Hornyak M, Gann H, Riemann D (January 2007). "Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients".

4649: 4054: 2687:

Goedde HW, Agarwal DP, Fritze G, Meier-Tackmann D, Singh S, Beckmann G, et al. (January 1992). "Distribution of ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes in different populations".

3502:

Farber NB, Heinkel C, Dribben WH, Nemmers B, Jiang X (November 2004). "In the adult CNS, ethanol prevents rather than produces NMDA antagonist-induced neurotoxicity".

690:. This causes reward systems in the brain to become more active, which may induce certain individuals to behave in an uncharacteristically loud and cheerful manner. 5031: 4593: 798:

receptors become unresponsive, slowing areas of the brain for which they are responsible. Contributing to this effect is the activity that alcohol induces in the

3057:

Becker HC, Anton RF (January 1989). "The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist RO15-4513 exacerbates, but does not precipitate, ethanol withdrawal in mice".

3935: 2103: 1339:(SWS) in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode. Enhancements in REM sleep and SWS following moderate alcohol consumption are mediated by reductions in 134: 5234: 4804: 127:(BAC). BAC can be different for each person depending on their age, sex, pre-existing health condition, even if they drink the same amount of alcohol. 4786: 2352:"Protective effects of the alcohol dehydrogenase-ADH1B*3 allele on attention and behavior problems in adolescents exposed to alcohol during pregnancy" 1479:

Jones AW, Holmgren P (July 2003). "Comparison of blood-ethanol concentration in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism".

2546:"Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors: a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, mechanism of action, substrate specificity, and clinical application" 4177: 1425: 4774: 4293: 123:

to two standard drinks or 28 grams for men and one standard drink or 14 grams for women. The immediate effect of alcohol depends on the drinker's

3874:

Heberlein U, Wolf FW, Rothenfluh A, Guarnieri DJ (August 2004). "Molecular Genetic Analysis of Ethanol Intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster".

697:, which is a hormone that acts on the kidney to favor water reabsorption in the kidneys during filtration. This occurs because alcohol confuses 2303:"Association and ancestry analysis of sequence variants in ADH and ALDH using alcohol-related phenotypes in a Native American community sample" 4757: 2799: 1220:

Alcohol has a powerful effect on glutamate as well. Alcohol decreases glutamate's ability to bind with NMDA and acts as an antagonist of the

972: 881: 4270: 3016:"Ethanol potentiation of GABAergic transmission in cultured spinal cord neurons involves gamma-aminobutyric acidA-gated chloride channels" 2410:"Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology" 1682: 4991: 4916: 3347:

Klein G, Gardiwal A, Schaefer A, Panning B, Breitmeier D (September 2007). "Effect of ethanol on cardiac single sodium channel gating".

1537: 951:

and since ALDH2 tetramers containing one or more glu487lys proteins are also essentially inactive (i.e. the variant allele behaves as a

5338: 4889: 4715: 4656: 4327: 3989: 2266:

Enomoto N, Takase S, Yasuhara M, Takada A (February 1991). "Acetaldehyde metabolism in different aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotypes".

821: 2640:"Associations of ADH and ALDH2 gene variation with self report alcohol reactions, consumption and dependence: an integrated analysis" 5274: 5254: 4697: 778: 570: 498: 61: 3015: 3477: 4708: 4504: 3928: 3427:"Simulation of alcohol action upon a detailed Purkinje neuron model and a simpler surrogate model that runs >400 times faster" 3296:

Dodd PR, Buckley ST, Eckert AL, Foley PF, Innes DJ (August 2006). "Genes and gene expression in the brains of human alcoholics".

3762:"Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries" 1611: 4884: 4364: 4317: 3102:"Ethanol potently and competitively inhibits binding of the alcohol antagonist Ro15-4513 to alpha4/6beta3delta GABAA receptors" 1755: 1000:-induced reactions but rather are due, at least in large part, to the action of acetaldehyde in stimulating tissues to release 4529: 4347: 4151: 919: 756: 32: 4049: 2957:"Low-dose alcohol actions on alpha4beta3delta GABAA receptors are reversed by the behavioral alcohol antagonist Ro15-4513" 1038: 1031: 284: 802:(GABA) system. The GABA system is known to inhibit activity in the brain. GABA could also be responsible for causing the 4970: 4937: 4725: 4199: 4141: 4059: 4044: 4034: 587: 2231:

Thomasson HR, Beard JD, Li TK (December 1995). "ADH2 gene polymorphisms are determinants of alcohol pharmacokinetics".

1515: 141: 5312: 4664: 3978: 3921: 124: 3382:

Shiraishi M, Harris RA (June 2004). "Effects of alcohols and anesthetics on recombinant voltage-gated Na+ channels".

1318:) appear to increase total sleep time and reduce awakening during the night. The sleep-promoting benefits of alcohol 5180: 5143: 4921: 4172: 4064: 791: 5333: 5079: 4745: 4634: 4187: 4096: 4039: 3866: 657:

and pleasure seeking. Another one of alcohol's agreeable effects is body relaxation, which is possibly caused by

2111: 5208: 3660: 1332: 741: 4610: 3171:"Altered NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist response in individuals with a family vulnerability to alcoholism" 2184:"Natural haplotypes in the regulatory sequences affect human alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C) gene expression" 824:", is another symptom of heavy drinking. This is the loss of memory during and after an episode of drinking. 5259: 5001: 4874: 4146: 1900:"The morning after the night before: Alcohol-induced blackouts impair next day recall in sober young adults" 799: 760: 745: 433: 228: 4832: 4779: 4735: 4620: 4588: 4379: 4352: 3883: 3035: 1225: 960: 885: 428: 269: 264: 1804:

Grattan KE, Vogel-Sprott M (February 2001). "Maintaining intentional control of behavior under alcohol".

4625: 4209: 4204: 4108: 4070: 3963: 3169:

Petrakis IL, Limoncelli D, Gueorguieva R, Jatlow P, Boutros NN, Trevisan L, et al. (October 2004).

1309: 956: 895: 687: 642: 76: 1718: 5185: 5172: 5116: 4931: 4549: 4342: 4194: 4091: 3580:

Schuckit MA (February 1994). "Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism".

3305: 3113: 2968: 2458: 1911: 803: 694: 638: 541: 512: 393: 349: 49: 1959:"Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia: Underpinnings of Neuronal Death in the Cerebellum" 1841:"Can alcohol lead to inhibition or disinhibition? Applying alcohol myopia to animal experimentation" 5264: 5138: 4879: 4864: 4814: 4519: 4509: 4288: 4218: 4006: 3888: 984: 817: 710: 579: 478: 422: 244: 57: 2638:

Macgregor S, Lind PA, Bucholz KK, Hansell NK, Madden PA, Richter MM, et al. (February 2009).

2009: 1152:, but not to others. The main subtypes responsible for the subjective effects of alcohol are the α 5096: 5039: 5021: 5014: 4955: 4854: 4847: 4809: 4769: 4575: 4476: 4391: 4369: 4223: 4182: 3944: 3527: 3407: 3329: 3278: 3235: 3082: 2937: 2893: 2756: 2712: 2482: 2213: 2059: 1420: 1368: 1364: 96: 1314:

Low doses of alcohol (one 360 mL (13 imp fl oz; 12 US fl oz)

3100:

Hanchar HJ, Chutsrinopkun P, Meera P, Supavilai P, Sieghart W, Wallner M, Olsen RW (May 2006).

2544:

Koppaka V, Thompson DC, Chen Y, Ellermann M, Nicolaou KC, Juvonen RO, et al. (July 2012).

2135:"Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review" 5126: 4996: 4859: 4837: 4740: 4615: 4559: 4337: 4276: 4266: 4238: 4214: 3901: 3840: 3791: 3742: 3701: 3638: 3597: 3562: 3519: 3458: 3399: 3364: 3321: 3270: 3227: 3192: 3141: 3074: 3027: 2996: 2929: 2885: 2849: 2813: 2805: 2795: 2748: 2704: 2669: 2615: 2575: 2526: 2474: 2431: 2381: 2332: 2283: 2248: 2205: 2164: 2051: 1990: 1939: 1862: 1821: 1786: 1690: 1663: 1590: 1572: 1496: 1461: 952: 650: 373: 310: 212: 92: 1541: 1249:

during severe alcohol withdrawal, such as delirium and hallucinations. Other targets such as

1144:, with this mechanism also being responsible for the compound's interaction with the brain's 947:

for glu487lys, and 3% are homozygous for glu487lys. Since ALDH2 assembles and functions as a

110:, residual disruptions in sleep regularity and sleep patterns are the greatest predictors of 17: 5109: 5059: 4703: 4639: 4605: 4598: 4481: 4448: 4438: 3893: 3830: 3822: 3781: 3773: 3732: 3691: 3628: 3589: 3554: 3511: 3448: 3438: 3391: 3356: 3313: 3262: 3219: 3182: 3131: 3121: 3066: 2986: 2976: 2921: 2877: 2841: 2787: 2740: 2696: 2659: 2651: 2607: 2565: 2557: 2516: 2466: 2421: 2371: 2363: 2322: 2314: 2275: 2240: 2195: 2154: 2146: 2043: 2032:"A systematic review of the evidence for acute tolerance to alcohol – the "Mellanby effect"" 1980: 1970: 1929: 1919: 1852: 1813: 1653: 1645: 1564: 1488: 1453: 1372: 1257: 1246: 806:

that many people experience. It has been asserted that GABA signals interfere with both the

706: 299: 2598:

Adams KE, Rans TS (December 2013). "Adverse reactions to alcohol and alcoholic beverages".

2301:

Peng Q, Gizer IR, Libiger O, Bizon C, Wilhelmsen KC, Schork NJ, Ehlers CL (December 2014).

5279: 4960: 4945: 4926: 4431: 4426: 4300: 3760:

Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. (August 2016).

1336: 1293: 1278: 1250: 531: 472: 637:

Ethanol inhibits the ability of glutamate to open the cation channel associated with the

3862: 3617:"Ethanol as a hypnotic in insomniacs: self administration and effects on sleep and mood" 3309: 3117: 2972: 2462: 1915: 5294: 5104: 5084: 5046: 4911: 4332: 4322: 4312: 4120: 4086: 3952: 3835: 3810: 3786: 3761: 3453: 3426: 3136: 3101: 2991: 2956: 2664: 2639: 2570: 2545: 2376: 2351: 2327: 2302: 2279: 2244: 2159: 2134: 1985: 1958: 1934: 1899: 1817: 1658: 1633: 1242: 1130: 832: 526: 304: 290: 88: 72:, so once it is in the bloodstream, it can diffuse into nearly every cell in the body. 69: 3633: 3616: 2521: 2505:"Correlation between alcohol-induced asthma and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype" 2504: 2077: 914:

and then metabolize acetaldehyde primarily by NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (

5327: 5269: 5150: 5054: 4950: 4539: 4471: 4421: 4416: 4401: 4396: 4374: 4283: 4250: 4115: 3984: 3558: 3070: 1568: 1340: 1297: 1221: 1145: 931: 623: 448: 274: 91:, stupor and unconsciousness can both occur. Extreme levels of consumption can cause 65: 3411: 3360: 3333: 3282: 3239: 2941: 2897: 2760: 2716: 2486: 2217: 1747: 1288:

Contrary to popular belief, research suggests that acute exposure to alcohol is not

5229: 5219: 5009: 4305: 3737: 3720: 3656: 3531: 3515: 3086: 2774:

Hendler, Reuben A.; Ramchandani, Vijay A.; Gilman, Jodi; Hommer, Daniel W. (2013).

2063: 944: 911: 702: 698: 100: 2047: 1457: 1285:

and this is likely how it corrupts cerebellar computation and body co-ordination.

3187: 3170: 2470: 1924: 131:

this context, BAC percentages are just estimates used for illustrative purposes.

5160: 5155: 5026: 4906: 4796: 4689: 4461: 4406: 4011: 1261: 1234: 1016: 730: 714: 678:

Behavioral changes associated with drunkenness are, to some degree, contextual.

662: 646: 536: 84: 3696: 3679: 3106:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2961:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2611: 1136:. Alcohol also acts as a stimulant in low doses, as it triggers the release of 5289: 5121: 5069: 5064: 4899: 4869: 4842: 4752: 4534: 4514: 4443: 4026: 4016: 3826: 3777: 3443: 2925: 2367: 1697: 1649: 1393:

compared to people who either abstain from alcohol or who drink more per day.

1376: 1289: 1282: 1233:

upregulation of NMDA receptors because the brain is attempting to reestablish

1126: 968: 940: 935: 837: 794:

through excessive doses in general causes short- or long-term health effects.

683: 439: 158: 107: 3223: 2809: 5224: 5131: 4965: 4764: 4730: 4583: 4554: 4524: 4456: 4411: 4384: 4261: 4232: 4167: 4001: 3996: 3395: 3317: 3210:

Nutt DJ (May 2006). "Alcohol alternatives--a goal for psychopharmacology?".

3126: 2981: 2881: 2775: 1885:

Social and Cultural Aspects of Drinking: A report to the European Commission

1880: 1857: 1840: 1523: 1360: 1356: 1344: 1319: 1238: 1008: 1001: 964: 335: 234: 27:

Overview of the short-term effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages

3905: 3897: 3844: 3795: 3746: 3721:"Systematic review of the effect of daily alcohol intake on blood pressure" 3705: 3642: 3523: 3462: 3403: 3368: 3325: 3274: 3266: 3231: 3196: 3145: 3000: 2933: 2889: 2853: 2817: 2752: 2673: 2619: 2579: 2435: 2385: 2336: 2209: 2168: 2055: 1994: 1975: 1943: 1866: 1825: 1790: 1667: 1576: 1500: 3601: 3593: 3566: 3078: 3031: 2791: 2708: 2561: 2530: 2478: 2287: 2252: 1465: 4894: 4824: 4488: 2655: 2318: 1324: 1269: 1141: 1137: 1020: 997: 976: 948: 654: 359: 279: 223: 80: 45: 1719:"Preventing road traffic injury: A public health perspective for Europe" 4986: 4544: 4103: 2700: 2426: 2409: 2307:

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics

2200: 2183: 2150: 1492: 1381: 1254: 1012: 891: 674: 658: 466: 417: 111: 2845: 2744: 2449:

Wolff PH (January 1972). "Ethnic differences in alcohol sensitivity".

1237:. When a chronic alcohol user stops drinking for more than 10 hours, 3913: 1265: 993: 980: 927: 923: 828: 517: 454: 381: 355: 340: 315: 53: 3719:

McFadden CB, Brensinger CM, Berlin JA, Townsend RR (February 2005).

641:(NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. Stimulated areas include the 1229: 5284: 5192: 4357: 2593: 2591: 2589: 1898:

Jackson J, Donaldson DI, Dering B (3 May 2021). Livesey EJ (ed.).

1030: 915: 907: 903: 899: 413: 364: 140: 133: 31: 1963:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3811:"Interrelations between pain and alcohol: An integrative review" 1315: 795: 561: 3917: 1125:

At low or moderate doses, alcohol acts primarily as a positive

1041:

for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

989: 724: 666: 217: 36:

Symptoms of varying BAC levels. Additional symptoms may occur.

2017:

International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety

95:

and death; a concentration in the blood stream of 0.36% will

686:

in areas of the brain associated with movement, such as the

665:-pattern; such waves are actually observed (with the aid of 1777:

Andréasson S, Allebeck P (28 February – 6 March 2005). "".

1323:

drinkers were stimulated following alcohol consumption. In

1007:

The percentages of glu487lys heterozygous plus homozygous

943:

for the normal allele (sometimes termed ALDH2*1), 40% are

926:

of the ALDH2 gene were found; the variant allele, encodes

3384:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

3020:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

2870:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

2503:

Takao A, Shimoda T, Kohno S, Asai S, Harda S (May 1998).

4721:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

3615:

Roehrs T, Papineau K, Rosenthal L, Roth T (March 1999).

3545:

Stone BM (June 1980). "Sleep and low doses of alcohol".

2408:

Crabb DW, Matsumoto M, Chang D, You M (February 2004).

1887:. Oxford UK: Social Issues Research Centre. March 1998. 1327:, moderate doses of alcohol improve sleep maintenance. 106:

Alcohol can greatly exacerbate sleep problems. During

75:

The concentration of alcohol in blood is measured via

44:

range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and

1748:"Drunk Driving – How Alcohol Affects Driving Ability" 1260:. Other targets that are affected by alcohol include 1148:. Alcohol binds to several different subtypes of GABA 693:

Alcohol has been known to mitigate the production of

3974:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

2010:"The Mellanby Effect in Moderate and Heavy Drinkers" 5247: 5201: 5171: 5095: 4979: 4823: 4795: 4688: 4679: 4645:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

4568: 4497: 4249: 4160: 4129: 4079: 4025: 3962: 3951: 3547:

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology

1540:. Carleton College: Wellness Center. Archived from 827:Another classic finding of alcohol intoxication is 3680:"Moderate alcohol consumption and triglyceridemia" 1616:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1015:of Brazil, 30% in Chinese, 28% in Koreans, 11% in 4650:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 4055:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 3478:"The neuroscience reason we fall over when drunk" 1514:Bigsby C, Ratcliff E, Rexrode L (24 April 1996). 2733:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2633: 2631: 2629: 5032:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 2509:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2268:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2233:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2182:Chen HJ, Tian H, Edenberg HJ (February 2005). 2139:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2108:Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction 1806:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1557:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 3929: 1516:"Page 4: Blood Alcohol Levels And Metabolism" 1192:δ subtypes, although other subtypes such as α 979:and, primarily in patients with a history of 99:. Alcohol may also cause death indirectly by 8: 4594:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 2955:Wallner M, Hanchar HJ, Olsen RW (May 2006). 2133:Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN (December 2018). 1957:Mitoma H, Manto M, Shaikh AG (August 2021). 1371:inside the ear. The endolymph surrounds the 3809:Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW (April 2015). 2776:"Stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol" 2350:Dodge NC, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW (2014). 1627: 1625: 1355:Alcohol can affect balance by altering the 759:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5235:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 4805:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 4685: 3959: 3936: 3922: 3914: 3298:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2780:Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 2600:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2498: 2496: 2008:Moskowitz H, Henderson R, Daily J (1979). 1698:"Federal Aviation Regulation (CFR) 91.17: 1277:subtypes in their brain. Alcohol inhibits 959:(i.e. the "oriental flushing syndrome" or 193:Subtle effects detected with special tests 4137:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 3887: 3834: 3785: 3736: 3695: 3632: 3452: 3442: 3186: 3135: 3125: 2990: 2980: 2663: 2569: 2520: 2425: 2375: 2326: 2199: 2158: 1984: 1974: 1933: 1923: 1856: 1680:A hybridizing of effects as described at 1657: 1004:, the probable evoker of these symptoms. 779:Learn how and when to remove this message 42:short-term effects of alcohol consumption 3059:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2414:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1426:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption 147: 4775:Legal drinking age in the United States 3661:"Why does my head spin when I'm drunk?" 1436: 624:Drunk driving § Effects on driving 661:transmitting electrical signals in an 4758:List of dry communities by U.S. state 2398:Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2006;42(1):8–16 1758:from the original on 26 December 2016 973:alcohol-induced respiratory reactions 882:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions 653:, which are all responsible for both 7: 4271:List of methanol poisoning incidents 1881:"Culture Chemistry and Consequences" 1522:. Radford University. Archived from 757:adding citations to reliable sources 4992:Alcohol consumption recommendations 4917:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 3876:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2078:"What Is a Safe Level of Drinking?" 2030:Holland MG, Ferner RE (July 2017). 1538:"Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)" 4716:Alcohol packaging warning messages 4328:Alcohol use among college students 3990:Drunk driving in the United States 3582:The American Journal of Psychiatry 3175:The American Journal of Psychiatry 3014:Mehta AK, Ticku MK (August 1988). 2280:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00532.x 2245:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01013.x 1818:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02198.x 1446:The American Journal of Physiology 503:Lapses in and out of consciousness 25: 5275:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 5255:Index of alcohol-related articles 4698:Administrative License Suspension 1411:negative pain-related outcomes. 1224:, which plays a critical role in 571:central nervous system depression 499:Central nervous system depression 62:central nervous system depression 5308: 5307: 4709:Alcoholic beverage control state 4505:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 3725:American Journal of Hypertension 1569:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00260.x 1292:in adults and actually prevents 894:primarily through NAD-dependent 729: 669:) whenever the body is relaxed. 4318:Alcohol in association football 3863:Global Status Report on Alcohol 3361:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.10.012 1839:Grant NK, Macdonald TK (2005). 1704:– via FlightPhysical.com. 876:Allergic reaction-like symptoms 820:, colloquially referred to as " 149:Progressive effects of alcohol 4530:List of deaths through alcohol 4348:Epidemiology of binge drinking 4152:Subjective response to alcohol 3738:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.07.020 3516:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.065 3349:Forensic Science International 2834:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2356:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1632:Cederbaum AI (November 2012). 1591:"Sensible Drinking Guidelines" 920:single-nucleotide polymorphism 853:Effect on different population 1: 5015:Sweat alcohol content monitor 4050:Alcoholism in rural Australia 3678:Kovář J, Zemánková K (2015). 3634:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00068-2 3212:Journal of Psychopharmacology 2522:10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70162-9 2048:10.1080/15563650.2017.1296576 1458:10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.2.G291 1039:Disability-adjusted life year 18:Short-term effects of alcohol 4938:Adult Children of Alcoholics 4726:Drunk driving law by country 4142:Long-term effects of alcohol 4060:Disease theory of alcoholism 4045:Alcoholism in family systems 4035:Alcohol and Native Americans 3559:10.1016/0013-4694(80)90427-7 3188:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.10.1776 3071:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90227-X 2471:10.1126/science.175.4020.449 1925:10.1371/journal.pone.0250827 1481:Journal of Forensic Sciences 898:(ADH) class I enzymes (i.e. 588:Positional alcohol nystagmus 4665:International whisk(e)y day 3979:Driving under the influence 125:blood alcohol concentration 97:kill half of those affected 5355: 5181:Christian views on alcohol 4787:List of alcohol laws of US 4065:High-functioning alcoholic 3815:Clinical Psychology Review 3697:10.33549/physiolres.933178 2612:10.1016/j.anai.2013.09.016 1388:Postprandial triglycerides 1307: 879: 867:Based on genetic variation 792:Acute alcohol intoxication 621: 60:(memory "blackouts"), and 5339:Health effects of alcohol 5303: 5080:Alcoholic spirits measure 5065:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 4746:Ignition interlock device 4635:Drunken monkey hypothesis 4468:Routes of administration 4097:Alcohol congener analysis 4040:Alcoholism in adolescence 3867:World Health Organization 3827:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.005 3778:10.1002/14651858.CD012787 3444:10.1186/s12868-015-0162-6 3425:Forrest MD (April 2015). 2926:10.1007/s00213-006-0431-2 2368:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.11.003 1650:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.002 1612:"Drinking Levels Defined" 607:High possibility of death 169: 166: 153: 87:also plays a role. After 3476:Forrest M (April 2015). 3224:10.1177/0269881106063042 2644:Human Molecular Genetics 1746:NHTSA (4 October 2016). 1638:Clinics in Liver Disease 1011:are about 35% in native 509:Low possibility of death 103:, caused from vomiting. 68:are highly permeable to 5260:Alcohol and spaceflight 5002:Alcohol server training 4875:Managed alcohol program 4453:Binge drinking devices 4147:Pharmacology of ethanol 3621:Neuropsychopharmacology 3396:10.1124/jpet.103.064063 3318:10.1196/annals.1369.010 3127:10.1073/pnas.0509903103 2982:10.1073/pnas.0600194103 2882:10.1124/jpet.104.080275 2550:Pharmacological Reviews 1367:, the fluid inside the 800:gamma-aminobutyric acid 434:Inhibited sexual desire 4865:Alcohol rehabilitation 4833:Alcohol detoxification 4736:Field sobriety testing 4621:Health effects of wine 4589:International Beer Day 4353:Holiday heart syndrome 3690:(Suppl 3): S371–S375. 3684:Physiological Research 3267:10.1124/mol.106.033043 3255:Molecular Pharmacology 1976:10.3390/ijerph18168678 1845:Alcohol and Alcoholism 1520:Alcohol Awareness Page 1279:sodium-potassium pumps 1122: 961:Alcohol flush reaction 886:Alcohol flush reaction 270:Reduced affect display 265:Alcohol flush reaction 145: 138: 37: 5117:Disulfiram-like drugs 4657:Ritual use of alcohol 4626:Wine and food pairing 4611:Apéritif and digestif 4262:Adulterated moonshine 4109:Blood alcohol content 4071:Seeing pink elephants 3594:10.1176/ajp.151.2.184 2792:10.1007/7854_2011_135 2562:10.1124/pr.111.005538 2104:"Drinking Guidelines" 1858:10.1093/alcalc/agh177 1598:Alcohol in Moderation 1544:on 14 September 2009. 1452:(2 Pt 1): G291–G298. 1310:Alcohol use and sleep 1034: 983:, mild to moderately 896:alcohol dehydrogenase 688:nigrostriatal pathway 506:Loss of understanding 144: 137: 77:blood alcohol content 35: 5186:Alcohol in the Bible 5173:Religion and alcohol 5139:General anaesthetics 4932:Alcoholics Anonymous 4890:List of mixed drinks 4343:Alcohol intoxication 4258:Adulterated alcohol 3898:10.1093/icb/44.4.269 2319:10.1002/ajmg.b.32272 1634:"Alcohol metabolism" 1618:. 14 September 2011. 1119: more than 1050 753:improve this section 695:antidiuretic hormone 639:N-methyl-D-aspartate 566:Possibility of death 542:Urinary incontinence 513:Pulmonary aspiration 394:erectile dysfunction 5265:Gateway drug effect 5051:Low-alcohol drinks 4880:Non-alcoholic drink 4815:Temperance movement 4797:Alcohol prohibition 4520:Gilbert Paul Jordan 4510:Dionysian Mysteries 4294:on college campuses 4289:Alcohol advertising 4007:Public intoxication 3731:(2 Pt 1): 276–286. 3659:(8 February 2011). 3310:2006NYASA1074..104D 3118:2006PNAS..103.8546H 2973:2006PNAS..103.8540W 2463:1972Sci...175..449W 2036:Clinical Toxicology 1916:2021PLoSO..1650827J 1700:Alcohol and Flying" 1683:"Alcohol's Effects" 1369:semicircular canals 985:bronchoconstriction 818:Anterograde amnesia 711:posterior pituitary 709:information to the 580:Respiratory failure 479:physical disability 423:Anterograde amnesia 245:attentional control 150: 58:anterograde amnesia 56:, unconsciousness, 5097:Addiction medicine 5040:Get Your Sexy Back 4980:Alcohol limitation 4956:Sober living house 4922:Twelve-step groups 4855:Brief intervention 4848:Open-container law 4810:Neo-prohibitionism 4770:Legal drinking age 4576:Alcoholic beverage 4477:Alcohol inhalation 4392:Drinking in public 4370:Blackout Wednesday 4228:Beverage-specific 3945:Alcohol and health 3865:(Report). Geneva: 2914:Psychopharmacology 2701:10.1007/bf00197271 2656:10.1093/hmg/ddn372 2427:10.1079/PNS2003327 2201:10.1002/humu.20127 2151:10.1111/acer.13904 1493:10.1520/JFS2002420 1421:Alcohol and health 1384:, or "the spins". 1365:otolithic membrane 1333:rapid eye movement 1123: 1053: less than 50 890:Humans metabolize 618:Effects on driving 537:Resting heart rate 350:expressed emotions 148: 146: 139: 89:excessive drinking 52:(drunkenness), to 48:at lower doses to 38: 5321: 5320: 5243: 5242: 5193:Islam and alcohol 5127:Calcium carbimide 4997:Alcohol education 4885:List of cocktails 4860:Designated driver 4838:Alcohol-free zone 4741:Hip flask defence 4675: 4674: 4616:Hangover remedies 4560:Whiskey Rebellion 4550:Six o'clock swill 4338:Austrian syndrome 4277:Surrogate alcohol 4267:Denatured alcohol 4239:Red wine headache 3181:(10): 1776–1782. 3112:(22): 8546–8551. 2967:(22): 8540–8545. 2846:10.1021/jm990341r 2801:978-3-642-28719-0 2745:10.1159/000301583 2457:(4020): 449–450. 2145:(12): 2281–2297. 1241:can occur due to 953:dominant negative 930:(lys) instead of 804:memory impairment 789: 788: 781: 651:nucleus accumbens 615: 614: 469:(memory blackout) 374:Gross motor skill 311:Peripheral vision 213:social inhibition 186:May appear normal 118:Effects by dosage 93:alcohol poisoning 64:at higher doses. 16:(Redirected from 5346: 5334:Drinking culture 5311: 5310: 5110:Chlordiazepoxide 5060:Low-alcohol beer 4704:Alcohol monopoly 4686: 4606:Drinking culture 4599:Women in brewing 4482:Vodka eyeballing 4449:Passive drinking 3960: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3891: 3870: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3446: 3431:BMC Neuroscience 3422: 3416: 3415: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3355:(2–3): 131–135. 3344: 3338: 3337: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3129: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3034:. Archived from 3011: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2984: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2595: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2330: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2239:(6): 1494–1499. 2228: 2222: 2221: 2203: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2162: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2110:. Archived from 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1978: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1937: 1927: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1694: 1689:. Archived from 1678: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1526:on 4 March 2012. 1511: 1505: 1504: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1441: 1373:ampullary cupula 1247:delirium tremens 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 784: 777: 773: 770: 764: 733: 725: 707:osmotic pressure 447:Partial loss of 300:Depth perception 154:BAC (% by vol.) 151: 21: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5299: 5280:Self-medication 5239: 5197: 5167: 5105:Benzodiazepines 5091: 4975: 4961:Sobering center 4946:Sober companion 4927:Al-Anon/Alateen 4819: 4791: 4681: 4671: 4564: 4493: 4433:In vino veritas 4427:Hair of the dog 4245: 4161:Adverse effects 4156: 4125: 4075: 4021: 3965: 3964:Alcohol-related 3955: 3947: 3942: 3912: 3873: 3861: 3857: 3855:Further reading 3852: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2802: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2637: 2636: 2627: 2597: 2596: 2587: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2084:. 15 March 2019 2076: 2075: 2071: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1910:(5): e0250827. 1897: 1896: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1696: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1375:which contains 1353: 1337:slow wave sleep 1312: 1306: 1294:NMDA antagonist 1276: 1251:sodium channels 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1134: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1029: 1027:Pathophysiology 888: 880:Main articles: 878: 869: 860: 855: 846: 844:Mellanby effect 785: 774: 768: 765: 750: 734: 723: 721:Excessive doses 635: 626: 620: 473:Unconsciousness 453:Possibility of 354:Possibility of 120: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5295:French paradox 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5151:Sulfonic acids 5148: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5085:Standard drink 5082: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5049: 5047:Liquor license 5044: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4919: 4914: 4912:Temperance bar 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4333:Binge drinking 4330: 4325: 4323:Alcohol powder 4320: 4315: 4313:Alcohol myopia 4310: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4226: 4221: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4121:Wine chemistry 4118: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4087:Beer chemistry 4083: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3910: 3889:10.1.1.536.262 3882:(4): 269–274. 3871: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3801: 3772:(6): 441–450. 3752: 3711: 3670: 3648: 3627:(3): 279–286. 3607: 3588:(2): 184–189. 3572: 3553:(6): 706–709. 3537: 3504:Brain Research 3494: 3468: 3417: 3390:(3): 987–994. 3374: 3339: 3304:(1): 104–115. 3288: 3245: 3218:(3): 318–320. 3202: 3161: 3151: 3092: 3065:(1): 163–167. 3049: 3038:on 31 May 2021 3026:(2): 558–564. 3006: 2947: 2920:(3): 321–330. 2903: 2876:(2): 658–667. 2859: 2823: 2800: 2766: 2722: 2695:(3): 344–346. 2689:Human Genetics 2679: 2650:(3): 580–593. 2625: 2606:(6): 439–445. 2585: 2556:(3): 520–539. 2536: 2515:(5): 576–580. 2492: 2441: 2400: 2391: 2342: 2313:(8): 673–683. 2293: 2274:(1): 141–144. 2258: 2223: 2194:(2): 150–155. 2188:Human Mutation 2174: 2125: 2095: 2069: 2042:(6): 545–556. 2022: 2000: 1949: 1890: 1872: 1851:(5): 373–378. 1831: 1812:(2): 192–197. 1796: 1785:(9): 632–637. 1779:Läkartidningen 1769: 1738: 1710: 1693:on 5 May 2007. 1673: 1644:(4): 667–685. 1621: 1603: 1582: 1547: 1529: 1506: 1471: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1397:Blood pressure 1395: 1389: 1386: 1352: 1349: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1274: 1243:excitotoxicity 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1132: 1115: 1113: 950–1050 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1028: 1025: 922:(SNP) variant 877: 874: 868: 865: 859: 856: 854: 851: 845: 842: 833:Truncal ataxia 787: 786: 737: 735: 728: 722: 719: 705:, which relay 634: 633:Moderate doses 631: 622:Main article: 619: 616: 613: 612: 610: 609: 608: 603: 600: 597: 593: 592: 591: 590: 585: 582: 575: 574: 573: 567: 564: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 527:Dysequilibrium 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 507: 504: 501: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 482: 481: 475: 470: 462: 461: 460: 457: 451: 445: 442: 437: 431: 425: 420: 409: 406: 403: 399: 398: 397: 396: 390: 387: 386:Slurred speech 384: 379: 378:Motor planning 376: 369: 368: 367: 362: 352: 346: 345:Boisterousness 343: 338: 331: 328: 325: 321: 320: 319: 318: 313: 308: 302: 295: 294: 293: 291:pain tolerance 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 260: 257: 254: 250: 249: 248: 247: 239: 238: 237: 231: 226: 220: 215: 207: 204: 201: 197: 196: 195: 194: 189: 188: 187: 182: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 155: 119: 116: 66:Cell membranes 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5351: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270:Mood disorder 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5144:Nitrous oxide 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Fermented tea 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Sober curious 4949: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Ladies' night 4638: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Rum Rebellion 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472:Alcohol enema 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:Flaming drink 4420: 4418: 4417:Dutch courage 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Drunk walking 4400: 4398: 4397:Drunk dialing 4395: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4375:Drinking game 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284:Alcohol abuse 4282: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4251:Social issues 4248: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188:breast cancer 4186: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Fusel alcohol 4114: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3985:Drunk driving 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3261:(1): 95–102. 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2114:on 7 May 2019 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1687:Virginia Tech 1684: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341:glutamatergic 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1298:neurotoxicity 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:NMDA receptor 1218: 1147: 1146:reward system 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129:modulator of 1128: 1107: 850–950 1101: 750–850 1095: 650–750 1089: 550–650 1083: 450–550 1077: 350–450 1071: 250–350 1065: 150–250 1047: no data 1040: 1037: 1036:Epidemiology: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 933: 932:glutamic acid 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 887: 883: 875: 873: 866: 864: 857: 852: 850: 843: 841: 839: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 813: 812:consolidation 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 780: 772: 762: 758: 754: 748: 747: 743: 738:This section 736: 732: 727: 726: 720: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:osmoreceptors 696: 691: 689: 685: 679: 676: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 630: 625: 617: 611: 606: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 576: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 519: 516: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 480: 476: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 463: 458: 456: 452: 450: 449:understanding 446: 443: 441: 438: 435: 432: 430: 426: 424: 421: 419: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 404: 401: 400: 395: 391: 388: 385: 383: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 370: 366: 363: 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 329: 326: 323: 322: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 296: 292: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 275:Disinhibition 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 240: 236: 232: 230: 227: 225: 221: 219: 216: 214: 210: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 190: 185: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 163: 160: 156: 152: 143: 136: 132: 128: 126: 117: 115: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 34: 30: 19: 5230:Gin Act 1751 5220:Bratt System 5213: 5209: 5076:Measurement 5010:Breathalyzer 4780:Shoulder tap 4432: 4306:Beer goggles 4136: 3879: 3875: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3664: 3651: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3510:(1): 66–74. 3507: 3503: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3481: 3471: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3154: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3036:the original 3023: 3019: 3009: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2840:(1): 71–95. 2837: 2833: 2826: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2739:(1): 86–94. 2736: 2732: 2725: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2647: 2643: 2603: 2599: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2512: 2508: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2420:(1): 49–63. 2417: 2413: 2403: 2394: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2116:. Retrieved 2112:the original 2107: 2098: 2086:. Retrieved 2081: 2072: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2016: 2003: 1969:(16): 8678. 1966: 1962: 1952: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1760:. Retrieved 1751: 1741: 1729:. Retrieved 1726:Euro.who.int 1725: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691:the original 1676: 1641: 1637: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1585: 1563:(1): 19–27. 1560: 1556: 1550: 1542:the original 1532: 1524:the original 1519: 1509: 1487:(4): 874–9. 1484: 1480: 1474: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1354: 1343:activity by 1329: 1313: 1287: 1228:by allowing 1219: 1124: 1059: 50–150 1035: 1006: 945:heterozygous 912:acetaldehyde 889: 870: 861: 858:Based on sex 847: 826: 822:blacking out 816: 811: 808:registration 807: 790: 775: 766: 751:Please help 739: 703:hypothalamus 692: 680: 671: 636: 627: 553:86.80–108.5 550:0.400–0.500 487:0.300–0.399 402:0.200–0.299 324:0.100–0.199 285:Extraversion 253:0.060–0.099 200:0.030–0.059 175:0.001–0.029 129: 121: 105: 101:asphyxiation 74: 50:intoxication 41: 39: 29: 5210:Beer Street 5161:Homotaurine 5156:Acamprosate 5027:Dry January 5006:Monitoring 4907:Teetotalism 4900:Malt drinks 4690:Alcohol law 4462:Yard of ale 4407:Drunkorexia 4219:intolerance 4012:Rum-running 3766:Circulation 3665:Scienceline 3482:Science 2.0 2786:: 489–509. 2082:alcohol.org 1363:within the 1262:cannabinoid 1235:homeostasis 1017:Thai people 967:, systemic 715:dehydration 663:alpha waves 647:hippocampus 440:Mood swings 170:Impairment 83:, although 5328:Categories 5290:Town drunk 5122:Disulfiram 5070:Small beer 5036:Campaigns 4870:Drunk tank 4843:Dry campus 4753:Dry county 4535:Rum ration 4515:Dipsomania 4444:Pantsdrunk 4237:Red wine: 4027:Alcoholism 4017:Wine fraud 3437:(27): 27. 2019:: 184–189. 1432:References 1377:hair cells 1325:insomniacs 1290:neurotoxic 1283:cerebellum 1258:arrhythmia 1127:allosteric 969:dermatitis 941:homozygous 936:amino acid 838:cerebellum 769:April 2017 684:metabolism 599:>108.5 584:Heart rate 490:65.1–86.6 429:sensations 405:43.4–64.9 392:Temporary 389:Staggering 327:21.7–43.3 289:Increased 256:13.0–21.5 243:Decreased 233:Increased 229:Relaxation 218:Joyousness 211:Decreased 157:SI units ( 108:abstinence 5225:Dry state 5132:Cyanamide 4966:Sobrietol 4765:Last call 4731:DWI court 4584:Beer mile 4555:Speakeasy 4525:Gin Craze 4457:Beer bong 4412:Dry drunk 4385:Pregaming 4233:Potomania 4215:Tolerance 4205:Pregnancy 4080:Chemistry 4002:Nip joint 3997:Moonshine 3884:CiteSeerX 3821:: 57–71. 2810:1866-3370 2362:: 43–50. 1361:endolymph 1357:viscosity 1345:adenosine 1320:dissipate 1296:-induced 1239:apoptosis 1009:genotypes 1002:histamine 996:-related 965:urticaria 934:(glu) at 740:does not 596:>0.50 532:Breathing 427:Impaired 336:Analgesia 316:Reasoning 235:verbosity 203:6.5–12.8 178:0.22–6.3 167:Behavior 85:hydration 81:hangovers 5313:Category 5214:Gin Lane 4971:Quit lit 4895:Spritzer 4825:Sobriety 4680:Alcohol 4661:Whiskey 4489:Sconcing 4439:Nightcap 4365:Blackout 4195:Cortisol 4092:Congener 3906:21676709 3845:25766100 3796:27502908 3747:15752957 3706:26680670 3643:10063488 3524:15518643 3463:25928094 3412:18823121 3404:14978193 3369:17129694 3334:35478580 3326:17105908 3283:10640296 3275:17440117 3240:44290147 3232:16574703 3197:15465973 3146:16581914 3042:1 August 3001:16698930 2942:32950492 2934:16783540 2898:97681615 2890:15650112 2854:10633039 2818:21560041 2761:37418991 2753:20357489 2717:20451607 2674:18996923 2620:24267355 2580:22544865 2487:29099223 2436:15099407 2386:24263126 2337:25270064 2218:31530032 2210:15643610 2169:30320893 2056:28277803 1995:34444449 1944:33939715 1904:PLOS ONE 1867:15996970 1826:11236832 1791:15804034 1762:19 March 1756:Archived 1668:23101976 1577:17207097 1501:12877310 1415:See also 1270:dopamine 1142:striatum 1138:dopamine 1021:in vitro 998:allergen 977:rhinitis 957:flushing 949:tetramer 810:and the 675:placebos 655:thinking 602:>500 556:400–500 493:300–399 459:Vomiting 408:200–299 382:Reflexes 360:vomiting 330:100–199 307:recovery 280:Euphoria 224:euphoria 46:euphoria 5248:Related 5202:History 4987:0-0-1-3 4682:control 4569:General 4545:Shebeen 4498:History 4168:Anxiety 4130:Effects 4104:Ethanol 3953:Alcohol 3869:. 2018. 3836:4385458 3787:6483609 3657:Nuwer R 3602:8296886 3567:6155259 3532:9346522 3487:24 June 3454:4417229 3306:Bibcode 3159:701-706 3137:1482528 3114:Bibcode 3087:6396416 3079:2543989 3032:2457076 2992:1482527 2969:Bibcode 2709:1733836 2665:2722191 2571:3400832 2531:9600491 2479:5007912 2459:Bibcode 2451:Science 2377:3943945 2328:4364382 2288:2024727 2253:8749816 2160:6286250 2118:5 April 2088:5 April 2064:1243192 1986:8391842 1935:8092761 1912:Bibcode 1731:2 March 1659:3484320 1600:. 2018. 1466:2764113 1382:vertigo 1359:of the 1351:Balance 1281:in the 1255:cardiac 1184:δ and α 1140:in the 1013:Caboclo 892:ethanol 761:removed 746:sources 701:in the 659:neurons 569:Severe 477:Severe 467:Amnesia 418:sadness 112:relapse 70:alcohol 5022:FRAMES 4231:Beer: 4224:Weight 4200:Memory 4183:Cancer 3966:crimes 3904: 3886: 3843: 3833: 3794: 3784: 3745: 3704: 3641: 3600: 3565: 3530: 3522: 3461: 3451: 3410: 3402: 3367: 3332: 3324: 3281: 3273: 3238: 3230: 3195: 3144: 3134: 3085: 3077: 3030: 2999: 2989: 2940: 2932: 2896: 2888: 2852: 2816: 2808: 2798: 2759: 2751: 2715: 2707: 2672: 2662: 2618: 2578: 2568: 2529: 2485: 2477: 2434: 2384: 2374: 2335: 2325: 2286: 2251: 2216: 2208: 2167: 2157: 2062: 2054: 1993: 1983: 1942: 1932: 1865: 1824: 1789: 1666: 1656: 1575: 1499: 1464: 1266:opioid 1117: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 994:T cell 981:asthma 975:(i.e. 971:, and 928:lysine 924:allele 906:, and 829:ataxia 649:, and 643:cortex 518:Stupor 455:stupor 444:Nausea 356:nausea 341:Ataxia 259:60–99 206:30–59 164:mg/dL 54:stupor 5285:Spins 4940:(ACA) 4934:(AA): 4700:(ALS) 4580:Beer 4358:Zapoy 4210:Sleep 4178:Brain 4173:Aging 4067:(HFA) 3981:(DUI) 3528:S2CID 3408:S2CID 3330:S2CID 3279:S2CID 3236:S2CID 3083:S2CID 2938:S2CID 2894:S2CID 2757:S2CID 2713:S2CID 2483:S2CID 2214:S2CID 2060:S2CID 2013:(PDF) 1752:NHTSA 1722:(PDF) 1594:(PDF) 1304:Sleep 1204:and α 992:- or 916:ALDH2 910:) to 908:ADH1C 904:ADH1B 900:ADH1A 436:(ISD) 414:Anger 365:Spins 348:Over- 305:Glare 222:Mild 181:1–29 5212:and 4380:list 3902:PMID 3841:PMID 3792:PMID 3743:PMID 3702:PMID 3639:PMID 3598:PMID 3563:PMID 3520:PMID 3508:1028 3489:2015 3459:PMID 3400:PMID 3365:PMID 3322:PMID 3302:1074 3271:PMID 3228:PMID 3193:PMID 3142:PMID 3075:PMID 3044:2010 3028:PMID 2997:PMID 2930:PMID 2886:PMID 2850:PMID 2814:PMID 2806:ISSN 2796:ISBN 2749:PMID 2705:PMID 2670:PMID 2616:PMID 2576:PMID 2527:PMID 2475:PMID 2432:PMID 2382:PMID 2333:PMID 2311:165B 2284:PMID 2249:PMID 2206:PMID 2165:PMID 2120:2019 2090:2019 2052:PMID 1991:PMID 1940:PMID 1863:PMID 1822:PMID 1787:PMID 1764:2021 1733:2022 1695:and 1664:PMID 1573:PMID 1497:PMID 1462:PMID 1406:Pain 1316:beer 1273:GABA 1268:and 1230:Ca2+ 1131:GABA 884:and 796:NMDA 744:any 742:cite 667:EEGs 562:Coma 358:and 40:The 4301:Sex 3956:use 3894:doi 3831:PMC 3823:doi 3782:PMC 3774:doi 3770:134 3733:doi 3692:doi 3629:doi 3590:doi 3586:151 3555:doi 3512:doi 3449:PMC 3439:doi 3392:doi 3388:309 3357:doi 3353:171 3314:doi 3263:doi 3220:doi 3183:doi 3179:161 3132:PMC 3122:doi 3110:103 3067:doi 3024:246 2987:PMC 2977:doi 2965:103 2922:doi 2918:187 2878:doi 2874:313 2842:doi 2788:doi 2741:doi 2737:153 2697:doi 2660:PMC 2652:doi 2608:doi 2604:111 2566:PMC 2558:doi 2517:doi 2513:101 2467:doi 2455:175 2422:doi 2372:PMC 2364:doi 2323:PMC 2315:doi 2276:doi 2241:doi 2196:doi 2155:PMC 2147:doi 2044:doi 1981:PMC 1971:doi 1930:PMC 1920:doi 1853:doi 1814:doi 1783:102 1654:PMC 1646:doi 1565:doi 1489:doi 1454:doi 1450:257 1226:LTP 1176:, α 1164:, α 990:IgE 963:), 755:by 416:or 5330:: 3900:. 3892:. 3880:44 3878:. 3839:. 3829:. 3819:37 3817:. 3813:. 3790:. 3780:. 3768:. 3764:. 3741:. 3729:18 3727:. 3723:. 3700:. 3688:64 3686:. 3682:. 3663:. 3637:. 3625:20 3623:. 3619:. 3596:. 3584:. 3561:. 3551:48 3549:. 3526:. 3518:. 3506:. 3480:. 3457:. 3447:. 3435:16 3433:. 3429:. 3406:. 3398:. 3386:. 3363:. 3351:. 3328:. 3320:. 3312:. 3300:. 3277:. 3269:. 3259:72 3257:. 3234:. 3226:. 3216:20 3214:. 3191:. 3177:. 3173:. 3140:. 3130:. 3120:. 3108:. 3104:. 3081:. 3073:. 3063:32 3061:. 3022:. 3018:. 2995:. 2985:. 2975:. 2963:. 2959:. 2936:. 2928:. 2916:. 2892:. 2884:. 2872:. 2848:. 2838:43 2836:. 2812:. 2804:. 2794:. 2784:13 2782:. 2778:. 2755:. 2747:. 2735:. 2711:. 2703:. 2693:88 2691:. 2668:. 2658:. 2648:18 2646:. 2642:. 2628:^ 2614:. 2602:. 2588:^ 2574:. 2564:. 2554:64 2552:. 2548:. 2525:. 2511:. 2507:. 2495:^ 2481:. 2473:. 2465:. 2453:. 2430:. 2418:63 2416:. 2412:. 2380:. 2370:. 2360:41 2358:. 2354:. 2331:. 2321:. 2309:. 2305:. 2282:. 2272:15 2270:. 2247:. 2237:19 2235:. 2212:. 2204:. 2192:25 2190:. 2186:. 2163:. 2153:. 2143:42 2141:. 2137:. 2106:. 2080:. 2058:. 2050:. 2040:55 2038:. 2034:. 2015:. 1989:. 1979:. 1967:18 1965:. 1961:. 1938:. 1928:. 1918:. 1908:16 1906:. 1902:. 1883:. 1861:. 1849:40 1847:. 1843:. 1820:. 1810:25 1808:. 1781:. 1754:. 1750:. 1724:. 1685:. 1662:. 1652:. 1642:16 1640:. 1636:. 1624:^ 1614:. 1596:. 1571:. 1561:31 1559:. 1518:. 1495:. 1485:48 1483:. 1460:. 1448:. 1300:. 1264:, 902:, 840:. 717:. 645:, 161:) 159:mM 114:. 4273:) 4269:( 4217:/ 3937:e 3930:t 3923:v 3908:. 3896:: 3847:. 3825:: 3798:. 3776:: 3749:. 3735:: 3708:. 3694:: 3667:. 3645:. 3631:: 3604:. 3592:: 3569:. 3557:: 3534:. 3514:: 3491:. 3465:. 3441:: 3414:. 3394:: 3371:. 3359:: 3336:. 3316:: 3308:: 3285:. 3265:: 3242:. 3222:: 3199:. 3185:: 3148:. 3124:: 3116:: 3089:. 3069:: 3046:. 3003:. 2979:: 2971:: 2944:. 2924:: 2900:. 2880:: 2856:. 2844:: 2820:. 2790:: 2763:. 2743:: 2719:. 2699:: 2676:. 2654:: 2622:. 2610:: 2582:. 2560:: 2533:. 2519:: 2489:. 2469:: 2461:: 2438:. 2424:: 2388:. 2366:: 2339:. 2317:: 2290:. 2278:: 2255:. 2243:: 2220:. 2198:: 2171:. 2149:: 2122:. 2092:. 2066:. 2046:: 1997:. 1973:: 1946:. 1922:: 1914:: 1869:. 1855:: 1828:. 1816:: 1793:. 1766:. 1735:. 1670:. 1648:: 1579:. 1567:: 1503:. 1491:: 1468:. 1456:: 1275:A 1214:2 1212:γ 1210:3 1208:β 1206:3 1202:2 1200:γ 1198:3 1196:β 1194:2 1190:3 1188:β 1186:6 1182:3 1180:β 1178:4 1174:2 1172:γ 1170:3 1168:β 1166:5 1162:2 1160:γ 1158:3 1156:β 1154:1 1150:A 1133:A 782:) 776:( 771:) 767:( 763:. 749:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.