610:
722:
698:
1329:
734:
653:
598:
231:
665:
86:
749:
629:
641:
61:
710:
42:
464:
These are relatively large snake eagles. Adults are 59 to 70 cm (23 to 28 in) long with a 162 to 195 cm (5 ft 4 in to 6 ft 5 in) wingspan and weigh 1.2–2.3 kg (2.6–5.1 lb), an average weight for the species is about 1.7 kg (3.7 lb). They can be
472:
The short-toed snake eagle spends more time on the wing than do most members of its genus. It favours soaring over hill slopes and hilltops on updraughts, and it does much of its hunting from this position at heights of up to 500 m (1,600 ft). When quartering open country it frequently
569:
The short-toed snake eagle has suffered a steep decline in numbers and range in Europe and is now rare and still decreasing in several countries due to changes in agriculture and land use. It needs protection. In the middle and far eastern part of its range, this species is not yet threatened.
1348:
546:
The short-toed snake eagle is found in open cultivated plains, arid stony deciduous scrub areas and foothills and semi-desert areas. It requires trees for nesting and open habitats, such as cultivations and grasslands for foraging.
465:
recognised in the field by their predominantly white underside, the upper parts being greyish brown. The chin, throat and upper breast are a pale, earthy brown. The tail has 3 or 4 bars. Additional indications are an
677:
1783:
697:
609:
680:
684:
683:
679:
678:
685:
563:. Sometimes they become entangled with larger snakes and battle on the ground. Occasionally, they prey on small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, and rarely birds and large insects.
1057:
Ng, N.S.R.; Christidis, L.; Olsen, J.; Norman, J.; Rheindt, F.E. (2017). "A new subspecies of Short-toed Snake-eagle from
Wallacea determined from morphological and DNA comparison".
682:
1900:
566:
This eagle is generally very silent. On occasions, it emits a variety of musical whistling notes. When breeding, it lays only one egg. It can live up to 17 years.
2110:
1952:
2080:
2045:
1131:
Bakaloudis, D.E. (2010). "Hunting strategies and foraging performance of the short-toed eagle in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli
National Park, north-east Greece".
2085:
1243:
Bakaloudis D.E.; C.G. Vlachos (2011). "Feeding habits and provisioning rate of breeding short-toed eagles
Circaetus gallicus in northeastern Greece".
531:, leaving in September/October and returning in April/May. In the Middle and Far East the populations are resident. In Europe, it is most numerous in
1861:
721:
1913:
1193:"Habitat use by short-toed eagles Circaetus gallicus and their reptilian prey during the breeding season in Dadia Forest (north-eastern Greece)"
933:
911:
579:
383:
1386:
1041:
1033:
1029:
834:
856:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
582:
says that he kept one of these eagles in captivity and observed its behavior. The captive bird ate mice and frogs, and he states that the
1224:
Bakaloudis, D.E. (2009). "Implications for conservation of foraging sites selected by Short-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus) in Greece".
681:
733:
1874:
1809:
1086:
826:
748:
2115:
2095:
2100:
2075:
2004:
1822:
597:
2065:
901:
The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that
Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
1918:
820:
1939:
652:
2070:
937:
2060:
1747:
1546:
1488:
870:
375:
896:
Ornithologie, ou, MĂ©thode
Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
709:
628:
1879:
1304:
1840:
1495:
1460:
990:
945:
85:
1957:
1853:
1474:
1379:
1318:
2090:
2055:
1596:
1567:
1340:
890:
616:
379:
664:
1335:
850:
345:
197:
1689:
374:. Gmelin based his description on the "Jean le Blanc" that had been described by the English ornithologist
1734:
1651:
1560:
1553:
1752:
1574:
1539:
967:
393:
368:
180:
640:
2009:
797:
1716:
1698:
1372:
1263:
941:
452:
1517:
506:
341:
50:
1160:"Nest spacing and breeding performance in Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus in northeast Greece"
2050:
524:
80:
1905:
230:
1978:
1931:
1770:
1481:
1037:
830:
859:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 259.
535:
where it is fairly common but elsewhere it is rare in many parts of its range. A bird on the
1983:
1618:
1395:
1204:
1171:
1140:
1066:
994:
915:
792:
740:
1739:
1703:
971:
2105:
1965:
1309:
536:
354:
137:
1328:
774:
1848:
1835:
1354:
1209:
1192:
703:
Short-toed snake eagle in its nest, Rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, Andhra
Pradesh, India
540:
520:
474:
306:
41:
2039:
1926:
1507:
1144:
1091:
783:
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397:
349:
314:
70:
65:
2022:
1788:
1280:
949:
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1608:
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363:
294:
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286:
147:
1775:
1762:
1996:
1827:
1305:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
879:. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 39, No. 17.
1944:
1887:
1683:
1586:
1428:
1400:
498:
429:(Gmelin, JF, 1788) – southwest Europe to central Asia, northwest China and India
298:
17:
2017:
1358:
1176:
1159:
1070:
998:
922:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 124; Plate 4.
419:
1674:
899:(in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 443.
1529:
1450:
510:
486:
388:
157:
97:
516:
Those present on the northern edge of the
Mediterranean and other parts of
1814:
1668:
1438:
1364:
117:
1726:
469:-like rounded head, brightly yellow eyes and lightly barred under wing.
1970:
1866:
1711:
1418:
528:
302:
1285:. Vol. 1. Translated by Anonymous. London. 1793. pp. 86–95.
560:
517:
494:
444:
329:
107:
1892:
1801:
1645:
1282:
The natural history of birds from the French of the Count de Buffon
543:, in October 1999 was the first confirmed record for that country.
358:. He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the
1991:
1796:
1633:
1410:
620:
556:
532:
448:
412:
359:
440:
436:
127:
1649:
1368:
1299:
466:
435:
Ng, NSR, Christidis, Olsen, Norman & Rheindt, 2017 – east
1090:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona:
956:. Vol. 5. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 413.
392:
that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist
386:. The short-toed snake eagle is now placed in the genus
1084:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994).
586:
was well known by French farmers for raiding poultry.
222:- Ng, N, Christidis, Olsen, Norman & Rheindt, 2017
999:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors"
1191:
Bakaloudis, D.E.; C. Vlachos; G.J. Holloway (1998).
1658:
1606:
1584:
1527:
1505:
1448:
1426:
1408:
1158:Bakaloudis, D.E.; C. Vlachos; G. Holloway (2005).
1268:. Vol. 1. Military Orphan Press. p. 77.
798:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734216A95078150.en
976:(in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 23.
973:Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire
477:. When it soars it does so on flattish wings.
1380:
8:
1026:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
822:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1646:
1387:
1373:
1365:
1355:Audio recordings of Short-toed Snake Eagle
1327:
754:Short-toed snake eagle. Saswad,Pune,India.
229:
59:
40:
31:
1880:short-toed-snake-eagle-circaetus-gallicus
1208:
1175:
796:
293:, which also includes many other diurnal
954:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
765:
593:
348:in his revised and expanded edition of
1106:Field Guide to Birds of Western Africa
2111:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1005:. International Ornithologists' Union
985:
983:
825:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
1854:890d13e4-8725-4d98-a605-80b2aa27e897
1349:Short-toed snake eagle photo gallery
1028:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
555:Its prey is mostly reptiles, mainly
2081:Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa
2046:IUCN Red List least concern species
784:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
578:In his description of the species,
1210:10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00001.x
1087:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
2086:Birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands
1121:. American University of Armenia.
1119:A field guide to birds of Armenia
715:The short toes that give the name
344:in 1788 by the German naturalist
1145:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00691.x
1003:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
934:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
912:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
747:
732:
720:
708:
696:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
608:
596:
407:, "eagle". The specific epithet
84:
1310:BirdLife species factsheet for
773:BirdLife International (2016).
340:The short-toed snake eagle was
1336:"Short-toed Snake-eagle media"
1245:Journal of Biological Research
920:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
603:Characteristic white underside
509:and also further east in some
378:and the French ornithologists
1:
489:species found throughout the
396:. The genus name is from the
1351:at VIREO (Drexel University)
634:Swallowing prey while flying
1547:Great Nicobar serpent eagle
1489:Southern banded snake eagle
946:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
876:A General Synopsis of Birds
2132:
1496:Western banded snake eagle
1197:Journal of Applied Ecology
1024:Jobling, James A. (2010).
938:Martinet, François-Nicolas
819:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1628:
1475:Black-chested snake eagle
1177:10.1080/00063650509461407
1071:10.11646/zootaxa.4358.2.9
891:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
237:
228:
210:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2116:Fauna of the Thar Desert
2096:Birds of prey of Eurasia
1597:Madagascar serpent eagle
1568:Philippine serpent eagle
1341:Internet Bird Collection
1108:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
851:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
791:: e.T22734216A95078150.
617:Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary
481:Distribution and habitat
380:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
324:, "eagle". The specific
2101:Birds described in 1788
2076:Birds of Central Africa
1461:Beaudouin's snake eagle
346:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
35:Short-toed snake eagle
1561:Sulawesi serpent eagle
1554:Mountain serpent eagle
1468:Short-toed snake eagle
997:, eds. (August 2022).
968:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
658:Detail of the feathers
415:for "Gaul" ie France.
403:, a type of hawk, and
320:, a type of hawk, and
273:short-toed snake eagle
2066:Birds of Central Asia
1575:Andaman serpent eagle
1540:Crested serpent eagle
1262:Jerdon, T.C. (1862).
942:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
394:Louis Pierre Vieillot
281:), also known as the
1849:Fauna Europaea (new)
1319:"Circaetus gallicus"
1300:Short-toed-Eagle.net
453:Lesser Sunda Islands
285:, is a medium-sized
216:- (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
2071:Birds of South Asia
1518:Congo serpent eagle
1104:Borrow, N. (2020).
727:In flight in Kuwait
574:Historical material
507:Indian Subcontinent
51:Conservation status
2061:Birds of West Asia
2023:Circaetus-gallicus
1789:circaetus-gallicus
1704:Circaetus_gallicus
1690:Circaetus gallicus
1660:Circaetus gallicus
1312:Circaetus gallicus
1279:"The White John".
1265:The Birds of India
1133:Journal of Zoology
993:; Donsker, David;
950:"Le Jean-le-Blanc"
777:Circaetus gallicus
525:sub-Saharan Africa
342:formally described
278:Circaetus gallicus
264: Non-breeding
190:Circaetus gallicus
2033:
2032:
1979:Open Tree of Life
1652:Taxon identifiers
1643:
1642:
1482:Brown snake eagle
1117:Klem, D. (1997).
1043:978-1-4081-2501-4
995:Rasmussen, Pamela
836:978-1-4081-2501-4
686:
309:. The genus name
269:
268:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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739:Egg, Collection
736:
724:
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655:
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631:
612:
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559:, but also some
433:C. g. sacerdotis
422:are recognised:
283:short-toed eagle
263:
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251:
245:
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220:C. g. sacerdotis
192:
172:C. gallicus
89:
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21:
18:Short-toed eagle
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2091:Birds of Africa
2056:Birds of Europe
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501:, and parts of
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384:Comte de Buffon
367:and coined the
355:Systema Naturae
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138:Accipitriformes
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372:Falco gallicus
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289:in the family
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2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1598:
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1589:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
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1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:Dryotriorchis
1504:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
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1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
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1371:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1226:Ornis Fennica
1220:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1092:Lynx Edicions
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1035:
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1027:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
980:
975:
974:
969:
963:
960:
955:
951:
948:(1765–1783).
947:
943:
939:
935:
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926:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
898:
897:
892:
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863:
858:
857:
852:
846:
843:
838:
832:
828:
824:
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815:
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786:
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780:
778:
769:
766:
759:
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742:
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723:
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673:
666:
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654:
649:
642:
637:
630:
625:
622:
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611:
606:
599:
594:
589:
587:
585:
584:Jean-de-blanc
581:
573:
571:
567:
564:
562:
558:
550:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:north of the
526:
522:
519:
514:
512:
508:
505:, and in the
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Mediterranean
488:
480:
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476:
470:
468:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
398:Ancient Greek
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
369:binomial name
366:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
350:Carl Linnaeus
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
315:Ancient Greek
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
258: Passage
241:
236:
232:
227:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
209:
204:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1659:
1609:Pithecophaga
1607:
1585:
1528:
1506:
1467:
1449:
1427:
1417:
1409:
1399:
1339:
1322:
1311:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1025:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
972:
962:
953:
928:
919:
906:
895:
885:
875:
871:Latham, John
865:
855:
845:
821:
814:
802:. Retrieved
788:
782:
776:
768:
583:
577:
568:
565:
554:
545:
515:
503:Western Asia
493:basin, into
484:
471:
463:
432:
426:
417:
408:
404:
400:
387:
371:
362:
353:
339:
325:
321:
317:
313:is from the
310:
291:Accipitridae
287:bird of prey
282:
277:
276:
272:
270:
239:
219:
213:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
148:Accipitridae
29:
1888:iNaturalist
1684:Wikispecies
1587:Eutriorchis
1429:Terathopius
1401:Circaetinae
1139:: 168–174.
991:Gill, Frank
804:12 November
646:Yellow eyes
499:Middle East
485:This is an
460:Description
376:John Latham
240:C. gallicus
206:Subspecies
2040:Categories
2018:Xeno-canto
1359:Xeno-canto
1251:: 166–176.
1164:Bird Study
1009:4 December
760:References
670:With a rat
523:mainly to
511:Indonesian
420:subspecies
328:means "of
198:Gmelin, JF
2051:Circaetus
1530:Spilornis
1451:Circaetus
1396:Subfamily
691:Hovering
551:Behaviour
513:islands.
487:Old World
389:Circaetus
311:Circaetus
238:Range of
166:Species:
159:Circaetus
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1992:Species+
1932:22734216
1906:11181567
1740:22734216
1735:BirdLife
1724:BioLib:
1669:Wikidata
1439:Bateleur
1232:: 89–96.
970:(1816).
914:(1770).
893:(1760).
873:(1785).
853:(1788).
497:and the
409:gallicus
382:and the
336:Taxonomy
326:gallicus
307:harriers
303:buzzards
297:such as
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2010:1453454
1867:2480666
1802:shteag1
1763:shteag1
1712:Avibase
1675:Q170251
1419:Species
1323:Avibase
1059:Zootaxa
829:, 170.
590:Gallery
561:lizards
541:Britain
529:equator
521:migrate
475:kestrel
295:raptors
200:, 1788)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2106:Eagles
1984:581835
1919:175502
1823:EURING
1040:
833:
580:Buffon
557:snakes
518:Europe
495:Russia
445:Lombok
443:, and
401:kirkos
330:Gallia
318:kirkos
262:
256:
250:
244:
2005:WoRMS
1997:10023
1958:43465
1901:IRMNG
1841:96708
1810:EUNIS
1797:eBird
1760:BOW:
1753:32032
1634:Eagle
1411:Genus
621:India
533:Spain
449:Timor
413:Latin
405:aetos
364:Falco
360:genus
322:aetos
299:kites
1953:NCBI
1927:IUCN
1914:ITIS
1893:5242
1862:GBIF
1828:2560
1776:VFS9
1748:BOLD
1727:8515
1063:4358
1038:ISBN
1011:2022
831:ISBN
806:2021
789:2016
441:Bali
437:Java
418:Two
305:and
271:The
128:Aves
1971:324
1940:NBN
1875:IBC
1815:972
1784:CMS
1771:CoL
1699:ADW
1357:on
1205:doi
1172:doi
1141:doi
1137:281
1067:doi
1034:170
1030:108
827:108
793:doi
615:In
467:owl
447:to
411:is
352:'s
332:".
2042::
2020::
2007::
1994::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
1877::
1864::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1812::
1799::
1786::
1773::
1750::
1737::
1714::
1701::
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1671::
1398::
1338:.
1321:.
1249:16
1247:.
1230:86
1228:.
1201:35
1199:.
1195:.
1168:52
1166:.
1162:.
1135:.
1061:.
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1032:,
1001:.
982:^
952:.
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940:;
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1213:.
1207::
1180:.
1174::
1147:.
1143::
1094:.
1073:.
1069::
1046:.
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839:.
808:.
795::
779:"
775:"
455:)
451:(
275:(
196:(
73:)
20:)
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