33:
299:
45:
119:. In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some reason (such as government intervention, or decisions by sellers not to raise prices) the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In this circumstance, buyers want to purchase more at the market price than the quantity of the good or service that is available, and some non-price mechanism (such as "first come, first served" or a lottery) determines which buyers are served. So in a perfect market the only thing that can cause a shortage is price.
4038:
2107:
126:" happens when all buyers and sellers willing to transact at the prevailing price are able to find partners. There are almost always willing buyers at a lower-than-market-clearing price; the narrower technical definition doesn't consider failure to serve this demand as a "shortage", even if it would be described that way in a social or political context (which the simple model of
2096:
4026:
572:, which would enable more women to re-enter the labour workforce. However, as labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries are often widespread globally throughout many countries in the world, immigration would only partially address the chronic labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries in
368:
goods and services such as cars, apartments, or some types of clothing. From the point of view of those waiting in line, such goods were in perpetual "short supply"; some of them were willing and able to pay more than the official price ceiling, but were legally prohibited from doing so. This method
189:
Decisions which result in a below-market-clearing price help some people and hurt others. In this case, shortages may be accepted because they theoretically enable a certain portion of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at the market-clearing price. The cost is to those
555:
Labour shortages occur broadly across multiple industries within a rapidly expanding economy, whilst labour shortages often occur within specific industries (which generally offer low salaries) even during economic periods of high unemployment. In response to domestic labour shortages, business
197:
in the market, there is always a trade-off with positive and negative effects. For example, a price ceiling may cause a shortage, but it will also enable a certain percentage of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at market costs. Economic shortages caused by higher
388:
result with lower domestic production. As a result of such shortages, Venezuelans had to search for products, wait in lines for hours and rationing was initiated, with the government allowing the purchase of a certain amount of products when it's available, through
3217:
3187:
3202:
2991:
779:
The Great
Depression of the 1930s hit Mexican immigrants especially hard. Along with the job crisis and food shortages that affected all U.S. workers, Mexicans and Mexican Americans had to face an additional threat:
2687:
32:
2927:
2682:
122:
In common use, the term "shortage" may refer to a situation where most people are unable to find a desired good at an affordable price, especially where supply problems have increased the price. "
2267:
220:(unregulated) markets in which products that are unavailable in conventional markets are sold, or in which products with excess demand are sold at higher prices than in the conventional market.
2242:
3477:
3058:
2392:
3105:
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2206:
3930:
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2489:
2222:
2692:
1065:"Despite Riches, Venezuela Starts Food Rationing; Government Rolls Out Fingerprint Scanners to Limit Purchases of Basic Goods; 'How Is it Possible We've Gotten to This Extreme'"
3422:
1205:
2897:
3130:
2840:
3166:
2713:
2143:
956:
588:(which originated in the early 17th century but ended by the early 19th century) was said to have originated from perceived shortages of agricultural labour in the
2293:
3427:
3043:
2655:
2650:
2385:
1444:
2872:
2852:
2636:
3207:
3197:
576:(whilst simultaneously discouraging local labour from entering the relevant industries) and in turn cause greater labour shortages in developing countries.
3955:
3402:
3063:
1108:
206:(e.g., in the form of lost time) also mean that the distribution process is wasteful. Both of these factors contribute to a decrease in aggregate wealth.
3868:
3437:
3192:
3095:
2835:
2667:
1258:
763:
412:
2378:
2166:
1977:
174:
Decisions by suppliers not to raise prices, for example to maintain friendly relationships with potential future customers during a supply disruption.
3900:
3591:
3417:
3135:
2877:
2429:
1476:
1383:
of COMPARING AND ASSESSING ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, Shortage and
Inflation: The Phenomenon, PPT (PowerPoint file presentation) at West Virginia University
1380:
1376:
931:
568:
from countries which are less developed and have lower salaries. In addition, business associations have campaigned for greater state provision of
2907:
2645:
2641:
3110:
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2902:
2738:
1179:
1139:
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1409:
1349:
3115:
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2136:
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2615:
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2951:
2778:
2718:
2201:
2171:
1292:
2892:
2247:
364:
during the 1980s, prices were artificially low by fiat (i.e., high prices were outlawed). Soviet citizens waited in line for various
3852:
3053:
2196:
1311:
1235:
600:
resistance available at the time. Ironically, malaria seems to itself have been introduced to the "New World" via the slave trade.
298:
3606:
3250:
3140:
2773:
2550:
2401:
339:
3161:
3156:
883:
4001:
3935:
3260:
3021:
2959:
2803:
2479:
2129:
792:
470:
321:
3950:
3412:
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2917:
1365:
325:
2186:
1064:
3462:
3346:
3212:
3068:
2935:
868:
715:
1668:
1230:
380:
occurred, due to the
Venezuelan government's economic policies; such as relying on foreign imports while creating strict
2912:
2845:
2723:
2318:
1469:
4030:
1450:
The Real
Science Gap - "It's not insufficient schooling or a shortage of scientists. It's a lack of job opportunities."
1371:
4062:
3975:
3965:
3878:
3784:
2793:
2303:
2262:
2227:
2176:
1962:
1914:
1602:
1152:
1423:
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3457:
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2788:
2545:
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2458:
2454:
2450:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1567:
1206:"U.S. Chamber's Bradley: The Current Labor Shortage is 'Unprecedented,' Urges Solutions on Immigration, Childcare"
302:
Empty supermarket shelves in the dry pasta section due to panic-buying as the result of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak
44:
3757:
3581:
3222:
2815:
2590:
2272:
2042:
1518:
381:
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2825:
2798:
2733:
2484:
1708:
1577:
1429:
1036:
670:
1445:
Shortage of skilled workers knocks red tape off top of business constraints league table - Grant
Thornton IBR
988:
4067:
3704:
3270:
2677:
2672:
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2565:
2560:
2555:
2540:
2519:
2504:
2110:
2007:
2002:
1952:
1825:
1703:
1462:
1418:
1068:
390:
194:
3873:
3831:
3826:
3709:
3586:
3518:
2943:
2339:
2308:
2152:
2027:
1987:
1982:
1764:
1735:
1592:
1514:
650:
630:
593:
377:
49:
3940:
3804:
3643:
3005:
2748:
2743:
2509:
2354:
1972:
1957:
1673:
1184:
625:
168:
2370:
3970:
3925:
3893:
3888:
3814:
3789:
3745:
3397:
3367:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3073:
3048:
2022:
1942:
1874:
1789:
1683:
1619:
1127:
635:
585:
537:
501:
432:
250:
190:
who are willing to pay for a product and either can't, or experience greater difficulty in doing so.
116:
2620:
4041:
3819:
3650:
3601:
3544:
3306:
3013:
2783:
2570:
2434:
2313:
2288:
2037:
1864:
1713:
1656:
1499:
1449:
1439:
1157:
620:
557:
489:
347:
286:
274:
177:
76:
1109:"Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up"
4077:
3945:
3883:
3671:
3660:
3638:
3633:
3622:
3311:
3100:
2882:
1947:
1893:
1820:
1730:
1688:
1678:
1646:
1641:
1587:
1582:
863:
739:
84:
80:
72:
453:
in which employers believe there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees) to fill the
4072:
3920:
3794:
3687:
3596:
3467:
3442:
3321:
3301:
3125:
2968:
2830:
2181:
2080:
2068:
2047:
2017:
1879:
1803:
1759:
1405:
1345:
1323:
1307:
964:
665:
573:
549:
505:
408:
332:
203:
199:
127:
3996:
3991:
3777:
3772:
3655:
3611:
3432:
3407:
3083:
2514:
2499:
2237:
2032:
2012:
1919:
1869:
1840:
1698:
1663:
1560:
1538:
680:
645:
640:
615:
610:
444:
315:
92:
37:
461:
at a wage that is mostly employer-determined. Such a condition is sometimes referred to by
4006:
3767:
3447:
3372:
2600:
2257:
2100:
1572:
1509:
480:
In a wider definition, a widespread domestic labour shortage is caused by excessively low
354:
277:; a net loss of economic welfare to society occurs when an artificial limit of supply (by
270:
264:
123:
1328:
Kornai's Soft Budget
Constraint and the Shortage Phenomenon: A Criticism and Restatement
1281:
907:
840:
4011:
3497:
3487:
3255:
2983:
2610:
2252:
2075:
1815:
1774:
1693:
1485:
1392:
David Lipton and
Jeffrey Sachs 'The Consequences of Central Planning in Eastern Europe'
660:
565:
513:
485:
424:
401:
365:
104:
4056:
3750:
3699:
3377:
2998:
1997:
1897:
1888:
1859:
1845:
1835:
1779:
1543:
1533:
1523:
816:
655:
529:
525:
385:
311:
257:
153:
146:
142:
108:
88:
435:). By looking at it from this view, he felt the problem could be better dealt with.
3799:
3502:
3265:
2605:
1967:
1799:
1794:
1528:
1401:
Transition
Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
1342:
Transition
Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
1013:
685:
533:
497:
474:
466:
431:. For instance, a shortage of food can just as well be called a longage of people (
361:
245:
213:
164:
36:
Unemployed men queue outside a depression soup kitchen in United States during the
1419:
Planning For The
Looming Labor Shortage - A Supply Chain Perspective by HK Systems
427:
emphasised that a shortage of supply can just as well be viewed as a "longage" of
817:"Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service)"
3682:
3218:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
2728:
2662:
2323:
1992:
1904:
1784:
1636:
1550:
561:
509:
217:
1434:
1391:
1386:
1320:, Amsterdam: North Holland Press, Volume A, p. 27; Volume B, p. 196 .
149:
which involves a government-imposed limit on the price of a product or service.
3567:
3492:
2298:
1752:
1504:
569:
458:
235:
224:
968:
858:
3737:
3227:
3182:
2575:
2524:
2063:
1830:
1747:
1742:
1555:
1128:
Video Interview with Garrett Hardin: Longages and Overpopulation Predictions
1113:
545:
541:
462:
450:
370:
282:
228:
160:
56:
17:
2688:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
3693:
2095:
138:
Shortages (in the technical sense) may be caused by the following causes:
3809:
3732:
3088:
2820:
2810:
2121:
1850:
1725:
1180:"The Paradox of Worker Shortages at a Time of High National Unemployment"
675:
589:
517:
493:
278:
239:
884:"Prohibition began 100 years ago – here's a look at its economic impact"
223:
Artificial controls of demand, such as time (such as waiting in line at
2359:
2349:
1909:
1808:
1720:
1041:
597:
306:
Many regions around the world have experienced shortages in the past.
115:
until demand at that price matches the available supply, establishing
3714:
3478:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
2886:
2698:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
2693:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
1884:
1399:
1334:
Planning Shortage and Transformation. Essays in Honor of Janos Kornai
521:
481:
454:
428:
369:
for determining the allocation of goods in short supply is known as "
343:
68:
596:). It was thought that bringing African labor was the only means of
544:
to attract the inflow supply of domestic workers, short-staffing at
560:
would generally lobby to governments for an increase of the inward
477:
may curb U.S. economic expansion for several decades, for example.
2683:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
1769:
1651:
1631:
397:
357:, long lines were common and rationing was used to control demand.
297:
112:
43:
31:
1454:
1926:
3540:
2754:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
2374:
2125:
1458:
793:"What You Need To Know About Rationing In The Second World War"
2714:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
1140:
Shrinking labour force may curb U.S. expansion for two decades
3536:
1396:
On overview and critique of Kornai's account can be found in
1153:"Worker shortages are fueling America's biggest labor crises"
989:"Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food"
2268:
Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
1259:"Train your own nurses, Australia told amid global shortage"
1037:"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession"
111:
model), an excess of demand will prompt sellers to increase
234:
Non-monetary bargaining methods, such as time (for example
1404:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 19–23.
1014:"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?"
3931:
International Conference on Population and Development
1435:
Disputation of High-tech Labor Shortage by Dr. Matloff
289:), limits the number of people who can enjoy the good.
2719:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
1231:"Data Deep Dive: A Decline of Women in the Workforce"
1090:"Sudan: Frustration grows over fuel, bread shortages"
932:"Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books"
449:
In its narrowest definition, a labour shortage is an
3423:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
256:
The inability to purchase a product, and subsequent
3984:
3909:
3861:
3840:
3723:
3669:
3620:
3574:
3511:
3386:
3360:
3294:
3241:
3175:
3149:
3032:
2926:
2861:
2766:
2706:
2629:
2533:
2467:
2443:
2422:
2409:
2332:
2281:
2223:
Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland
2215:
2159:
2056:
1935:
1492:
400:sparked a revolution in 2019 which ended President
1330:, in: Economics of Planning, Vol. 19. 1985. No. 1.
331:Potato shortages in the Netherlands triggered the
3167:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
540:and attrition of existing workers, insufficient
1293:"UCI: New World malaria linked to slave trade."
328:occurred mainly during and after the world wars
3428:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
3106:List of people deported from the United States
908:"The Oil Shocks of the 1970s | Energy History"
3552:
2853:Trump administration family separation policy
2386:
2137:
1470:
471:ageing population and a contracting workforce
163:on the sale of a product or service, such as
8:
2903:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
1440:RAND Study on Alleged Shortage of Scientists
1336:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2000
1130:Educational Communications program 803, 1990
3956:United Nations world population conferences
3403:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
413:food and product shortages around the world
3869:Population and housing censuses by country
3559:
3545:
3537:
3438:Federation for American Immigration Reform
2419:
2393:
2379:
2371:
2294:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962
2187:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland
2144:
2130:
2122:
1477:
1463:
1455:
764:"Depression and the Struggle for Survival"
404:'s 30-year rule. They continued into 2020.
3213:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
3208:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
3198:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
3141:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
2898:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
2668:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
2319:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s)
2289:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s)
1387:János Kornai 'The Soft Budget Constraint'
845:International Institute of Social History
384:, put price controls in place and having
3592:Estimates of historical world population
3418:Center for Migration Studies of New York
2561:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
2430:Nationality law in the American Colonies
1424:"America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs"
1340:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010),
1063:Schaefer Muñoz, Sara (22 October 2014).
3352:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
3120:
2908:Executive Office for Immigration Review
2309:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s)
1430:Criticism of high-tech shortage claims
1398:Myant, Martin; Jan Drahokoupil (2010).
698:
3368:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
722:. University of Minnesota. 2016-06-17.
376:From the mid-2000s through the 2010s,
2616:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
2344:
1035:Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015).
867:. 6 July 1917. p. 7 – via
716:"3.3 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium"
346:was created due to the low supply of
342:, the creation of a black market for
7:
4025:
3337:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
2642:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
2304:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s)
2233:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
1306:, Princeton University Press, 1992,
733:
731:
729:
310:Food shortages have occurred in the
3961:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
3023:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
2993:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
2878:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2480:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
2172:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
1178:West, Darrell M. (April 10, 2013).
27:Economic demand that exceeds supply
3111:Mexico–United States border crisis
2893:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
2033:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
1282:"As American as…Plasmodium vivax?"
957:"RUSSIA ENDS PRICE CONTROLS TODAY"
882:Macias, Amanda (17 January 2020).
738:Pettinger, Tejvan (3 April 2020).
25:
3853:Population and Development Review
3332:"Streamline" (2005–present)
3054:Central American migrant caravans
2601:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
2324:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s)
1236:United States Chamber of Commerce
1210:United States Chamber of Commerce
4037:
4036:
4024:
3901:Population concern organizations
3607:Projections of population growth
3116:Mexico–United States border wall
2591:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
2402:Immigration to the United States
2314:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s)
2106:
2105:
2094:
1107:Tkyo, Kelly (29 February 2020).
955:Shapiro, Margaret (1992-01-02).
340:prohibition in the United States
130:does not attempt to encompass).
4002:Human impact on the environment
3936:Population Action International
2873:Department of Homeland Security
1372:Home Page at Collegium Budapest
1366:Home Page at Harvard University
1067:. Dow Jones & Company Inc.
322:Rationing in the United Kingdom
3951:United Nations Population Fund
3413:Center for Immigration Studies
3342:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
3327:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
2977:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
2918:Office of Refugee Resettlement
2673:American Homecoming Act (1989)
1151:Bhattarai, Abha (2022-09-16).
536:), which collectively lead to
1:
3463:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
3307:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
3069:Eugenics in the United States
2182:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism
869:National Library of Australia
705:Tucker (2014) Economics Today
209:Shortages may or will cause:
3131:Illegal immigrant population
2913:Board of Immigration Appeals
2749:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
2744:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
2637:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
2551:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
465:as "an insufficiency in the
67:is a situation in which the
3976:World Population Foundation
3966:World Population Conference
3879:World population milestones
3347:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
3322:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
3193:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
3183:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
3162:Canada–United States border
3157:Mexico–United States border
2724:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
2586:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
2263:Collectivization in Romania
2243:Collectivization in Ukraine
2228:Collectivization in Hungary
2177:Economy of the Soviet Union
1978:Civil engineering economics
1963:Statistical decision theory
1603:Income elasticity of demand
1257:Daniel, Dana (2022-07-29).
859:"Potato riots in Amsterdam"
107:(one that matches a simple
87:. It is the opposite of an
4094:
3848:Population and Environment
3483:Negative Population Growth
3473:National Immigration Forum
3458:Migration Policy Institute
3233:US Citizenship Act of 2021
2789:Temporary protected status
2571:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
2248:Land Reforms (Afghanistan)
1613:Price elasticity of supply
1608:Price elasticity of demand
1598:Cross elasticity of demand
548:and further exacerbation (
500:) in low-wage industries (
484:(relative to the domestic
442:
4020:
3758:Human population planning
3582:Demographics of the world
2816:Security Advisory Opinion
2273:Systematization (Romania)
2238:Battle for trade (Poland)
2207:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia
2089:
1426:- A Duke University Study
1263:The Sydney Morning Herald
382:foreign exchange controls
338:From 1920 to 1933 during
3763:Compulsory sterilization
3525:Missing in Brooks County
3453:Mexicans Without Borders
2953:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
2826:National Origins Formula
2510:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
2485:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2258:Three Year Plan (Poland)
1669:Income–consumption curve
420:Shortages and "longages"
407:Panic buying due to the
48:A 2014 image of product
3705:Malthusian growth model
2804:Central American Minors
2734:Secure Fence Act (2006)
2596:Nationality Act of 1940
2546:Naturalization Act 1906
2520:Immigration Act of 1891
2505:Immigration Act of 1882
2495:Naturalization Act 1870
2475:Naturalization Law 1802
2451:Naturalization Act 1790
2299:New Course (GDR, 1950s)
2282:Pre-dissolution reforms
2167:Economy of East Germany
2003:Industrial organization
1069:The Wall Street Journal
720:Principles of Economics
502:hospitality and leisure
391:fingerprint recognition
263:Increase in demand for
195:government intervention
3832:Zero population growth
3827:Sustainable population
3751:Malthusian catastrophe
3710:Overshoot (population)
3587:Demographic transition
3519:Borderland (TV series)
3373:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
2846:Unaccompanied children
2621:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
2411:Relevant colonial era,
2340:Eastern Bloc economies
2153:Eastern Bloc economies
912:energyhistory.yale.edu
651:Excess demand function
631:Eastern Bloc economies
594:Southern United States
552:) of staff shortages.
378:shortages in Venezuela
303:
52:
50:shortages in Venezuela
41:
3941:Population Connection
3805:Mere addition paradox
3644:Physiological density
3096:Immigration reduction
3007:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
2611:War Brides Act (1945)
2490:14th Amendment (1868)
1973:Engineering economics
1568:Cost–benefit analysis
1318:Economics of Shortage
1185:Brookings Institution
1016:. BBC. 8 January 2015
626:Allocative efficiency
592:(particularly in the
556:associations such as
443:Further information:
301:
47:
35:
3971:World Population Day
3926:Church of Euthanasia
3815:Non-identity problem
3790:Political demography
3746:Human overpopulation
3398:Arizona Border Recon
3378:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
3242:Immigration stations
3176:Proposed legislation
3074:Guest worker program
3049:Brooks County, Texas
2961:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
2678:Immigration Act 1990
2581:Immigration Act 1924
2566:Immigration Act 1918
2556:Immigration Act 1907
2541:Immigration Act 1903
2192:Economy of Lithuania
1790:Price discrimination
1684:Intertemporal choice
841:"Potato eaters shot"
797:Imperial War Museums
586:Atlantic slave trade
558:chambers of commerce
538:occupational burnout
251:Price discrimination
3820:Reproductive rights
3651:Population dynamics
3602:Population momentum
3317:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
3244:and points of entry
3136:Reverse immigration
3015:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
2928:Supreme Court cases
2784:Visa Waiver Program
2779:Permanent residence
2606:Magnuson Act (1943)
2435:Plantation Act 1740
2202:Economy of Moldavia
2101:Business portal
2038:Operations research
1865:Substitution effect
1344:, Wiley-Blackwell,
1158:The Washington Post
768:Library of Congress
621:Aggregation problem
574:developed countries
514:rail transportation
455:marketplace demands
348:alcoholic beverages
275:artificial scarcity
242:, or even violence.
178:Artificial scarcity
4063:Market (economics)
3946:Population Matters
3661:Population pyramid
3639:Population density
3634:Population decline
3101:Immigration reform
2937:US v. Wong Kim Ark
2883:U.S. Border Patrol
2799:Green Card Lottery
2767:Visas and policies
2729:Real ID Act (2005)
2663:Refugee Act (1980)
2415:international laws
2404:and related topics
1679:Indifference curve
1647:Goods and services
1588:Economies of scope
1583:Economies of scale
1324:Gomulka, Stanislaw
936:www.stlouisfed.org
864:Bendigo Advertiser
490:working conditions
451:economic condition
304:
169:recreational drugs
117:market equilibrium
53:
42:
4050:
4049:
3921:7 Billion Actions
3795:Population ethics
3688:Carrying capacity
3597:Population growth
3534:
3533:
3468:Minuteman Project
3443:Improve The Dream
3361:State legislation
3312:"Babylift" (1975)
3286:Washington Avenue
3281:Sullivan's Island
3203:STRIVE Act (2007)
3126:March for America
3079:Human trafficking
2969:Zadvydas v. Davis
2831:Expedited removal
2762:
2761:
2413:United States and
2368:
2367:
2197:Economy of Latvia
2119:
2118:
2081:Political economy
1880:Supply and demand
1760:Pareto efficiency
1411:978-0-470-59619-7
1351:978-0-470-59619-7
1304:Socialist economy
666:Keynesian formula
550:positive feedback
409:COVID-19 pandemic
333:1917 Potato riots
326:the United States
204:opportunity costs
200:transaction costs
128:supply and demand
16:(Redirected from
4085:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4027:
3997:Green Revolution
3778:Two-child policy
3773:One-child policy
3696:
3656:Population model
3612:World population
3561:
3554:
3547:
3538:
3433:Community Change
3408:CASA of Maryland
3388:Non-governmental
3302:"Wetback" (1954)
3228:RAISE Act (2017)
3188:H.R. 4437 (2005)
2576:Cable Act (1922)
2525:Geary Act (1892)
2515:Scott Act (1888)
2420:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2345:Shortage economy
2333:Related concepts
2216:Collectivization
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2098:
1841:Returns to scale
1699:Market structure
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1415:
1354:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1096:. 11 March 2020.
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
879:
873:
872:
855:
849:
848:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
789:
783:
782:
776:
774:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
735:
724:
723:
712:
706:
703:
681:Shortage economy
646:Effective demand
641:Economic surplus
616:Aggregate supply
611:Aggregate demand
445:Labour economics
366:price-controlled
316:Great Depression
287:maximise profits
265:substitute goods
38:Great Depression
21:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4016:
3980:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3857:
3836:
3785:Overconsumption
3768:Family planning
3725:
3719:
3692:
3676:
3673:
3665:
3627:
3624:
3616:
3570:
3565:
3535:
3530:
3507:
3448:Mexica Movement
3391:
3389:
3382:
3356:
3290:
3243:
3237:
3223:SAFE Act (2015)
3171:
3145:
3084:Human smuggling
3059:Economic impact
3037:
3035:
3028:
2922:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2758:
2702:
2630:1950–1999
2625:
2534:1900–1949
2529:
2500:Page Act (1875)
2463:
2439:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2369:
2364:
2328:
2277:
2211:
2155:
2150:
2120:
2115:
2093:
2085:
2052:
1931:
1573:Deadweight loss
1510:Consumer choice
1488:
1483:
1412:
1397:
1361:
1352:
1339:
1316:Kornai, János,
1302:Kornai, János,
1299:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1239:. 27 April 2022
1229:
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1215:
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1199:
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1177:
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1034:
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1029:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
961:Washington Post
954:
953:
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940:
938:
930:
929:
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916:
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823:
815:
814:
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799:
791:
790:
786:
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762:
761:
757:
748:
746:
737:
736:
727:
714:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
690:
606:
582:
566:foreign workers
447:
441:
439:Labour shortage
422:
355:1973 oil crisis
296:
271:Deadweight loss
193:In the case of
187:
136:
124:Market clearing
101:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:Price controls
4065:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4012:Sustainability
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3985:Related topics
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3874:Largest cities
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
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3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3694:I = P × A  × T
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
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3628:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
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3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:Save Our State
3495:
3490:
3488:No More Deaths
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Labor shortage
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:Related issues
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2989:
2985:Barton v. Barr
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:Section 287(g)
2653:
2651:Section 212(f)
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Dekulakization
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
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2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
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2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:Macroeconomics
2073:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1843:
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1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Price controls
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1696:
1694:Market failure
1691:
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1676:
1671:
1666:
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1536:
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1521:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:Microeconomics
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1359:External links
1357:
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1331:
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1314:
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1285:
1274:
1249:
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1120:
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1027:
1005:
980:
947:
923:
899:
874:
850:
847:. 7 July 1917.
832:
808:
784:
755:
744:Economics Help
725:
707:
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688:
683:
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673:
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661:Induced demand
658:
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643:
638:
636:Disequilibrium
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
605:
602:
581:
578:
488:) and adverse
486:cost of living
440:
437:
433:overpopulation
425:Garrett Hardin
421:
418:
417:
416:
405:
402:Omar al-Bashir
394:
386:expropriations
374:
360:In the former
358:
351:
336:
329:
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295:
292:
291:
290:
268:
261:
254:
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243:
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221:
216:(illegal) and
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143:Price ceilings
135:
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105:perfect market
100:
97:
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24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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4022:
4019:
4013:
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4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Bennett's law
3990:
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3913:organizations
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3700:Kaya identity
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2008:Institutional
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1898:Law of supply
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1889:Law of demand
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1875:Social choice
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1860:Excess supply
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1846:Risk aversion
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1736:Complementary
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1519:non-convexity
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1370:János Kornai
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1364:János Kornai
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656:Excess supply
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154:price gouging
151:
148:
147:price control
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133:
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118:
114:
110:
109:microeconomic
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
89:excess supply
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:excess demand
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4029:
3841:Publications
3800:Antinatalism
3738:
3715:World3 model
3575:Major topics
3523:
3503:Utah Compact
3266:Ellis Island
3251:Angel Island
3022:
3014:
3006:
2997:
2996: /
2992:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2707:21st century
2644: /
2468:19th century
2457: /
2453: /
2444:18th century
2423:Colonial era
2355:Stakhanovite
2043:Optimization
2028:Mathematical
1988:Experimental
1983:Evolutionary
1968:Econometrics
1855:
1826:Public goods
1800:Price system
1795:Price signal
1709:Monopolistic
1578:Distribution
1493:Major topics
1400:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1303:
1288:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1212:. 6 May 2022
1209:
1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1183:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1040:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
997:. Retrieved
995:. 2014-10-24
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
960:
950:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:
902:
891:. Retrieved
887:
877:
862:
853:
844:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
800:. Retrieved
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787:
780:deportation.
778:
771:. Retrieved
767:
758:
747:. Retrieved
743:
719:
710:
701:
686:Supply shock
671:Reproduction
583:
580:Wage factors
554:
534:elderly care
479:
475:birth dearth
467:labour force
448:
423:
362:Soviet Union
305:
246:Panic buying
208:
192:
188:
165:prostitution
145:, a type of
137:
121:
102:
79:exceeds its
64:
60:
54:
29:
18:Short supply
3724:Society and
3683:Biocapacity
3261:East Boston
2945:Ozawa v. US
2774:Visa policy
2739:DACA (2012)
1993:Game theory
1958:Development
1905:Uncertainty
1785:Price floor
1765:Preferences
1704:Competition
1674:Information
1637:Externality
1620:Equilibrium
1561:Transaction
1539:Opportunity
1500:Aggregation
1074:11 November
821:www.nps.gov
740:"Shortages"
562:immigration
510:health care
492:(excessive
353:During the
314:during the
283:oligopolies
167:or certain
159:Government
99:Definitions
4057:Categories
3911:Events and
3726:population
3672:Population
3623:Population
3568:Population
3493:NumbersUSA
3295:Operations
3276:San Ysidro
3036:and events
2863:Government
2023:Managerial
1943:Behavioral
1816:Production
1753:Oligopsony
1593:Elasticity
1505:Budget set
1268:2022-10-06
1243:2022-10-06
1216:2022-10-06
1191:2022-10-06
1164:2022-10-06
1094:Al Jazeera
1020:10 January
999:2015-12-07
974:2022-10-06
941:2022-10-06
917:2022-10-06
893:2022-10-06
826:2022-10-06
802:2022-10-06
749:2022-10-06
693:References
570:child care
546:workplaces
542:incentives
463:economists
459:employment
279:monopolies
4078:Workforce
4007:Migration
3884:6 billion
3271:Otay Mesa
3150:Geography
2836:Detention
2160:Economies
2064:Economics
1936:Subfields
1831:Rationing
1748:Oligopoly
1743:Monopsony
1731:Bilateral
1664:Household
1515:Convexity
1114:USA Today
969:0190-8286
506:education
371:rationing
229:rationing
57:economics
4073:Scarcity
4042:Category
3810:Natalism
3733:Eugenics
3089:Coyotaje
2821:E-Verify
2811:US-VISIT
2111:Category
2057:See also
1948:Business
1920:Marginal
1915:Expected
1856:Shortage
1851:Scarcity
1726:Monopoly
1632:Exchange
1544:Implicit
1534:Marginal
773:30 March
676:Scarcity
604:See also
590:Americas
518:aviation
494:workload
482:salaries
294:Examples
240:nepotism
61:shortage
4031:Commons
3674:ecology
3625:biology
3064:Effects
2360:Comecon
2350:Sovkhoz
2069:Applied
2048:Welfare
1910:Utility
1870:Surplus
1809:Pricing
1721:Duopoly
1714:Perfect
1657:Service
1625:General
1529:Average
1048:17 June
1042:Reuters
993:Reuters
598:malaria
411:caused
273:due to
236:queuing
185:Effects
93:surplus
77:service
73:product
3741:genics
3017:(2021)
3009:(2021)
3002:(2020)
2987:(2020)
2979:(2011)
2972:(2001)
2963:(1975)
2955:(1923)
2947:(1922)
2939:(1898)
2887:BORTAC
2841:Family
2794:Asylum
1894:Supply
1885:Demand
1821:Profit
1689:Market
1551:Social
1408:
1381:Part 2
1377:Part 1
1348:
1310:
967:
522:retail
473:and a
469:." An
429:demand
344:liquor
227:) and
225:queues
134:Causes
113:prices
85:market
81:supply
71:for a
69:demand
3862:Lists
2013:Labor
1998:Green
1770:Price
1652:Goods
1642:Firms
398:Sudan
214:Black
156:laws.
152:Anti-
103:In a
83:in a
2646:1965
2459:1798
2455:1795
1927:Wage
1836:Rent
1804:Free
1556:Sunk
1524:Cost
1517:and
1406:ISBN
1379:and
1346:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1076:2014
1050:2015
1022:2015
965:ISSN
888:CNBC
775:2020
584:The
530:food
496:and
457:for
324:and
218:Grey
202:and
59:, a
3739:Dys
2018:Law
564:of
285:to
281:or
238:),
161:ban
95:).
75:or
63:or
55:In
4059::
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1261:.
1233:.
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1182:.
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1092:.
1039:.
991:.
963:.
959:.
934:.
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886:.
861:.
843:.
819:.
795:.
777:.
766:.
742:.
728:^
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