226:. The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as thousands of cities, counties and political subdivisions. The NIGP Code is a hierarchical schema consisting of a 3 digit class, 5 digit class-item, 7 digit class-item-group, and an 11 digit class-item-group-detail. Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis, and strategic sourcing.
117:
1641:
27:
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424:
smartphone users some capability to scan products for assessed ingredients. Many labels are considered to be flawed and few have the time to "study the true environmental impact of every purchase". Full product transparency is a concept of making the full life-cycle impacts public. An important element that is required for various product information is
285:) are built by some additional options like color, seats, wheels, mirrors, other trims, entertainment and assistant systems, etc. Options, that exclude each other (pairwise) build an option family. That means that you can choose only one option for each family and you have to choose exactly one option.
166:
unique to a single organisation or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans". Within the
645:
When an online Sears customer goes to the "Parts and accessories" section of the website to find parts for a particular Sears item, the "model number" field actually requires a Sears item number, not a manufacturer's model number. This is a typical problem with product codes or item codes that are
384:
Many of these types of product information are regulated to some degree, such as to some degree prohibiting false or misleading product information or requiring sellers or manufacturers to specify various information such as ingredients of food-, pharmaceutical- and hygiene-products. There also is
165:
A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges." Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be
423:
relevant characteristics of products such as durability and reliability. Development of 'transparency by design' scenarios have been suggested to "complement the physical product with layers of digital information", improving transparency and traceability (T&T). The app CodeCheck gives some
152:
divides its products into "departments", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand. Each product has a Sears item number and a manufacturer's model number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse
281:, there is a special kind of defining a car with options (marks, attributes) that represent the characteristics features of the vehicle. A model of a car is defined by some basic options like body, engine, gearbox, and axles. The variants of a model (often called the
132:. A tangible product is an actual physical object that can be perceived by touch such as a building, vehicle, gadget, or clothing. An intangible product is a product that can only be perceived indirectly such as an insurance policy. These
491:
is a document consisting of all the materials that are included in a product or construction. It consists of a set of data describing defined characteristics of materials in products, useful for recovery,
190:
Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The NAFTA signatories are working on a system that classifies products called NAPCS as a companion to the
722:
195:(NAICS). The European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications. The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting.
1239:
Clark, Michael; Springmann, Marco; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Macdiarmid, Jennie I.; Fanzo, Jessica; Bandy, Lauren; Harrington, Richard A. (16 August 2022).
396:. Relevant factors include trust in the accuracy of the information and social normative pressure. Easily accessible and up-to-date medicinal product information can contribute to the
1333:
Barata, João; da Cunha, Paulo Rupino (1 February 2021). "Augmented product information: crafting physical-digital transparency strategies in the materials supply chain".
719:
192:
872:
400:. Online shopping is usually more informationally rich than shopping at physical stores traveled to and usually has higher comparability and customizability.
222:
The
National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments, the
968:
Horne, Ralph E. (March 2009). "Limits to labels: The role of eco-labels in the assessment of product sustainability and routes to sustainable consumption".
1142:
1051:"Understanding the Intention to Trust Product Information and Certifications to Promote Sustainable Consumption: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior"
333:
1214:
925:
Jahn, Gabriele; Schramm, Matthias; Spiller, Achim (1 March 2005). "The
Reliability of Certification: Quality Labels as a Consumer Policy Tool".
55:
use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a domestic or an international market to satisfy the desire or need of a
1623:
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909:
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266:, a manufacturer of appliances (mainly vacuum cleaners), requires customers to identify their model in the support section of the website.
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is an important link in protecting public health since it allows health agencies to more quickly and accurately identify the source of
741:
665:
292:, which is necessary to distinguish products with the same product definition. In the case of automotive products, it is called the
1403:
1529:
517:
510:
1169:"Bridging barriers in sustainability research: Α review from sustainability science to life cycle sustainability assessment"
420:
389:. Marketing to entice the shopper is often prioritized over accurate, high-quality or extensive and relevant information.
293:
835:
270:
and model can be used together to identify products in the market. The model number is not necessarily the same as the
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429:
91:
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1377:
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makes it possible to track produce from its point of origin to a retail location where it is purchased by consumers.
1504:
869:
149:
104:
Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause injuries to consumers or bystanders may be subject to
595:
484:
271:
20:
1673:
415:(LCA) has been widely used for to assess environmental impacts across the life cycle of products. There are
404:
234:
A manufacturer usually provides an identifier for each particular design of product they make, known as a
529:
403:
Production information-related developments can be useful for enabling, facilitating, or shifting towards
393:
98:
1049:
Sayogo, Djoko Sigit; Zhang, Jing; Picazo-Vela, Sergio; Bahaddin, Babak; Luna-Reyes, Luis (January 2018).
1058:
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strategy. A central hub of product data can be used to distribute information to sales channels such as
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329:
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692:
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Buyer goal adjustment (How flexible are the buyers' purchasing habits with regard to this product?)
133:
80:
798:
757:
288:
In addition, a specific unit of a product is often (and in some contexts must be) identified by a
1486:
1358:
1196:
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419:
that assess all products in some supermarkets in a standardized way. Consumers may seek reliable
259:
87:
1085:
Rupprecht, Christoph D. D.; Fujiyoshi, Lei; McGreevy, Steven R.; Tayasu, Ichiro (1 March 2020).
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305:
154:
129:
660:(Annotated Instructor's ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 639 (glossary definition).
215:
Duration of product satisfaction (How long will the product produce benefits for the user?)
1071:
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901:
Missed
Information: Better Information for Building a Wealthier, More Sustainable Future
569:
non-uniform information technology infrastructure (plethora of data sources and formats)
1283:
1240:
998:
The Future of Eco-labelling: Making
Environmental Product Information Systems Effective
377:
179:
171:
125:
76:
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116:
1667:
1615:
Product
Lifecycle Management: Volume 1: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation
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to trading partners. Moreover, the significant role that PIM plays is reducing the
455:
425:
72:
1404:"How tech is helping to change the way people think about the food on their plate"
707:
680:
1613:
1307:
1023:
996:
218:
Duration of buyer search behavior (How long will consumers shop for the product?)
120:
Eurail, a type of rail pass for multiple journeys by train, an intangible product
344:
34:
1346:
97:
A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a
26:
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37:
31:
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internally assigned by a company but do not conform to an external standard.
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545:
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320:
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175:
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industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as
167:
60:
44:
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1292:
1120:
1652:
777:
A history of schools of marketing thought, Eric H. Shaw, D.G. Brian Jones
463:
311:
56:
52:
1215:"These are the UK supermarket items with the worst environmental impact"
1167:
Troullaki, Katerina; Rozakis, Stelios; Kostakis, Vasilis (1 June 2021).
528:. This product data is created by an internal organization to support a
470:, remove them from the marketplace, and communicate to the supply chain.
94:
that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project.
1087:"Trust me? Consumer trust in expert information on food product labels"
1474:
1459:"Supply chain transparency: Consumer reactions to incongruent signals"
696:
1168:
339:
Various types of ratings, comparisons, third-party information, and
1050:
1025:
The Oxford
Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy
1022:
Lusk, Jayson L.; Roosen, Jutta; Shogren, Jason (8 September 2011).
349:
267:
136:
can be broadly classified under intangible products, which can be
115:
25:
1430:"Full product transparency gives consumers more informed choices"
524:
all the information required to market and sell products through
496:, re-use and various evaluations. They may contribute to a more
1586:"Why PIM is crucial to every distributor's ecommerce strategy"
1335:
1241:"Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products"
209:
Gross margin (How much profit is obtained from each product?)
206:
Replacement rate (How frequently is the product repurchased?)
1309:
Improving
Product Reliability: Strategies and Implementation
1143:"Electronic product information: From principles to actions"
786:, Marketing theory Volume 5(3): 239–281, 2005 SAGE, p. 249
613:
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006)
1378:"Apps for Earth Day: 5 options to keep your green goals"
626:
202:
classifies and rates products based on five variables:
51:
is an object, or system, or service made available for
814:
795:
560:
wide array of products and/or complex product data set
277:
Because of the huge amount of similar products in the
1457:; Peinkofer, Simone T.; Chu, Yu ( Jade) (June 2022).
893:
891:
889:
617:, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.
995:Rubik, Frieder; Frankl, Paolo (29 September 2017).
462:fruit or vegetables believed to be the cause of an
153:products by function or brand within a traditional
392:Product information is often a key element in the
186:National and international product classifications
536:websites, print catalogues, marketplaces such as
319:Product description – typically on a label on or
1530:"Leading the way in the global circular economy"
898:Sarokin, David; Schulkin, Jay (26 August 2016).
428:transparency, which relates to human rights and
1245:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
296:(VIN), an internationally standardised format.
1306:Levin, Mark A.; Kalal, Ted T. (25 July 2003).
883:. August 31, 2009, accessed September 6, 2011.
796:National Institute of Governmental Purchasing
681:"2002 Economic Census, Finance and Insurance"
575:various locales and localization requirements
193:North American Industry Classification System
8:
708:North American Product Classification System
90:, products are the formal definition of the
1053:. University of Hawaii at Manoa: 5412–5421.
563:frequently changing product characteristics
1282:
1264:
1102:
970:International Journal of Consumer Studies
376:Nutrition information, mainly contained
148:In its online product catalog, retailer
16:Anything that can be offered to a market
1560:"Digitalisation for a circular economy"
658:Principles of Marketing, fourth edition
656:Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (1989).
606:
572:online business and electronic ordering
336:and for unobservable quality attributes
83:is also regarded as a type of product.
1505:"Supply chain transparency, explained"
1067:
1056:
739:United Nations product classifications
556:by giving better product information.
767:, Social Marketing AED Resource p. 45
481:Sustainable Product Policy Initiative
7:
63:, products are often referred to as
1428:Arratia, Ramon (18 December 2012).
566:increasing number of sales channels
881:Google Merchant Center: Help forum
578:support SEO strategies of business
364:Place/region and company of origin
14:
325:an online shopping website for it
1651:
1639:
1463:Journal of Operations Management
982:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00752.x
509:This section is an excerpt from
441:This section is an excerpt from
314:price information, can include:
1376:Mulka, Angela (21 April 2022).
693:Insurance carrier product lines
200:Aspinwall Classification System
124:A product can be classified as
1185:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107007
544:, social media platforms like
518:Product information management
511:Product information management
504:Product information management
1:
683:US Census Bureau, 2002, p.14.
479:In the EU, under the renewed
358:Information about ingredients
294:vehicle identification number
1091:Food and Chemical Toxicology
310:Product information, beyond
851:Dyson: Help with your Dyson
430:supply chain sustainability
1695:
1347:10.1007/s00170-020-06446-9
927:Journal of Consumer Policy
904:. MIT Press. p. 100.
508:
440:
303:
150:Sears, Roebuck and Company
18:
1584:Latt, Aung (2019-03-11).
1312:. John Wiley & Sons.
1104:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111170
939:10.1007/s10603-004-7298-6
334:related to sustainability
71:, products are bought as
30:Products on shelves at a
720:Eurostat classifications
596:Manufacturer part number
520:(PIM) is the process of
485:Digital Product Passport
272:manufacturer part number
1266:10.1073/pnas.2120584119
868:SOTW, Celebird, et al.
421:information to evaluate
405:sustainable consumption
1644:Quotations related to
1564:European Policy Centre
1066:Cite journal requires
870:"Model Number Vs. MPN"
530:multichannel marketing
394:buyer decision process
246:(often abbreviated as
121:
112:Product classification
40:
526:distribution channels
487:has been proposed. A
483:, the inclusion of a
413:life-cycle assessment
323:of the product or in
138:durable or nondurable
119:
29:
1660:at Wikimedia Commons
1612:Stark, John (2015).
1590:Digital Commerce 360
1455:Mollenkopf, Diane A.
1173:Ecological Economics
710:, U.S. Census Bureau
450:Produce traceability
443:Produce traceability
436:Produce traceability
409:sustainable products
354:energy rating labels
92:project deliverables
19:For other uses, see
1538:European Commission
1257:2022PNAS..11920584C
1251:(33): e2120584119.
758:Leo Aspinwall, 1958
300:Product information
279:automotive industry
258:, and sometimes as
1679:Product management
875:2011-09-27 at the
856:2011-08-27 at the
838:2008-10-17 at the
820:2008-12-09 at the
801:2008-10-26 at the
782:2010-12-05 at the
763:2013-08-29 at the
744:2007-07-03 at the
725:2007-10-12 at the
632:2007-02-17 at the
373:Safety information
122:
88:project management
41:
1656:Media related to
1625:978-3-319-17439-6
1475:10.1002/joom.1180
1402:Frangoul, Anmar.
1319:978-0-470-86449-4
1035:978-0-19-956944-1
1008:978-1-351-28079-2
911:978-0-262-03492-0
748:, unstats.un.org.
489:material passport
475:Product passports
468:foodborne illness
407:and support more
106:product liability
75:and then sold as
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833:NIGP Code sample
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306:Product analysis
262:). For example,
155:department-store
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877:Wayback Machine
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746:Wayback Machine
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729:, ec.europa.eu.
727:Wayback Machine
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634:Wayback Machine
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591:Builder's plate
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548:and electronic
542:Google Shopping
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398:health literacy
387:standardization
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369:expiration date
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1469:(4): 306–327.
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361:Visual content
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230:Product model
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180:life insurance
172:auto insurance
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161:By association
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77:finished goods
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330:Certificates
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1668:Categories
1595:2020-05-10
1514:4 November
1439:4 November
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805:, nigp.org
602:References
550:data feeds
534:e-commerce
367:Estimated
352:– such as
304:See also:
130:intangible
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38:superstore
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1509:MIT Sloan
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