Shortwave radio - Knowledge (XXG)

842:. These stations regularly appear and disappear all over the shortwave radio band, but are unlicensed and untraceable. It is believed that numbers stations are operated by government agencies and are used to communicate with clandestine operatives working within foreign countries. However, no definitive proof of such use has emerged. Because the vast majority of these broadcasts contain nothing but the recitation of blocks of numbers, in various languages, with occasional bursts of music, they have become known colloquially as "number stations". Perhaps the most noted number station is called the 1156: 1463:

transmissions often have bursts of distortion, and "hollow" sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies, altering the harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange "spacey" quality due to echoes and phase distortion. Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions, by means of delays or feedback loops, equalizers, or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments. Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments, by means of analogue

904: 171: 296: 38: 1167:, the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz, the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz, the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz, and the 120 m, 90 m, and 60 m bands are absent altogether. International broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal the WRC-allocated bands or use off-channel frequencies. This is done for practical reasons, or to attract attention in crowded bands (60 m, 49 m, 40 m, 41 m, 31 m, 25 m). 4629: 1403:, stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations, or the two way communications by amateur radio operators. Some short wave listeners behave analogously to "lurkers" on the Internet, in that they listen only, and never attempt to send out their own signals. Other listeners participate in clubs, or actively send and receive QSL cards, or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own. 1363: 329:

amateur signals from Europe. The first two-way communications between North American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters. Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters was technically illegal (but tolerated at the time as the authorities mistakenly believed that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use), amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available

1202: 836:. These are stations that broadcast on behalf of various political movements such as rebel or insurrectionist forces. They may advocate civil war, insurrection, rebellion against the government-in-charge of the country to which they are directed. Clandestine broadcasts may emanate from transmitters located in rebel-controlled territory or from outside the country entirely, using another country's transmission facilities. 6123: 1452: 683: 105: 378: 6133: 471: 6112: 1601: 6143: 275:

arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services". It recommended and received government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929, Imperial and International Communications Ltd. The name of the company was changed to

217:, receivers and gigantic antennas. Long waves are also difficult to beam directionally, resulting in a major loss of power over long distances. Prior to the 1920s, the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long-distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use. 321:, which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters. Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss. This, and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies, made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services. 572:

transmits the carrier and one complete sideband, but filters out most of the other sideband. It is a compromise between AM and SSB, enabling simple receivers to be used, but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM. Its main advantage is that only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used. It

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by the Second National Radio Conference in 1923 – forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths; however, amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters (2 MHz). A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications

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Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which – due to the nature of amplitude modulation, varying propagation conditions, and the presence of interference – generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts (particularly via FM stations). Shortwave

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and longwave wireless services to shortwave, and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased. Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations. However, some commercial longwave communications stations remained in

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etc.). Today, through the evolution of the Internet, the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world, even without owning a shortwave radio. Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a

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Very little infrastructure is required for long-distance two-way communications using shortwave radio. All one needs is a pair of transceivers, each with an antenna, and a source of energy (such as a battery, a portable generator, or the electrical grid). This makes shortwave radio one of the most

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The drawback is the receiver is more complicated, since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal. Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal. As a result, single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast. Single sideband is used for

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across the Atlantic Ocean, the first voice frequency cable on this route. This provided 36 high-quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher-capacity cables all around the world. Competition from these cables soon ended the economic viability of shortwave radio for commercial

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The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927. A serious financial crisis threatened viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic British interests. The British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 "to examine the situation that had

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band (near 1,500 kHz, inside the modern AM broadcast band), which at that time was the shortest wavelength / highest frequency available to amateur radio. In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard

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shortwave is a legacy technology, which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly. A few countries are hanging on to it, but most have faced up to the fact that the glory days of shortwave have gone. Religious broadcasters will still use it because they are not too concerned with listening

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communication. Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere.

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broadcasters who feature programming such as music, talk and other entertainment, can be heard sporadically and in various modes on the shortwave bands. Pirate broadcasters take advantage of the better propagation characteristics to achieve more range compared to the AM or FM broadcast

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transmitting messages not intended for the general public, such as merchant shipping, marine weather, and ship-to-shore stations; for aviation weather and air-to-ground communications; for military communications; for long-distance governmental purposes, and for other non-broadcast

1224:, over-the air television, cable television, satellite television, satellite radio, mobile phones, landline phones, and satellite phones, government authorities face technical difficulties monitoring which stations (sites) are being listened to (accessed). For example, during the 344:

By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles (9,600 km) and more. On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in California completed two-way contacts with an amateur in

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to licensed stations. Unlicensed business radio (taxis, trucking companies, among numerous others) land mobile systems may be found in the 20-30 MHz region while unlicensed marine mobile and other similar users may be found over the entire shortwave

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stations transmit on various shortwave and longwave frequencies around the world. The shortwave transmissions are primarily intended for human reception, while the longwave stations are generally used for automatic synchronization of watches and

1634:(BPL), which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines. As the BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands, severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible. 349:. On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two-way contact nearly halfway around the world. On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at 853:

activity by individuals such as taxi drivers, bus drivers and fishermen in various countries can be heard on various shortwave frequencies. Such unlicensed transmissions by "pirate" or "bootleg" two way radio operators can often cause

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and with different numbers of hops, a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques. Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band, absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer, the

194:(MW), and short wave (SW) bands based on the length of the wave. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m (1,500 kHz) which marked the original upper limit of the 1442:

from broadcasters, utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of the hobby. Some stations even give out special certificates, pennants, stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners.

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use until the 1960s. Long-distance radio circuits also reduced the need for new cables, although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better-quality signal than shortwave.

2713: 561:, and amateur radio operators. In amateur radio operation lower sideband (LSB) is customarily used below 10 MHz and USB (upper sideband) above 10 MHz, non-amateur services use USB regardless of frequency. 671:, and other systems use forms of frequency-shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier. These generally require special equipment to decode, such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card. 263:. The UK-to-Canada shortwave "Beam Wireless Service" went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926. Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia, South Africa and India went into service in 1927. 157:, and shortwave broadcasts can be transmitted over thousands of miles from a single transmitter, making it difficult for government authorities to censor them. Shortwave radio is also often used by aircraft. 3246: 1471:. Sometimes the sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing, with various distortions added, to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception. 1299:

Shortwave radio travels much farther than broadcast FM (88–108 MHz). Shortwave broadcasts can be easily transmitted over a distance of several thousand miles, including from one continent to another.

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to carry out a large-scale study into the transmission characteristics of short-wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long-distance transmissions. Franklin rigged up a large antenna at

150:, shortwave broadcasting lost importance. Initiatives for the digitization of broadcasting did not bear fruit either, and so as of 2024, few broadcasters continue to broadcast programs on shortwave. 1670:

I still see a place for shortwave in the 21st century, especially for reaching areas of the world that are prone to natural disasters that destroy local broadcasting and Internet infrastructure.

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Two-way radio communications by marine and maritime HF stations, aeronautical users, and ground based stations. For example, two way shortwave communication is still used in remote regions by the

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In most Western countries, shortwave radio ownership is usually limited to enthusiasts, since most new standard radios do not receive the shortwave band. Therefore, Western audiences are limited.

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The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and

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at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long-distance two-way contacts on 100 meters (3 MHz) in 1923 including the first transatlantic two-way contacts.

236:, running on 25 kW of power. In June and July 1923, wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters (about 3 MHz) from Poldhu to Marconi's yacht 1178:

operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels. There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM, as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format.

2489: 621:(DRM) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz. It is a digital signal, like the data modes, below, but is for transmitting audio, like the analog modes above. 1618:

The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware, but there are still a great number of shortwave broadcasters. A new

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transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation. An amplitude-modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the

251:, to which he had sailed, and was "astonished" to find he could receive signals "throughout the day". Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission by inventing the 2813:

Anderson, Arlyn T. (2005). "Changes at the BBC World Service: Documenting the World Service's move from shortwave to web radio in North America, Australia, and New Zealand".

2450: 1952: 1310:, and is able to cover a large geographic area with relatively low power (and hence cost). Therefore, in many of these countries it is widely used for domestic broadcasting. 2705: 1399:; others listen to specialized shortwave utility, or "ute", transmissions such as maritime, naval, aviation, or military signals. Others focus on intelligence signals from 4574: 539:. If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier, only the remaining set is transmitted. This reduces power in the transmission, as roughly 2267: 2190: 1913: 2271: 2194: 3443: 3147: 1163:

Although countries generally follow the assigned bands, there may be small differences between countries or regions. For example, in the official bandplan of the

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Season. During the winter months of the Northern or Southern hemispheres, the AM/MW broadcast band tends to be more favorable because of longer hours of darkness.

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Time of day. During the day, frequencies higher than approximately 12 MHz can travel longer distances than lower ones. At night, this property is reversed.

97:. Thus shortwave radio can be used for communication over very long distances, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency, which travel in straight lines ( 6095: 6067: 6062: 5087: 3739: 4041: 3650: 3294: 1232:, when his access to communications was limited (e.g. his phones, television and radio were cut off), Gorbachev was able to stay informed by means of the 3791: 3397: 2128: 247:

In September 1924, Marconi arranged for transmissions to be made day and night on 32 meters (about 9.4 MHz) from Poldhu to his yacht in the harbour at

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era) ownership of shortwave receivers has been and continues to be widespread (in many of these countries some domestic stations also used shortwave).

213:(kHz) / above 1000 m. The drawbacks to this system included a very limited spectrum available for long-distance communication, and the very expensive 2214: 1314:

robust means of communications, which can be disrupted only by interference or bad ionospheric conditions. Modern digital transmission modes such as

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of the energy sent by an AM signal is in the carrier, which is not needed to recover the information contained in the signal. It also reduces signal

520:. The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal (speech, or music, for example). At the receiver, a simple 4323: 1734: 1626:(DRM), is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to adequate. The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of 746: 1729: 1658:

shortwave remains the most accessible international communications medium that still provides listeners with the protection of complete anonymity.

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Many newer shortwave receivers are portable and can be battery-operated, making them useful in difficult circumstances. Newer technology includes

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Note that on modern computer-driven systems, digital modes are typically sent by coupling a computer's sound output to the SSB input of a radio.

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uses the HF/shortwave band for long-distance communication to aircraft over the oceans and poles, which are far beyond the range of traditional

6089: 4567: 4080: 843: 2875: 259:(GPO) to install high-speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia, India, South Africa and Canada as the main element of the 6084: 6074: 6054: 5856: 4051: 3199: 3083: 3044: 2977: 2935: 2657: 2619: 2522: 2102: 2023: 1799: 968: 1225: 6262: 2411: 2366: 1739: 935: 2983: 2663: 2528: 2029: 1805: 6311: 6234: 6079: 5925: 4538: 4276: 4100: 3205: 3089: 3050: 2941: 2556: 1710: 1391:

Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters. In some cases, the goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible

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Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s. By 1928, more than half of long-distance communications had moved from

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The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician

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transmit at these frequencies: 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 15 MHz; and WWV also transmits on 20 MHz. The

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Radio amateurs may have conducted the first successful transatlantic tests in December 1921, operating in the 200 meter

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where reception fails. With a fixed working frequency, large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night.

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in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the

6248: 1155: 978:. AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting: 656:

transmissions. It is a data mode, although often listed separately. It is typically received via lower or upper SSB modes.

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Difficulty of censoring programming by authorities in restrictive countries. Unlike their relative ease in monitoring and

550: 6146: 2213:. Recommendations for Regulation of Radio Adopted by the Third National Radio Conference. 6–10 October 1924. p. 15. 6136: 5897: 5794: 5337: 5104: 4316: 3988: 2769: 2586: 3139: 2276:

Historical note discusses an International Radiotelegraph Conference on 4 October 1927, its intrigues and fallout.

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Low-cost shortwave radios are widely available in all but the most repressive countries in the world. Simple shortwave

605:(NBFM or NFM) is used typically above 20 MHz. Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is commonly used for 71:, which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (100 (exactly 99.930819333) to 10 (exactly 9.9930819333) meters); above the 6126: 5633: 5073: 4675: 4394: 4286: 3725: 3111: 1419: 2896: 903: 313:

also discovered that long-distance communication was possible on shortwave bands. Early long-distance services used

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number have closed their shortwave service entirely, or severely curtailed it, in favour of internet transmission.

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Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience (such as

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power adapters, fluorescent or LED light sources, internet modems and routers, computers and many other sources of

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in Canada transmits on the following frequencies: 3.33 MHz, 7.85 MHz, and 14.67 MHz. Other similar

365:(28 MHz) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927. The 202:

for radio communications. The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit.

6331: 5757: 5718: 5563: 5463: 5392: 5325: 5152: 3681: 3645: 1411: 846:, named after the 18th century English folk song, which is transmitted just before the sequences of numbers. 424:, may impose a serious limit. This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, absorbing some of a 98: 438:

With lower frequencies the dependence on the time of the day is mainly due to the lowest ionospheric layer, the

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Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150–200 meter band – the official wavelengths allocated to

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In the developed world, shortwave reception is very difficult in urban areas because of excessive noise from

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ionization – so great, sometimes for periods of several minutes, that skywave propagation is nonexistent.

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Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by

6200: 5779: 5583: 5548: 5468: 5448: 5370: 5258: 5179: 4233: 4056: 4036: 1584: 1499: 1456: 1240: 971:, allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years. The last WRC took place in 2023. 119:

Shortwave broadcasts of radio programs played an important role in the early days of radio history. In

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Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945

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Shortwave radio's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks, including:

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With the wide implementation of other technologies for the distribution of radio programs, such as

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The name "shortwave" originated during the beginning of radio in the early 20th century, when the

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Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before those of

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Innovation and the Communications Revolution: From the Victorian pioneers to broadband Internet

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to music and speech); and in the same year, the development of a French instrument called the

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for the actual kinds of integrated technologies used to bring high power signals to listeners.

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The Asia-Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million

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Tuning display of a cheap portable "World Radio" which includes nine shortwave bands

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propagation"). A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a

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Shortwave Radio Signal From Florida Cow Pasture Reaches Russia Carrying Latest News

1715: 1247: 1209: 1205: 873: 862: 712:), religious or cultural stations to foreign audiences: The most common use of all. 428:'s energy and converting it to heat. Predictions of skywave propagation depend on: 314: 120: 104: 3005: 2609: 1980:(full text). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Office. 1831: 1302:

Particularly in tropical regions, SW is somewhat less prone to interference from

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frequencies. Modern systems also include satellite communications, such as ADS-C/

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Pirate Radio Stations: Tuning in to underground broadcasts in the Air and Online

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Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety Systems (GADSS): Theory and Applications

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are even more robust, allowing successful reception of signals well below the

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over-the-horizon radar system blotted out numerous shortwave broadcasts daily.

877: 720: 705: 642: 497: 470: 465: 416: 412: 408: 393: 369:(21 MHz) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952. 325: 241: 124: 86: 82: 2765: 2578: 2127:. Bureau of Navigation. Department of Commerce. 2 April 1923. pp. 9–13. 1353:

Audio quality may be limited due to interference and the modes that are used.

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for details on the history and practice of broadcasting to foreign audiences.

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aerial system. In July 1924, Marconi entered into contracts with the British

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Tesla Máj 623A, Short-long-medium wave tube receiver from Czechoslovakia,

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describes experiments carried out for the French and British governments.

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networks; or of individual commercial and non-commercial paid broadcasts.

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and FM stations serving them; or for speciality political, religious and

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Hrasnica, Halid; Haidine, Abdelfatteh; Lehnert, Ralf (14 January 2005).

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Bychkov, Vladimir; Golubkov, Gennady; Nikitin, Anatoly (17 July 2010).

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is temporarily, long-term or permanently unavailable (or unaffordable).

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claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide.

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In many countries (particularly in most developing nations and in the

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for a list of international and domestic shortwave radio broadcasters.

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Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include:

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A resurgence of long-distance cables began in 1956 with the laying of

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Shortwave possesses a number of advantages over newer technologies:

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antenna technology) to concentrate radio energy at the target area.

1686:, broadcasting English-language news updates in an effort to avoid 6285: 6157: 6023: 5960: 5268: 4789: 4685: 4599: 3983: 3878: 3770: 3488: 3357: 1599: 1538: 1450: 1394: 1361: 1200: 1154: 902: 739: 681: 553:, enabling less than one-half the AM signal bandwidth to be used. 469: 376: 294: 283: 169: 153:

However, shortwave remains important in war zones, such as in the

103: 56: 36: 2649:

The Atmosphere and Ionosphere: Dynamics, processes and monitoring

2475:

The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945

697:

Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include:

6206: 5965: 4784: 4779: 3701: 3686: 3581: 3576: 3518: 1695: 1691: 1385: 1315: 912: 813: 715:

Domestic broadcasting: to widely dispersed populations with few

590: 6161: 5069: 4556: 4305: 4118: 3721: 3425: 3389:

article describing pros and cons of short wave radio since the

5211: 4804: 3706: 3566: 3493: 2685: 2244:. The Wayback Machine. Schenectady Museum Amateur Radio Club. 908: 798:

bands. Licenses are granted by authorized government agencies.

735: 606: 411:, propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths, 1977:

Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty years of satellite communication

4627: 2175:. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. Archived from 2011:

Global Communications Since 1844: Geopolitics and technology

500:

are used to incorporate information in a short-wave signal.

27:

Radio transmissions using wavelengths between 10 m and 100 m

1650:

However, Thomas Witherspoon, editor of shortwave news site

1518:

with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces –

980: 3349: 2652:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 104 ff. 2350:(third ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional. 2348:

Communications Receivers: DSP, software radios, and design

1582:

around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds, entitled

3333: 1875:. Toronto / New York: Edizione Frassinelli. p. 207. 524:

recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier.

432:

The distance from the transmitter to the target receiver.

361:(14 MHz). These were allocated worldwide, while the 1759:"Grundig Satellit 400 international / professional" 1614:

Shortwave listening § Future of shortwave listening

1185:. Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized 557:

long-range voice communications by ships and aircraft,

2969:

On Some Faraway Beach: The life and times of Brian Eno

2099:"1921 – Club station 1BCG and the transatlantic tests" 1698:

also redirected much of their programming to Ukraine.

2686:"WRC-23 – World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC)" 2346:

Rohde, Ulrich L.; Whitaker, Jerry (6 December 2000).

2171:

Raide, Bob, W2ZM; Gable, Ed, K2MP (2 November 1998).

974:

As of WRC-97 in 1997, these bands were allocated for

2341: 2339: 2337: 1502:

used shortwave radio and effects in works including

1498:, a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher. 516:

is the simplest type and the most commonly used for

6273: 6255: 6241: 6227: 6220: 6193: 6047: 5984: 5906: 5870: 5827: 5768: 5702: 5411: 5103: 5029: 4956: 4885: 4813: 4765: 4707: 4684: 4661: 4247: 4186: 4146: 4125: 4070: 4027: 3997: 3961: 3926: 3919: 3871: 3800: 3769: 3762: 3664: 3616: 3590: 3527: 3459: 1514:(1968) – adapted for the Beethoven Bicentennial in 3187:Broadband Powerline Communications: Network design 3075:Kraftwerk: From Dusseldorf to the future with love 2930:. University of California Press. pp. 76 ff. 2555:. Hearst Magazines. January 1940. pp. 62 ff. 1482:in radios of the time were prone to breaking into 3334:"A beginner's guide to shortwave radio listening" 1662:In 2018, Nigel Fry, head of Distribution for the 1264:Shortwave radios can be used in situations where 3398:"Short-wave radio telephone is success in tests" 1637:According to Andy Sennitt, former editor of the 886:used for scientific experimentation such as the 407:As a result of the multi-layer structure of the 30:"Shortwave" redirects here. For other uses, see 3133: 3131: 3129: 2961: 2959: 1668: 1656: 1643: 223:, pioneer of radio, commissioned his assistant 3039:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83 ff. 1208:shortwave listener (A. Kozlov, URS3-108-B) in 888:High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program 6173: 5081: 4568: 4317: 3733: 3437: 2919: 2917: 2768:[Radio constructor's recollections]. 1690:. American commercial shortwave broadcasters 127:for an international audience. The heyday of 8: 3404:. Hearst Magazines. July 1931. mid page 114. 3366:View live and historical data and images of 3358:"Space Weather and Radio Propagation Center" 2585:. International Amateur Radio Union (IARU). 2266:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2189:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6096:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 2173:"Celebrating the first trans-Atlantic QSO!" 967:(WRC), organized under the auspices of the 6224: 6180: 6166: 6158: 6132: 5088: 5074: 5066: 4644: 4575: 4561: 4553: 4342: 4324: 4310: 4302: 4115: 3923: 3766: 3740: 3726: 3718: 3444: 3430: 3422: 3411:"Que Escuchar en la Onda Corta en Español" 2270:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2193:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1825: 1823: 1794:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 157 ff. 708:, or international news (for example, the 2972:. Chicago Review Press. pp. 275 ff. 1438:Shortwave listeners, or SWLs, can obtain 2433:Ilčev, Stojče Dimov (10 December 2019). 1735:List of European short wave transmitters 1366:A pennant sent to overseas listeners by 747:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia 3243:"Millions of Russians turn to BBC News" 2897:"Whatever Happened to Shortwave Radio?" 2511:Sterling, Christopher H. (March 2004). 1938:British Television: The formative years 1750: 1730:List of American shortwave broadcasters 1149:may be used for local DRM broadcasting 1127:almost unused, could become a DRM band 302:shortwave receiver analog tuning dial, 44:Satellit 400 solid-state, digital 2259: 2182: 2153: 2142: 1261:which provide power without batteries. 907:Transmitter room of shortwave station 585:was used for analog television and by 6249:List of mediumwave radio broadcasters 3150:from the original on 16 February 2018 2559:from the original on 17 December 2019 2472:Berg, Jerome S. (20 September 2013). 2322:from the original on 12 February 2018 2131:from the original on 22 November 2018 1769:from the original on 13 February 2018 1243:can be easily built with a few parts. 969:International Telecommunication Union 7: 6263:List of shortwave radio broadcasters 6142: 3078:. Ebury Publishing. pp. 98 ff. 2986:from the original on 25 January 2022 2589:from the original on 1 December 2017 2492:from the original on 25 January 2022 2453:from the original on 25 January 2022 2414:from the original on 10 January 2017 2125:"Radio Service Bulletin No. 72" 2105:from the original on 7 November 2009 1955:from the original on 25 January 2022 1916:from the original on 25 January 2022 1740:List of shortwave radio broadcasters 936:List of shortwave radio broadcasters 291:Amateur use of shortwave propagation 129:international shortwave broadcasting 6235:List of longwave radio broadcasters 3208:from the original on 19 August 2020 3092:from the original on 18 August 2020 3053:from the original on 19 August 2020 3014:from the original on 20 August 2020 2944:from the original on 18 August 2020 2666:from the original on 19 August 2020 2531:from the original on 19 August 2020 2032:from the original on 19 August 2020 1808:from the original on 20 August 2020 1382:shortwave broadcast-radio receivers 965:World Radiocommunication Conference 3140:"The evolution of shortwave radio" 2288:Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere 2210:Frequency or wave band allocations 1850:from the original on 29 April 2016 704:primarily by government-sponsored 25: 3249:from the original on 4 March 2022 3169:Amaral, Cristiano Torres (2021). 2746:from the original on 9 April 2010 2716:from the original on 6 March 2014 2248:from the original on 10 June 2007 2217:from the original on 8 March 2021 2008:Hugill, Peter J. (4 March 1999). 892:Sura ionospheric heating facility 641:of a sine-wave carrier, used for 573:is used by the Canadian standard 6141: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6110: 5731:Free-space optical communication 4536: 4274: 2772:from the original on 6 June 2009 2378:Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2000). 2236:Continelli, Bill, W2XOY (1996). 2052:"Cable and wireless PLC history" 1788:Nebeker, Frederik (6 May 2009). 1708: 1676:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1604:PC spectrum display of a modern 333:shortly after World War I. 209:used long waves, below 300 3268:Wilbanks, Kase (4 April 2022). 2878:from the original on 2020-01-02 2628:from the original on 2020-08-19 2080:from the original on 2008-10-24 1688:censorship by the Russian state 1023:shared with the North American 4214:Error detection and correction 3415:queescucharenlaoc.blogspot.com 3293:Little • •, Joe (April 2022). 2966:Sheppard, David (1 May 2009). 2924:Wörner, Karl Heinrich (1973). 2517:. Routledge. pp. 538 ff. 2070:"Marconi wireless on Cape Cod" 2016:Johns Hopkins University Press 1447:Shortwave broadcasts and music 686:Portable shortwave receiver's 593:system used in North America. 1: 3656:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System 486: 303: 109: 6117:Telecommunication portal 5898:Telecommunications equipment 3072:Barr, Tim (31 August 2013). 3033:Dolp, Laura (13 July 2017). 2614:. McGraw Hill Professional. 2382:. Newnes. pp. 195–196. 808:stations: In North America, 451:produce a large increase in 5634:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4676:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray 4287:Comparison of radio systems 3171:Guia Moderno do Radioescuta 1974:Butrica, Andrew J. (1997). 1420:Radio France Internationale 1326:of a conventional receiver. 1073:the most heavily used band 496:Several different types of 373:Propagation characteristics 6348: 6312:International broadcasting 5338:Telecommunications history 4671:Very-high-energy gamma ray 4260:International broadcasting 4229:FM extended band in Brazil 2927:Stockhausen: Life and work 2827:10.1207/s15506843jrs1202_8 2792:"[no title cited]" 2706:"Nationaal Frequentieplan" 1632:Broadband over Power Lines 1611: 1556:transmissions in his 1999 1408:Radio Taiwan International 1373: 1172:digital audio broadcasting 976:international broadcasting 956: 927:International broadcasting 702:International broadcasting 463: 396:, (a phenomenon known as " 73:medium frequency band (MF) 32:Shortwave (disambiguation) 29: 6105: 5946:Public Switched Telephone 5758:telecommunication circuit 5719:Fiber-optic communication 5464:Francis Blake (telephone) 5259:Optical telecommunication 4590: 4532: 4340: 4268: 4114: 3646:Global Positioning System 3227:Witherspoon, Thomas. "". 2608:Yoder, Andrew R. (2002). 2101:. Radio Club of America. 1570:context. In 1975, German 1412:China Radio International 1228:against Soviet President 872:: From 1976 to 1989, the 99:line-of-sight propagation 5857:Orbital angular-momentum 5294:Satellite communications 5133:Communications satellite 4584:Electromagnetic spectrum 2872:The Radio Reference Wiki 2868:"Live tunable receivers" 2815:Journal of Radio Studies 2579:"IARU Monitoring System" 2380:Audio and Hi-Fi Handbook 1997:– via Archive.org. 1896:Beauchamp, K.G. (2001). 1869:Marconi, Degna (1996) . 1628:power line communication 1290:satellite communications 135:between 1960 and 1980. 69:high frequency band (HF) 6281:World Radio TV Handbook 5736:Molecular communication 5559:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5388:Undersea telegraph line 5123:Cable protection system 4239:Shortwave relay station 4138:Audio signal processing 3362:propagation.hfradio.org 3320:WFOR-TV, March 17, 2022 3036:Arvo Pärt's White Light 2152:Cite magazine requires 1836:. IET. pp. 73–75. 1639:World Radio TV Handbook 1578:recorded a full length 1552:incorporated shortwave 1486:, adding various tonal 1266:over-the-air television 945:Shortwave relay station 311:Amateur radio operators 277:Cable and Wireless Ltd. 261:Imperial Wireless Chain 230:Poldhu Wireless Station 225:Charles Samuel Franklin 75:, to the bottom of the 5878:Communication protocol 5664:Charles Sumner Tainter 5479:Walter Houser Brattain 5424:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5232:Information revolution 4632: 4133:Audio data compression 2312:"Panasonic / National" 1672: 1660: 1648: 1624:Digital Radio Mondiale 1609: 1595: 1536:(both 1969–1970), and 1459: 1371: 1241:regenerative receivers 1222:censoring the Internet 1213: 1183:over-the-horizon radar 1160: 1061:amateur radio 40m band 1025:amateur radio 80m band 920: 899:Shortwave broadcasting 870:Over-the-horizon radar 844:"Lincolnshire Poacher" 694: 619:Digital Radio Mondiale 518:shortwave broadcasting 493: 390:ionospheric reflection 385: 307: 179: 148:IP-based transmissions 116: 49: 5852:Polarization-division 5584:Narinder Singh Kapany 5549:Erna Schneider Hoover 5469:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5449:Alexander Graham Bell 5180:online video platform 4631: 4234:Multipath propagation 4057:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 3927:Frequency allocations 3802:Frequency allocations 3192:John Wiley & Sons 2766:"Odbiornik "Roksana"" 2514:Encyclopedia of Radio 2290:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 1899:History of Telegraphy 1630:(PLC), also known as 1612:Further information: 1603: 1500:Karlheinz Stockhausen 1480:regenerative circuits 1457:Karlheinz Stockhausen 1454: 1365: 1204: 1174:format for shortwave 1158: 1135:21.45–21.85 MHz 1092:13.57–13.87 MHz 953:Frequency allocations 906: 685: 473: 464:Further information: 417:‘E’ or ‘F’ layer 392:back to Earth by the 380: 298: 173: 107: 40: 5694:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5654:Almon Brown Strowger 5624:Charles Grafton Page 5279:Prepaid mobile phone 5207:Electrical telegraph 4187:Technical (emission) 3453:Time signal stations 3122:on 18 December 2011. 2802:on 10 February 2005. 2286:Rawer, Karl (1993). 2179:on 30 November 2009. 1941:. IET. p. 315. 1935:Burns, R.W. (1986). 1902:. IET. p. 234. 1274:satellite television 1124:18.9–19.02 MHz 1113:17.48–17.9 MHz 834:Clandestine stations 669:slow-scan television 603:frequency modulation 514:Amplitude modulation 319:very low frequencies 205:Early long-distance 6212:Shortwave listening 5644:Johann Philipp Reis 5403:Wireless revolution 5365:The Telephone Cases 5222:Hydraulic telegraph 4717:Extreme ultraviolet 3010:. C. Parker. 2000. 2848:on 14 November 2006 2439:. Springer Nature. 2018:. pp. 129 ff. 1830:Bray, John (2002). 1376:Shortwave listening 1358:Shortwave listening 1259:hand-cranked radios 1146:25.6–26.1 MHz 1102:15.1–15.8 MHz 1081:11.6–12.2 MHz 1034:4.75–5.06 MHz 998:2.3–2.495 MHz 890:in Alaska, and the 884:Ionospheric heaters 856:signal interference 732:air traffic control 692:75–meter band 645:communications and 460:Types of modulation 300:Hallicrafters SX-28 268:transoceanic cables 257:General Post Office 155:Russo-Ukrainian war 59:transmission using 6201:Broadcast listener 5842:Frequency-division 5819:Telephone exchange 5689:Charles Wheatstone 5619:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5594:Innocenzo Manzetti 5529:Reginald Fessenden 5264:Optical telegraphy 5097:Telecommunications 4722:Vacuum ultraviolet 4633: 3194:. pp. 34 ff. 1872:My Father, Marconi 1610: 1608:shortwave receiver 1596:Shortwave's future 1558:ConSPIracy cantata 1460: 1432:Radio Free Sarawak 1372: 1348:radio interference 1214: 1189:designs (like the 1161: 921: 878:Russian Woodpecker 753:"Utility" stations 695: 583:Vestigial sideband 570:Vestigial sideband 494: 475:National Panasonic 386: 367:15 meter band 363:10 meter band 308: 242:Cape Verde Islands 180: 144:cable broadcasting 117: 50: 46:shortwave receiver 6322:Guglielmo Marconi 6299: 6298: 6269: 6268: 6155: 6154: 5893:Store and forward 5888:Data transmission 5802:Network switching 5753:Transmission line 5599:Guglielmo Marconi 5564:Internet pioneers 5429:Mohamed M. Atalla 5398:Whistled language 5063: 5062: 4767:Visible (optical) 4550: 4549: 4527: 4526: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4219:FM broadcast band 4126:Technical (audio) 4023: 4022: 3915: 3914: 3715: 3714: 3608:Radio Data System 3402:Popular Mechanics 3372:radio propagation 3201:978-0-470-85742-7 3138:Careless, James. 3085:978-1-4481-7776-9 3046:978-1-107-18289-9 2979:978-1-55652-107-2 2937:978-0-520-02143-3 2659:978-90-481-3212-6 2621:978-0-07-137563-4 2552:Popular Mechanics 2524:978-1-135-45649-8 2316:ShortwaveRadio.ch 2238:"Article #8" 2058:on 20 March 2015. 2025:978-0-8018-6074-4 1801:978-0-470-40974-9 1763:ShortWaveRadio.ch 1664:BBC World Service 1550:Yannis Kyriakides 1424:BBC World Service 1370:in the late 1980s 1308:medium wave radio 1234:BBC World Service 1230:Mikhail Gorbachev 1153: 1152: 1070:9.4–9.9 MHz 1056:7.2–7.6 MHz 1045:5.9–6.2 MHz 1009:3.2–3.4 MHz 818:CHU radio station 762:operators at the 725:alternative media 710:BBC World Service 639:on-and-off keying 537:carrier frequency 357:(7 MHz) and 353:(3.75 MHz), 221:Guglielmo Marconi 186:was divided into 176:Guglielmo Marconi 123:it was used as a 61:radio frequencies 16:(Redirected from 6339: 6332:Short wave radio 6225: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6145: 6144: 6135: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6113: 5986:Notable networks 5976:Wireless network 5916:Cellular network 5908:Types of network 5883:Computer network 5770:Network topology 5684:Thomas A. Watson 5539:Oliver Heaviside 5524:Philo Farnsworth 5499:Daniel Davis Jr. 5474:Charles Bourseul 5434:John Logie Baird 5143:Data compression 5138:Computer network 5090: 5083: 5076: 5067: 4654: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4554: 4543:Radio portal 4541: 4540: 4539: 4343: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4303: 4281:Radio portal 4279: 4278: 4277: 4255:History of radio 4199:AM expanded band 4116: 3999:Commercial radio 3924: 3767: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3423: 3418: 3405: 3388: 3365: 3353: 3350:"World of Radio" 3341: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3146:. NewBay Media. 3135: 3124: 3123: 3118:. 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6271: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5837:Space-division 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5674:Camille Tissot 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Claude Shannon 5646: 5641: 5639:Tivadar Puskás 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609:Antonio Meucci 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579:Charles K. Kao 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Harold Hopkins 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454:Emile Berliner 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5393:Videotelephony 5390: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5291: 5289:Radiotelephone 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5175:Internet video 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4847: 4842: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4511: 4509: 4504:30 MHz/10 m 4496: 4494: 4481: 4479: 4466: 4464: 4459:30 kHz/10 km 4451: 4449: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4419: 4414:30 Hz/10 Mm 4406: 4404: 4391: 4389: 4384:30 GHz/10 mm 4376: 4374: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333:Radio spectrum 4331: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4173:Kahn-Hazeltine 4170: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4120:Related topics 4119: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4004: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3837: 3827: 3817: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3394: 3375: 3354: 3342: 3328: 3327:External links 3325: 3323: 3322: 3310: 3285: 3260: 3234: 3229:SWLingPost.com 3219: 3200: 3176: 3161: 3125: 3103: 3084: 3064: 3045: 3025: 2997: 2978: 2955: 2936: 2913: 2888: 2859: 2821:(2): 286–304. 2805: 2783: 2756: 2727: 2697: 2677: 2658: 2638: 2620: 2600: 2570: 2542: 2523: 2503: 2484: 2464: 2445: 2425: 2395: 2388: 2370: 2356: 2333: 2303: 2296: 2278: 2228: 2200: 2163: 2116: 2090: 2061: 2043: 2024: 2000: 1986: 1966: 1947: 1927: 1908: 1888: 1881: 1861: 1842: 1819: 1800: 1780: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1703: 1700: 1652:SWLingPost.com 1597: 1594: 1585:Radio-Activity 1516:Opus 1970 1492:Ondes Martenot 1448: 1445: 1428:Voice of Korea 1374:Main article: 1368:Radio Budapest 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1311: 1300: 1297: 1262: 1255: 1244: 1237: 1226:attempted coup 1198: 1195: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037:tropical band 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1012:tropical band 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 1001:tropical band 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 985: 957:Main article: 954: 951: 950: 949: 940: 931: 900: 897: 896: 895: 881: 867: 860: 847: 837: 827: 826: 799: 796:10–meter 757: 750: 743: 728: 713: 679: 676: 661: 658: 631: 628: 626: 623: 615: 612: 598: 595: 566: 563: 559:citizen's band 529: 526: 510: 507: 505: 502: 483:radio receiver 461: 458: 457: 456: 446: 443: 436: 433: 422:‘D’ layer 374: 371: 359:20 meters 355:40 meters 351:80 meters 292: 289: 184:radio spectrum 167: 164: 162: 159: 48:, c. 1986 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6344: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6148: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6128: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5862:Code-division 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Time-division 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773:and switching 5771: 5767: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5724:optical fiber 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Coaxial cable 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Radia Perlman 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Lee de Forest 5517: 5515: 5514:Thomas Edison 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Donald Davies 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:Claude Chappe 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333:Smoke signals 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311:Semiconductor 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5170:Digital media 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 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4501: 4495: 4492: 4489:3 MHz/100 m 4487: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4461:300 kHz/1 km 4457: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4446:30 kHz/10 km 4444:3 kHz/100 km 4442: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4431:3 kHz/100 km 4427: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4401:3 THz/0.1 mm 4397: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4386:300 GHz/1 mm 4382: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4371:30 GHz/10 mm 4369:3 GHz/100 mm 4367: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4354:3 Hz/100 Mm 4352: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4209:Digital radio 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 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