331:
479:
655:
support. Traditionally, this has responded well to a 'reefing' procedure known as an open inferior capsular shift. More recently, the procedure has been carried out as an arthroscopic procedure, rather than open surgery, again with comparable results. Most recently, the procedure has been carried out using radio frequency technology to shrink the redundant shoulder capsule (thermal capsular shrinkage); while long-term results of this development are currently unproven, recent studies show thermal capsular shrinkage have higher failure rates with the highest number of cases of instability recurrence and re-operation.
192:
600:
50:
451:
439:
463:
507:
552:
663:
Following shoulder reduction, most people are given self-management advice on recovery, such as home exercises, but some receive additional physiotherapy. A randomised controlled trial showed similar shoulder function after 6 months between those who received self-management advice only and those who
581:
Stimson procedure is the least painful, widely used shoulder reduction technique. In this procedure a weight is attached to the wrist while the injured arm is hanging off an examination table for between 20 and 30 minutes. The arm is then slowly rotated until the shoulder is relocated. Sedatives are
518:
Inferior dislocation is the least likely, occurring in less than 1%. This condition is also called luxatio erecta because the arm appears to be permanently held upward or behind the head. It is caused by a hyper abduction of the arm that forces the humeral head against the acromion. Such injuries
313:
A diagnosis of shoulder dislocation is often suspected based on the person's history and physical examination. Radiographs are made to confirm the diagnosis. Most dislocations are apparent on radiographs showing incongruence of the glenohumeral joint. Posterior dislocations may be hard to detect on
654:
There remains those situations characterized by multidirectional instability, which have failed to respond satisfactorily to rehabilitation, falling under the AMBRI classification previously noted. This is usually due to an overstretched and redundant capsule which no longer offers stability or
590:
There is no strong evidence of a difference in outcomes when the arm is immobilized in internal versus external rotation following an anterior shoulder dislocation. A 2008 study of 300 people for almost six years found that conventional shoulder immobilisation in a sling offered no benefit.
650:
Although posterior dislocation is much less common, instability following it is no less challenging and, again, some form of bone augmentation may be required to control instability. Damaged ligaments, including labral tears, occurring as a result of posterior dislocations may be treated
490:
or seizure. They may be caused by strength imbalance of the rotator cuff muscles. People with dislocated shoulders typically present holding their arm internally rotated and adducted, and exhibiting flattening of the anterior shoulder with a prominent coracoid process.
2003:
Wasserstein DN, Sheth U, Colbenson K, Henry PD, Chahal J, Dwyer T, Kuhn JE (December 2016). "The True
Recurrence Rate and Factors Predicting Recurrent Instability After Nonsurgical Management of Traumatic Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Systematic Review".
245:
which may be accomplished by a number of techniques. These include traction-countertraction, external rotation, scapular manipulation, and the
Stimson technique. After reduction X-rays are recommended for verification. The arm may then be placed in a
257:
after an acute shoulder dislocation will not experience recurrent dislocations. It has been shown that patients who do not receive surgery after a shoulder dislocation do not experience recurrent dislocations within two years of the initial injury.
577:
into the shoulder joint. Injecting lidocaine into the joint may be less expensive and faster. If a shoulder cannot be relocated in the emergency room, relocation in the operating room may be required. This situation occurs in about 7% of cases.
2073:
2058:
568:
may be accomplished with a number of techniques including traction-countertraction, external rotation, scapular manipulation, Stimson technique, Cunningham technique, or Milch technique. Pain can be managed during the procedures either by
318:
may be used to assess soft tissue damage. In regards to recurrent dislocations, the apprehension test (anterior instability) and sulcus sign (inferior instability) are useful methods for determining predisposition to future dislocation.
1641:
Burkhart SS, De Beer JF (October 2000). "Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic
Bankart repairs: significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging Hill-Sachs lesion".
392:
is an impaction of the head of the humerus left by the glenoid rim during dislocation. Hill-Sachs deformities occur in 35–40% of anterior dislocations. They can be seen on a front-facing X-ray when the arm is in internal rotation.
314:
standard AP radiographs, but are more readily detected on other views. After reduction, radiographs are usually repeated to confirm successful reduction and to detect bone damage. After repeated shoulder dislocations, an
1883:
Mohtadi NG, Kirkley A, Hollinshead RM, McCormack R, MacDonald PB, Chan DS, et al. (August 2014). "Electrothermal arthroscopic capsulorrhaphy: old technology, new evidence. A multicenter randomized clinical trial".
1411:
Whelan DB, Kletke SN, Schemitsch G, Chahal J (February 2016). "Immobilization in
External Rotation Versus Internal Rotation After Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials".
1677:
Burkhart SS, De Beer JF, Barth JR, Cresswell T, Criswell T, Roberts C, Richards DP (October 2007). "Results of modified
Latarjet reconstruction in patients with anteroinferior instability and significant bone loss".
642:
has been shown to increase markedly in people with significant bone loss from the glenoid (socket). In such cases, improved results have been reported with some form of bone augmentation of the glenoid such as the
1919:
Kearney, Rebecca S.; Ellard, David R.; Parsons, Helen; Haque, Aminul; Mason, James; Nwankwo, Henry; Bradley, Helen; Drew, Stephen; Modi, Chetan; Bush, Howard; Torgerson, David; Underwood, Martin (2024-01-17).
1553:
Longo UG, Loppini M, Rizzello G, Ciuffreda M, Maffulli N, Denaro V (April 2014). "Management of primary acute anterior shoulder dislocation: systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature".
261:
About 1.7% of people have a shoulder dislocation within their lifetime. In the United States this is about 24 per 100,000 people per year. They make up about half of major joint dislocations seen in
1351:
Fitch RW, Kuhn JE (August 2008). "Intraarticular lidocaine versus intravenous procedural sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines for reduction of the dislocated shoulder: a systematic review".
1794:
Millett PJ, Schoenahl JY, Register B, Gaskill TR, van
Deurzen DF, Martetschläger F (February 2013). "Reconstruction of posterior glenoid deficiency using distal tibial osteoarticular allograft".
408:(C5, C6) may result. The axillary nerve is injured in 37% making it the most commonly injured structure with this type of injury. Other common, associated, nerve injuries include injury to the
2168:
1324:
Yamamoto T, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M, Nagira K, Nabeshima Y (December 2003). "Luxatio erecta (inferior dislocation of the shoulder): a report of 5 cases and a review of the literature".
1713:
Noonan B, Hollister SJ, Sekiya JK, Bedi A (August 2014). "Comparison of reconstructive procedures for glenoid bone loss associated with recurrent anterior shoulder instability".
1751:
Chen D, Goldberg J, Herald J, Critchley I, Barmare A (February 2016). "Effects of surgical management on multidirectional instability of the shoulder: a meta-analysis".
330:
1155:
Kelley SP, Hinsche AF, Hossain JF (November 2004). "Axillary artery transection following anterior shoulder dislocation: classical presentation and current concepts".
478:
2161:
234:
A shoulder dislocation often occurs as a result of a fall onto an outstretched arm or onto the shoulder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and confirmed by
1597:
1067:
420:
and as the deltoid atrophies unilaterally, the normal rounded contour of the shoulder is lost. A person with injury to the axillary nerve will have difficulty in
498:
person and in people who are in the state of unconscious trauma. An average interval of 1 year was noted between injury and diagnosis in a series of 40 people.
2522:
288:
Shoulder and arm held in external rotation (anterior dislocation), or adduction and internal rotation (posterior dislocation). Resistance of all movement.
2532:
2154:
869:"Intra-articular lignocaine versus intravenous analgesia with or without sedation for manual reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation in adults"
334:
X-ray at left shows anterior dislocation in a young man. X-ray at right shows the same shoulder after reduction and internal rotation, revealing a
1248:
1293:
582:
used in
Stimson procedure and first time Stimson reduction for acute shoulder dislocation requires wearing arm slings for between 2 and 4 weeks.
1977:
543:
may provide support and increase comfort. Strong analgesics are needed to allay the pain of a dislocation and the distress associated with it.
462:
450:
1922:"Acute rehabilitation following traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation (ARTISAN): pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial"
531:
Prompt medical treatment should be sought for suspected dislocation. Usually, the shoulder is kept in its current position by use of a
985:
377:
Anterior dislocations are usually caused by a direct blow to, or fall on, an outstretched arm. The person typically holds his/her arm
253:
Not all patients require surgery following a shoulder dislocation. There is moderate quality evidence that patients who receive
2356:
1043:
570:
161:
672:
After an anterior shoulder dislocation, the risk of a future dislocation is about 20%. This risk is greater in males than females.
2403:
482:
Lightbulb sign indicative of posterior shoulder dislocation shown on the left. On the right, the same shoulder after reduction.
790:
438:
638:, a time-honored surgical treatment for recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder. However, the failure rate following
191:
1627:
1193:
Malik S, Chiampas G, Leonard H (November 2010). "Emergent evaluation of injuries to the shoulder, clavicle, and humerus".
351:
1589:
1386:
265:. Males are affected more often than females. Most shoulder dislocations occur as a result of sports injuries.
1009:
382:
378:
2088:
224:
2492:
2487:
2260:
511:
421:
88:
730:
Bonz J, Tinloy B (May 2015). "Emergency department evaluation and treatment of the shoulder and humerus".
389:
624:
2307:
1245:
1457:"Conservative management following closed reduction of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder"
1265:
1109:
Riebel GD, McCabe JB (March 1991). "Anterior shoulder dislocation: a review of reduction techniques".
2366:
612:
425:
262:
2228:
2077:
599:
409:
1038:. Papadakis, Maxine A., McPhee, Stephen J., Rabow, Michael W. (Fifty-seventh ed.). New York.
923:"Treatment after traumatic shoulder dislocation: a systematic review with a network meta-analysis"
2264:
2250:
2223:
2146:
1865:
1819:
1776:
1437:
1061:
1003:
846:
644:
620:
565:
560:
297:
Visibly displaced shoulder. Some dislocations result in the shoulder appearing unusually square.
242:
145:
78:
67:
31:
1840:
Fleega BA, El Shewy MT (May 2012). "Arthroscopic inferior capsular shift: long-term follow-up".
285:
Sensation that the shoulder is slipping out of the joint during abduction and external rotation.
1307:
510:
An inferior dislocation of the shoulder after an automobile accident. Note how the humerus is
238:. They are classified as anterior, posterior, inferior, and superior with most being anterior.
49:
2527:
2443:
2397:
2177:
2099:
2021:
1959:
1941:
1901:
1857:
1811:
1768:
1730:
1695:
1659:
1571:
1535:
1486:
1429:
1368:
1333:
1285:
1210:
1172:
1126:
1049:
1039:
991:
981:
952:
898:
838:
747:
681:
532:
339:
220:
216:
129:
101:
97:
62:
2465:
2371:
2351:
2013:
1985:
1949:
1933:
1893:
1849:
1803:
1760:
1722:
1687:
1651:
1563:
1525:
1517:
1476:
1468:
1421:
1360:
1277:
1202:
1164:
1118:
942:
934:
888:
880:
830:
739:
616:
608:
355:
254:
247:
1504:
Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Dimitriou C, Papadopoulos P, Samoladas E, Pournaras J (June 2007).
2329:
2189:
1623:
1252:
486:
Posterior dislocations are uncommon, and are typically due to the muscle contraction from
401:
371:
821:
Cunningham NJ (2005). "Techniques for reduction of anteroinferior shoulder dislocation".
1954:
2393:
2280:
2128:
1530:
1505:
1481:
1456:
947:
922:
893:
868:
639:
635:
487:
417:
405:
394:
335:
228:
212:
105:
93:
2516:
2361:
1364:
1281:
1122:
834:
603:
MRI of shoulder after dislocation with Hill-Sachs lesion and labral
Bankart's lesion.
367:
208:
2082:
1869:
1780:
1441:
850:
506:
397:
are disruptions of the glenoid labrum with or without an avulsion of bone fragment.
17:
2497:
2302:
2270:
1823:
1472:
980:. Sarwark, John F. Rosemont, Ill.: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2010.
884:
782:
664:
had extra physiotherapy. Both groups also had a similar number of complications.
555:
An example of a shoulder reduction technique, specifically the
Cunningham technique
413:
1921:
1081:
250:
for a few weeks. Surgery may be recommended in those with recurrent dislocations.
2134:
2093:
2017:
1691:
1567:
1168:
938:
2181:
2131:
1143:
1097:
1022:
235:
135:
71:
2104:
1989:
1619:
1228:
322:
There are three main types of dislocations: anterior, posterior, and inferior.
2211:
2067:
1897:
1807:
1764:
1726:
1521:
1206:
743:
211:. Symptoms include shoulder pain and instability. Complications may include a
156:
1945:
1853:
1425:
1053:
995:
2479:
2435:
2343:
2275:
2242:
2123:
1978:"Shoulder dislocation: a single physiotherapy session is usually sufficient"
1937:
1655:
1312:
1233:
1086:
628:
574:
551:
429:
172:
165:
149:
2025:
1963:
1905:
1861:
1815:
1772:
1734:
1699:
1663:
1575:
1539:
1490:
1433:
1372:
1337:
1214:
1176:
956:
902:
842:
751:
1289:
1130:
519:
have a high complication rate as many vascular, neurological, tendon, and
2431:
2238:
2202:
520:
363:
347:
315:
291:
279:
2294:
495:
359:
204:
2050:
2422:
2417:
2185:
2062:
354:. In most of those, the head of the humerus comes to rest under the
2457:
2381:
2321:
2290:
2197:
598:
550:
540:
505:
477:
329:
190:
416:(22%). Axillary nerve damage results in a weakened or paralyzed
2475:
2385:
2339:
2215:
301:
275:
2150:
1506:"Has the management of shoulder dislocation changed over time?"
1387:"Medically Sound: A Bump to a Shoulder – Dislocated, Fractured"
921:
Kavaja L, Lähdeoja T, Malmivaara A, Paavola M (December 2018).
2453:
2317:
536:
494:
Posterior dislocations may go unrecognized, especially in an
523:
injuries are likely to occur from this mechanism of injury.
1264:
Hawkins RJ, Neer CS, Pianta RM, Mendoza FX (January 1987).
195:
Anterior shoulder dislocation while carrying a frail elder
468:
Anterior dislocation of the right shoulder. Y view X ray.
634:
Arthroscopic stabilization surgery has evolved from the
607:
In young adults engaged in highly demanding activities
514:. Also present is a fracture of the greater tuberosity.
424:
the arm from approximately 15° away from the body. The
1270:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2040:
456:
Anterior dislocation of the right shoulder. AP X ray
2474:
2452:
2430:
2416:
2380:
2338:
2316:
2289:
2237:
2210:
2196:
2114:
2044:
1620:"Bankart repair for unstable dislocating shoulders"
181:
171:
155:
141:
128:
120:
112:
87:
77:
61:
42:
1034:Rabow MW, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (2017-09-02).
358:, referred to as sub-coracoid dislocation. Sub-
1796:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1753:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1266:"Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder"
1036:Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2018
867:Wakai A, O'Sullivan R, McCabe A (April 2011).
124:Fall onto an outstretched arm or the shoulder.
2162:
1622:. University of Washington: Orthopaedics and
1144:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/
1098:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/
1023:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/
916:
914:
912:
8:
1594:UW Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle
1188:
1186:
1461:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1195:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
873:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
732:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
2427:
2207:
2169:
2155:
2147:
2041:
1111:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
1066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
57:Anterior dislocation of the left shoulder.
48:
39:
1953:
1835:
1833:
1529:
1480:
946:
892:
862:
860:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
278:, sometimes felt along the arm past the
203:is a condition in which the head of the
1842:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1414:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
693:
444:An anterior dislocation of the shoulder
434:
350:dislocations, the humerus is displaced
116:Anterior, posterior, inferior, superior
1059:
1001:
1886:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
1746:
1744:
1715:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
615:techniques may be used to repair the
7:
1600:from the original on 13 October 2017
972:
970:
968:
966:
631:or to tighten the shoulder capsule.
2523:Injuries of shoulder and upper arm
978:Essentials of musculoskeletal care
927:British Journal of Sports Medicine
25:
2533:Dislocations, sprains and strains
2357:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
1455:Braun C, McRobert CJ (May 2019).
793:from the original on 17 June 2017
571:procedural sedation and analgesia
428:initiates abduction from a fully
177:Recurrence common in young people
162:Procedural sedation and analgesia
1630:from the original on 2008-01-15.
1365:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00164.x
1296:from the original on 2007-10-13.
1282:10.2106/00004623-198769010-00003
835:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2005.00778.x
535:or sling. A pillow between the
461:
449:
437:
1326:American Journal of Orthopedics
1308:Dislocations, Shoulder~clinical
1473:10.1002/14651858.CD004962.pub4
1246:Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
885:10.1002/14651858.CD004919.pub2
823:Emergency Medicine Australasia
1:
374:dislocations may also occur.
2018:10.1016/j.arthro.2016.05.039
1692:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.08.009
1568:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.01.003
1169:10.1016/j.injury.2003.08.009
1123:10.1016/0735-6757(91)90187-o
939:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098539
304:on the side of the shoulder.
185:24 per 100,000 per year (US)
1353:Academic Emergency Medicine
2549:
1990:10.3310/nihrevidence_62848
1510:International Orthopaedics
558:
29:
1898:10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.022
1808:10.1007/s00167-012-2254-5
1765:10.1007/s00167-015-3901-4
1727:10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.011
1522:10.1007/s00264-006-0183-y
1207:10.1016/j.emc.2010.06.006
744:10.1016/j.emc.2014.12.004
56:
47:
1854:10.1177/0363546512438509
1426:10.1177/0363546515585119
1251:January 6, 2010, at the
30:Not to be confused with
2493:Achilles tendon rupture
2488:Patellar tendon rupture
1938:10.1136/bmj-2023-076925
1656:10.1053/jars.2000.17715
1244:Life in the Fast Lane
1229:Dislocations, Shoulder
1008:: CS1 maint: others (
604:
556:
515:
483:
343:
196:
1082:Shoulder Dislocations
783:"Dislocated Shoulder"
602:
554:
509:
481:
333:
263:emergency departments
207:is detached from the
194:
2367:Patellar dislocation
627:long head anchor or
613:Arthroscopic surgery
474:Posterior (backward)
426:supraspinatus muscle
366:, and, very rarely,
18:Shoulder dislocation
2255:Dislocated shoulder
611:may be considered.
502:Inferior (downward)
410:suprascapular nerve
201:dislocated shoulder
134:Based on symptoms,
43:Dislocated shoulder
2308:Gamekeeper's thumb
2265:Separated shoulder
2224:Dislocation of jaw
2115:External resources
651:arthroscopically.
645:Latarjet operation
621:capsular ligaments
605:
566:Shoulder reduction
561:Shoulder reduction
557:
516:
484:
379:externally rotated
344:
326:Anterior (forward)
269:Signs and symptoms
243:shoulder reduction
197:
146:Shoulder reduction
68:Emergency medicine
32:Separated shoulder
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2444:Rotator cuff tear
2412:
2411:
2398:High ankle sprain
2144:
2143:
2012:(12): 2616–2625.
1984:. 24 April 2024.
1596:. 3 August 2012.
933:(23): 1498–1506.
682:Shoulder problems
390:Hill–Sachs lesion
340:Hill-Sachs lesion
221:rotator cuff tear
217:Hill-Sachs lesion
189:
188:
164:, intraarticular
130:Diagnostic method
102:rotator cuff tear
98:Hill-Sachs lesion
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2540:
2466:Pulled hamstring
2428:
2372:Knee dislocation
2352:Tear of meniscus
2208:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:"Shoulder Scope"
1586:
1580:
1579:
1550:
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1543:
1533:
1501:
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1494:
1484:
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1078:
1072:
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1057:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
999:
974:
961:
960:
950:
918:
907:
906:
896:
864:
855:
854:
818:
803:
802:
800:
798:
789:. October 2007.
787:OrthoInfo - AAOS
779:
756:
755:
727:
617:glenoidal labrum
609:shoulder surgery
465:
453:
441:
356:coracoid process
255:physical therapy
241:Treatment is by
52:
40:
21:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2470:
2448:
2421:
2408:
2376:
2334:
2330:Hip dislocation
2312:
2285:
2233:
2201:
2192:
2175:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2110:
2109:
2053:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1882:
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1877:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1686:(10): 1033–41.
1676:
1675:
1671:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1624:Sports Medicine
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1467:(5): CD004962.
1454:
1453:
1449:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1391:Medically Sound
1385:
1384:
1380:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:Wayback Machine
1243:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1163:(11): 1128–32.
1154:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1000:
988:
976:
975:
964:
920:
919:
910:
879:(4): CD004919.
866:
865:
858:
829:(5–6): 463–71.
820:
819:
806:
796:
794:
781:
780:
759:
729:
728:
695:
690:
678:
670:
661:
597:
588:
563:
549:
529:
504:
476:
469:
466:
457:
454:
445:
442:
402:axillary artery
395:Bankart lesions
372:retroperitoneal
346:In over 95% of
328:
311:
271:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2394:Sprained ankle
2390:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2281:Bankart lesion
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2085:
2070:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:Classification
2038:
2037:External links
2035:
2032:
2031:
1995:
1969:
1911:
1892:(8): 1171–80.
1875:
1848:(5): 1126–32.
1829:
1786:
1740:
1705:
1669:
1633:
1611:
1581:
1545:
1496:
1447:
1403:
1378:
1343:
1316:
1299:
1256:
1237:
1220:
1182:
1147:
1136:
1101:
1090:
1073:
1044:
1026:
1015:
987:978-0892035793
986:
962:
908:
856:
804:
757:
738:(2): 297–310.
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
677:
674:
669:
666:
660:
657:
640:Bankart repair
636:Bankart repair
596:
593:
587:
586:Post-reduction
584:
559:Main article:
548:
545:
528:
525:
503:
500:
488:electric shock
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
460:
458:
455:
448:
446:
443:
436:
418:deltoid muscle
412:(29%) and the
406:axillary nerve
400:Damage to the
336:Bankart lesion
327:
324:
310:
307:
306:
305:
298:
295:
289:
286:
283:
270:
267:
229:axillary nerve
213:Bankart lesion
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
159:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:axillary nerve
94:Bankart lesion
91:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Unhappy triad
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:NIHR Evidence
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:(8): 1113–9.
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:(7): 677–94.
1649:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:(4): 506–22.
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:(2): 521–32.
1419:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:(12): 601–3.
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:(4): 739–63.
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:9781259861482
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
805:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
687:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
667:
665:
659:Physiotherapy
658:
656:
652:
648:
646:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
601:
594:
592:
585:
583:
579:
576:
572:
567:
562:
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
492:
489:
480:
473:
464:
459:
452:
447:
440:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
391:
386:
384:
381:and slightly
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:intrathoracic
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
337:
332:
325:
323:
320:
317:
308:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
272:
268:
266:
264:
259:
256:
251:
249:
244:
239:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:glenoid fossa
206:
202:
193:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:
89:Complications
86:
83:Shoulder pain
82:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2498:Shin splints
2303:Pulled elbow
2271:ALPSA lesion
2254:
2182:subluxations
2178:Dislocations
2129:orthoped/440
2122:
2098:
2087:
2072:
2057:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1981:
1972:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1802:(2): 445–9.
1799:
1795:
1789:
1759:(2): 630–9.
1756:
1752:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1516:(3): 385–9.
1513:
1509:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1393:. 2020-09-14
1390:
1381:
1359:(8): 703–8.
1356:
1352:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1240:
1227:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1139:
1117:(2): 180–8.
1114:
1110:
1104:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1035:
1029:
1018:
977:
930:
926:
876:
872:
826:
822:
795:. Retrieved
786:
735:
731:
671:
662:
653:
649:
633:
606:
589:
580:
573:or injected
564:
530:
517:
493:
485:
414:radial nerve
399:
387:
376:
345:
321:
312:
300:No palpable
274:Significant
260:
252:
240:
233:
200:
198:
2006:Arthroscopy
1932:: e076925.
1680:Arthroscopy
1644:Arthroscopy
1556:Arthroscopy
1276:(1): 9–18.
629:SLAP lesion
294:of the arm.
72:orthopedics
2517:Categories
2135:sports/152
2100:DiseasesDB
1604:14 October
1397:2020-11-01
797:13 October
688:References
432:position.
364:clavicular
352:anteriorly
157:Medication
2436:upper arm
2276:SLAP tear
2243:upper arm
2203:ligaments
2132:radio/630
2124:eMedicine
1946:1756-1833
1313:eMedicine
1234:eMedicine
1087:eMedicine
1062:cite book
1054:959649794
1004:cite book
996:706805938
668:Prognosis
575:lidocaine
547:Reduction
527:Treatment
422:abducting
309:Diagnosis
182:Frequency
173:Prognosis
166:lidocaine
150:arm sling
142:Treatment
63:Specialty
2528:Shoulder
2432:Shoulder
2404:Turf toe
2239:Shoulder
2229:Whiplash
2026:27487737
1964:38233068
1955:10792684
1906:24939380
1870:11329565
1862:22437281
1816:23114865
1781:35624937
1773:26658564
1735:24561175
1700:17916467
1664:11027751
1628:Archived
1598:Archived
1576:24680311
1540:16909255
1491:31074847
1442:26001387
1434:26116355
1373:18783486
1338:14713067
1294:Archived
1249:Archived
1215:20971390
1177:15488503
957:29936432
903:21491392
851:18146330
843:16302939
791:Archived
752:25892723
676:See also
521:ligament
512:abducted
430:adducted
383:abducted
348:shoulder
316:MRI scan
292:Numbness
280:shoulder
79:Symptoms
2423:tendons
2418:Muscles
2295:forearm
2190:strains
2186:sprains
2094:D012783
1824:8237748
1531:2267594
1482:6510174
1290:3805075
1131:1994950
948:6241619
894:8859829
595:Surgery
496:elderly
360:glenoid
227:to the
205:humerus
2198:Joints
2024:
1962:
1952:
1944:
1904:
1868:
1860:
1822:
1814:
1779:
1771:
1733:
1698:
1662:
1574:
1538:
1528:
1489:
1479:
1440:
1432:
1371:
1336:
1288:
1213:
1175:
1157:Injury
1129:
1052:
1042:
994:
984:
955:
945:
901:
891:
849:
841:
750:
625:biceps
533:splint
338:and a
236:X-rays
225:injury
136:X-rays
121:Causes
108:injury
27:Injury
2458:thigh
2382:Ankle
2322:thigh
2291:Elbow
2105:31231
2068:S43.0
1866:S2CID
1820:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1438:S2CID
847:S2CID
541:torso
362:, sub
248:sling
223:, or
113:Types
2478:and
2476:Knee
2456:and
2434:and
2386:foot
2384:and
2342:and
2340:Knee
2320:and
2293:and
2241:and
2216:neck
2214:and
2212:Head
2188:and
2089:MeSH
2078:9-CM
2022:PMID
1960:PMID
1942:ISSN
1902:PMID
1858:PMID
1812:PMID
1769:PMID
1731:PMID
1696:PMID
1660:PMID
1606:2017
1572:PMID
1536:PMID
1487:PMID
1465:2019
1430:PMID
1369:PMID
1334:PMID
1286:PMID
1211:PMID
1173:PMID
1127:PMID
1068:link
1050:OCLC
1040:ISBN
1010:link
992:OCLC
982:ISBN
953:PMID
899:PMID
877:2013
839:PMID
799:2017
748:PMID
539:and
404:and
302:bone
276:pain
2480:leg
2454:Hip
2420:and
2344:leg
2318:Hip
2200:and
2083:831
2074:ICD
2059:ICD
2014:doi
1986:doi
1950:PMC
1934:doi
1930:384
1926:BMJ
1894:doi
1850:doi
1804:doi
1761:doi
1723:doi
1688:doi
1652:doi
1564:doi
1526:PMC
1518:doi
1477:PMC
1469:doi
1422:doi
1361:doi
1311:at
1278:doi
1232:at
1203:doi
1165:doi
1119:doi
1085:at
943:PMC
935:doi
889:PMC
881:doi
831:doi
740:doi
537:arm
370:or
2519::
2261:AC
2251:GH
2184:,
2127::
2103::
2092::
2081::
2066::
2063:10
2020:.
2010:32
2008:.
1980:.
1958:.
1948:.
1940:.
1928:.
1924:.
1900:.
1890:23
1888:.
1864:.
1856:.
1846:40
1844:.
1832:^
1818:.
1810:.
1800:21
1798:.
1775:.
1767:.
1757:24
1755:.
1743:^
1729:.
1719:23
1717:.
1694:.
1684:23
1682:.
1658:.
1648:16
1646:.
1626:.
1592:.
1570:.
1560:30
1558:.
1534:.
1524:.
1514:31
1512:.
1508:.
1485:.
1475:.
1463:.
1459:.
1436:.
1428:.
1418:44
1416:.
1389:.
1367:.
1357:15
1355:.
1330:32
1328:.
1292:.
1284:.
1274:69
1272:.
1268:.
1209:.
1199:28
1197:.
1185:^
1171:.
1161:35
1159:.
1125:.
1113:.
1064:}}
1060:{{
1048:.
1006:}}
1002:{{
990:.
965:^
951:.
941:.
931:52
929:.
925:.
911:^
897:.
887:.
875:.
871:.
859:^
845:.
837:.
827:17
825:.
807:^
785:.
760:^
746:.
736:33
734:.
696:^
647:.
623:,
619:,
388:A
385:.
231:.
219:,
215:,
199:A
148:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
70:,
2400:)
2396:(
2267:)
2263:(
2257:)
2253:(
2180:/
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
2076:-
2061:-
2051:D
2028:.
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