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positions. Third, most partial-thickness cuff tears do not occur on bursal surface fibers, where mechanical abrasion from the acromion does occur. Fourth, it has been suggested that bursal surface cuff tears could be responsible for subacromial spurs and not the opposite. Fifth, it has been shown that there is no association with acromiohumeral distance, measured at 0°, 45° and 60° of shoulder abduction, with people with subacromial pain syndrome and shoulder pain. And finally, there is growing evidence that routine
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during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop.
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shoulder function with no significant differences among the different exercise types, further cementing the favorability of a more active intervention over passive modalities when it comes to rotator cuff issues. Exercises may help to regain the scapulo-humeral rhythm and scapular control which may reduce pain.
314:
of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles and attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula. Each of these muscles has its own role in shoulder function and must be in balance with the others in order to avoid shoulder pathology.
495:
may not be required for successful rotator cuff repair, which would be an unexpected finding if acromial shape had a major role in generating tendon lesions. In summary, despite being a popular theory, the bulk of evidence suggest that subacromial impingement probably does not play a dominant role in
442:
Therapeutic exercises might be favorable intervention compared to passive treatment approaches, electrotherapy and placebo. A recent meta-analysis done on rotator cuff tendinopathy has shown that nearly all types of active resistance training programs were proven to be effective in improving pain and
321:
The scapula may also be misplaced if a rib deep to it is not moving correctly. Often in the case of
Shoulder impingement syndrome, the scapula may be anteverted such that the shoulder on the affected side appears protracted. The ribs that may cause such an anteversion of the scapula include ribs 2–8.
313:
muscles and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation
490:
Subacromial impingement is not free of criticism. First, the identification of acromion type shows poor intra- and inter-observer reliability. Second, a computerized three-dimensional study failed to support impingement by any portion of the acromion on the rotator cuff tendons in different shoulder
126:
The most common symptoms in impingement syndrome are pain, weakness and a loss of movement at the affected shoulder. The pain is often worsened by shoulder overhead movement and may occur at night, especially when lying on the affected shoulder. The onset of the pain may be acute if due to an injury
268:
is raised and anteverted (angled forwards). This in turn pushes the acromion and the humeral head out of its usual anatomical position placing pressure downwards at the head of the humerus at the position of the nerve thus causing the impingement syndrome. This is visibly demonstrated by a slightly
481:
Impingement syndrome was reported in 1852. Impingement of the shoulder was previously thought to be precipitated by shoulder abduction and surgical intervention focused on lateral or total acromionectomy. In 1972, Charles Neer proposed that impingement was due to the anterior third of the acromion
317:
Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur
263:
have been suggested as a cause of subacromial impingement. Another common cause of
Impingement syndrome is restrictions in the range movement of the scapulo-thoracic surfaces. Commonly, one or more ribs between rib 2 and rib 7/8 on the side of the impingement may jut out slightly and/or feel hard
246:
tendon passes through this space. Anything that causes further narrowing has the tendency to impinge the tendon and cause an inflammatory response, resulting in impingement syndrome. Such causes can be bony structures such as subacromial spurs (bony projections from the acromion), osteoarthritic
468:
A number of surgical interventions are available, depending on the nature and location of the pathology. Surgery may be done arthroscopically or as open surgery. The impinging structures may be removed in surgery, and the subacromial space may be widened by resection of the distal clavicle and
472:
A 2019 review found that the evidence does not support decompression surgery in those with more than 3 months of shoulder pain without a history of trauma. A recent metaanalysis has further supported that early SIS would likely benefit from non-operative treatment modalities and surgical open
482:
and the coracoacromial ligament and suggested surgery should be focused on these areas. The role of anteriorinferior aspect of the acromion in impingement syndrome and excision of parts of the anteriorinferior acromion has become a pivotal part of the surgical treatment of the syndrome.
1417:
Poolman, Rudolf W.; Agoritsas, Thomas; Guyatt, Gordon; Proulx, Laurie; Fisch, Florian; Shunjie, Sean Chua; Albin, Alexandra; Siemieniuk, Reed A. C.; Lytvyn, Lyubov; Noorduyn, Julia; Bekerom, Michel van den; Karjalainen, Teemu; Hao, Qiukui; Burgers, Jako; Brox, Jens Ivar; Moro, Jaydeep;
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Plain x-rays of the shoulder can be used to detect some joint pathology and variations in the bones, including acromioclavicular arthritis, variations in the acromion, and calcification. However, x-rays do not allow visualization of soft tissue and thus hold a low diagnostic value.
354:
initially) and/or response to local anesthetic injection is necessary for workup. However, imaging studies are unable to show cause of shoulder pain in diagnosing. For example, MRI imaging would show rotator cuff pathology and bursitis but is unable to specify the cause.
255:
can also cause impingement. Loss of function of the rotator cuff muscles, due to injury or loss of strength, may cause the humerus to move superiorly, resulting in impingement. Inflammation and subsequent thickening of the subacromial bursa may also cause impingement.
382:(usually combined with a steroid) into the bursa, and if there is an improved range of motion and decrease in pain, this is considered a positive "Impingement Test". It not only supports the diagnosis for impingement syndrome, but it is also therapeutic.
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may be used for persistent impingement syndrome. The total number of injections is generally limited to three due to possible side effects from the corticosteroid. A 2017 review found corticosteroid injections only give small and transient pain relief.
137:
The range of motion at the shoulder may be limited by pain. A painful arc of movement may be present during forward elevation of the arm from 60° to 120°. Passive movement at the shoulder will appear painful when a downward force is applied at the
1997:
1982:
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Gebremariam, Lukas; Hay, Elaine M.; van der Sande, Renske; Rinkel, Willem D.; Koes, Bart W.; Huisstede, Bionka M. A. (August 2014). "Subacromial impingement syndrome--effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy".
134:. The pain has been described as dull rather than sharp, and lingers for long periods of time, making it hard to fall asleep. Other symptoms can include a grinding or popping sensation during movement of the shoulder.
301:. These muscles attach to the surface of the scapula and are responsible for the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint, along with humeral abduction. The extrinsic muscles include the
1893:
Pedowitz RA, Yamaguchi K, Ahmad CS, et al. (2012). "American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline on optimizing the management of rotator cuff problems".
1793:
Ozaki J, Fujimoto S, Nakagawa Y, et al. (1988). "Tears of the rotator cuff of the shoulder associated with pathological changes in the acromion. A study in cadavera".
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raised and protracted shoulder girdle. Note: the humerus anteverts in this position causing a more protrusive section of the humerus to press upwards towards the acromion.
2337:
2075:
1657:
Ogata, S; Uhthoff, HK (1990). "Acromial enthesopathy and rotator cuff tear. A radiologic and histologic postmortem investigation of the coracoacromial arch".
431:. Physical therapy treatments would typically focus at maintaining range of movement, improving posture, strengthening shoulder muscles, and reduction of
334:
MRI showing subacromial impingement with partial rupture of the supraspinatus tendon, but no retraction or fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus muscle.
403:
can be used to detect rotator cuff muscle pathology. MRI is the best imaging test prior to arthroscopic surgery. Due to lack of understanding of the
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that provides an attachment for three different groups of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff- the
1251:"Exercise-Based Muscle Development Programmes and Their Effectiveness in the Functional Recovery of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review"
1119:
Oh JH, Kim SH, Kim KH, Oh CH, Gong HS (July 2010). "Modified impingement test can predict the level of pain reduction after rotator cuff repair".
1828:
Park, Soo Whan; Chen, Yuan Tai; Thompson, Lindsay; Kjoenoe, Andreas; Juul-Kristensen, Birgit; Cavalheri, Vinicius; McKenna, Leanda (2020-11-26).
588:
873:
366:). These tests help localize the pathology to the rotator cuff; however, they are not specific for impingement. Neer sign may also be seen with
1830:"No relationship between the acromiohumeral distance and pain in adults with subacromial pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1950:
1603:
Chang, EY; Moses, DA; Babb, JS; Schweitzer, ME (2006). "Shoulder impingement: objective 3D shape analysis of acromial morphologic features".
1766:
Sarkar, K; Taine, W; Uhthoff, HK (1990). "The ultrastructure of the coracoacromial ligament in patients with chronic impingement syndrome".
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2327:
2068:
1684:
Thompson, WO; Debski, RE; Boardman, ND; et al. (1996). "A biomechanical analysis of rotator cuff deficiency in a cadaveric model".
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878:
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excision of osteophytes on the under-surface of the acromioclavicular joint. Damaged rotator cuff muscles can be surgically repaired.
809:
Cools, A.; Dewitte, V.; Lanszweert, F.; Notebaert, D.; Roets, A.; et al. (2007). "Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance".
259:
Weight training exercises where the arms are elevated above shoulder height but in an internally rotated position such as the
2061:
1490:
Neer CS (January 1972). "Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report".
2175:
1210:"Outcome predictors in nonoperative management of newly diagnosed subacromial impingement syndrome: a longitudinal study"
2154:
560:
Fongemie AE, Buss DD, Rolnick SJ (February 1998). "Management of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears".
505:
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Dominguez-Romero, Juan G.; Jiménez-Rejano, José J.; Ridao-Fernández, Carmen; Chamorro-Moriana, Gema (2021-03-16).
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Chen AL, Rokito AS, Zuckerman JD (April 2003). "The role of the acromioclavicular joint in impingement syndrome".
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2012:
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Subacromial impingement, painful arc syndrome, supraspinatus syndrome, swimmer's shoulder, thrower's shoulder
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2225:
1362:"Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis: A Meta-analysis"
252:
248:
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1164:"Rotator cuff tendinopathy / subacromial impingement syndrome: Is it time for a new method of assessment?"
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On physical exam, the physician may twist or elevate the patient's arm to test for reproducible pain (the
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plays an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome. It is a wide, flat bone lying on the posterior
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1087:"Physical examination of the shoulder joint-Part I: Supraspinatus rotator cuff muscle clinical testing"
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Mohamadi, Amin; Chan, Jimmy J.; Claessen, Femke M. A. P.; Ring, David; Chen, Neal C. (January 2017).
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799:
Marieb, E. (2005). Anatomy & Physiology (2nd ed.). San
Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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989:"Subacromial Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder: A Musculoskeletal Disorder or a Medical Myth?"
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1424:"Subacromial decompression surgery for adults with shoulder pain: a clinical practice guideline"
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Garving, Christina; Jakob, Sascha; Bauer, Isabel; Nadjar, Rudolph; Brunner, Ulrich H. (2017).
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Peh, WC; Farmer, TH; Totty, WG (1995). "Acromial arch shape:assessment with MR imaging".
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Impingement syndrome is usually treated conservatively, but sometimes it is treated with
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Loehr, J; Uhthoff, H (1987). "The pathogenesis of degenerative rotator cuff tears".
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1529:"Interobserver reliability of acromial morphology classification: an anatomic study"
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251:, and variations in the shape of the acromion. Thickening or calcification of the
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Kibler, BW (1998). "The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function".
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427:. Conservative treatment includes rest, cessation of painful activity, and
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Botser, Itamar; Hershkovich, Oded; Shapira, Shachar; Sela, Yaron (2014).
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1422:; Ardern, Clare; Lähdeoja, Tuomas; Vandvik, Per Olav (6 February 2019).
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951:
306:
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239:
715:"The Upright Row: Implications for Preventing Subacromial Impingement"
713:
Schoenfeld, Brad; Kolber, Morey J; Haimes, Jonathan E (October 2011).
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1986:
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302:
95:
407:, and lack of diagnostic accuracy in the assessment process by many
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decompression should be considered only with chronic presentation.
436:
329:
114:. This can result in pain, weakness, and loss of movement at the
1927:
Arend CF. Ultrasound of the
Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013
432:
2057:
952:"Role of radiographs in shoulder pathology: a clinical review"
400:
1941:
Habermeyer, Peter; Magosch, Petra; Lichtenberg, Sven (2006).
1729:"Acromial spur formation in patients with rotator cuff tears"
264:
when the person springs on it or them. When this occurs, the
673:
1527:
Zuckerman, JD; Kummer, FJ; Cuomo, F; Greller, M (1997).
411:, several opinions are recommended before intervention.
110:. It is particularly associated with tendonitis of the
149:
1964:
338:
Impingement syndrome can be diagnosed by a targeted
127:
or insidious if due to a gradual process such as an
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142:but the pain will ease once the force is removed.
2338:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
1727:Chambler, AF; Pitsillides, AA; Emery, RJ (2003).
1208:Taheriazam A, Sadatsafavi M, Moayyeri A (2005).
1203:
1201:
1199:
593:Simon Moyes Blog: Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
1085:Marreez, YM; Forman, MD; Brown, SR (May 2013).
852:Craig Hacking and Frank Gaillard (2019-03-06).
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8:
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346:, but it has also been argued that at least
1044:Koester MC, George MS, Kuhn JE (May 2005).
686:Neer, C. S. (1983). "Impingement lesions".
439:and ice packs may be used for pain relief.
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2313:
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1965:
1943:Classifications and Scores of the Shoulder
1366:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
688:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
674:Habermeyer, Magosch & Lichtenberg 2006
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2124:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
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525:Thomas M DeBerardino (17 January 2023).
1121:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
811:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
759:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
517:
895:"Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder"
234:(gap between the anterior edge of the
7:
496:many cases of rotator cuff disease.
2328:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
1311:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1168:British Journal of Sports Medicine
879:Stanford University Medical Center
589:"What is Subacromial Impingement?"
587:Moyes, Simon (February 11, 2011).
25:
719:Strength and Conditioning Journal
102:muscles as they pass through the
1807:10.2106/00004623-198870080-00015
1780:10.1097/00003086-199005000-00007
1671:10.1097/00003086-199005000-00006
1506:10.2106/00004623-197254010-00003
1050:The American Journal of Medicine
700:10.1097/00003086-198303000-00010
214:
196:
178:
1582:10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724774
1046:"Shoulder impingement syndrome"
874:"Shoulder Impingement Syndrome"
1:
2333:Shoulder impingement syndrome
2176:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
1745:10.1016/s1058-2746(03)00030-2
1546:10.1016/s1058-2746(97)90017-3
993:Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal
987:Dhillon, KS (November 2019).
650:10.1016/S0278-5919(03)00015-2
80:Shoulder impingement syndrome
33:Shoulder impingement syndrome
2155:Synovial osteochondromatosis
1323:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091802
1094:Osteopathic Family Physician
1063:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.040
771:10.1177/03635465980260022801
732:10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822ec3e3
374:Response to local anesthetic
230:When the arm is raised, the
2546:Syndromes affecting muscles
1268:10.3390/diagnostics11030529
899:Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online
506:Milwaukee shoulder syndrome
2562:
1854:10.1038/s41598-020-76704-z
1698:10.1177/036354659602400307
1162:Lewis JS. (Oct 17, 2008).
1106:10.1016/j.osfp.2013.01.005
956:Reports in Medical Imaging
527:"Supraspinatus Tendonitis"
451:Therapeutic injections of
106:, the passage beneath the
1617:10.1148/radiol.2392050324
1378:10.1007/s11999-016-5002-1
911:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0765
854:"Subacromial impingement"
378:The physician may inject
54:
45:
2373:Iliotibial band syndrome
1945:. Heidelberg: Springer.
1181:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052183
1133:10.1177/0363546509359071
823:10.1177/0363546507303560
2506:Aggressive fibromatosis
2496:Dupuytren's contracture
253:coracoacromial ligament
249:acromioclavicular joint
2170:villonodular synovitis
335:
2085:Soft tissue disorders
1768:Clin Orthop Relat Res
1733:J Shoulder Elbow Surg
1659:Clin Orthop Relat Res
1533:J Shoulder Elbow Surg
537:Updated: Dec 03, 2018
333:
2501:Plantar fibromatosis
2129:De Quervain syndrome
1907:10.2106/jbjs.k.01368
1895:J Bone Joint Surg Am
1795:J Bone Joint Surg Am
1493:J Bone Joint Surg Am
1420:Buchbinder, Rachelle
1005:10.5704/MOJ.1911.001
568:(4): 667–74, 680–2.
421:arthroscopic surgery
368:subacromial bursitis
364:Hawkins-Kennedy test
344:physical examination
244:supraspinatus muscle
238:and the head of the
112:supraspinatus muscle
18:Shoulder impingement
2383:Achilles tendinitis
2378:Patellar tendinitis
2149:osteochondromatosis
2136:Transient synovitis
2119:Calcific tendinitis
1846:2020NatSR..1020611P
155:
2284:Ligamentous laxity
2028:External resources
1834:Scientific Reports
965:10.2147/RMI.S35587
336:
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122:Signs and symptoms
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2343:Rotator cuff tear
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2255:Calcific bursitis
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1952:978-3-540-24350-2
1317:(16): 1202–1208.
457:local anaesthetic
232:subacromial space
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104:subacromial space
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27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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156:
50:
30:
21:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2541:Sports medicine
2526:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2478:
2426:
2407:
2402:
2362:
2357:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2269:
2259:
2182:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2023:
2022:
1977:
1963:
1953:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1686:Am J Sports Med
1683:
1682:
1678:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1043:
1042:
1038:
986:
985:
981:
949:
948:
944:
905:(45): 765–776.
892:
891:
887:
872:
871:
867:
851:
850:
846:
817:(10): 1744–51.
808:
807:
803:
798:
794:
756:
755:
748:
712:
711:
707:
685:
684:
680:
672:
665:
637:Clin Sports Med
633:
632:
611:
602:
600:
586:
585:
581:
559:
558:
541:
524:
523:
519:
514:
502:
488:
479:
466:
449:
417:
393:Ultrasonography
388:
376:
348:medical imaging
340:medical history
328:
275:
242:) narrows; the
170:anterior slope
169:
148:
124:
72:sports medicine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2409:other/general:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Calcaneal spur
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2348:Golfer's elbow
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Retrocalcaneal
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2162:Plica syndrome
2159:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2009:
1994:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:Classification
1962:
1961:External links
1959:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1885:
1820:
1801:(8): 1224–30.
1785:
1758:
1719:
1676:
1649:
1630:
1611:(2): 497–505.
1595:
1560:
1519:
1479:
1409:
1372:(1): 232–243.
1352:
1300:
1241:
1195:
1154:
1111:
1100:(3): 128–134.
1077:
1036:
979:
942:
885:
865:
844:
801:
792:
765:(2): 325–337.
746:
705:
678:
676:, pp. 1–3
663:
609:
579:
539:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
501:
498:
487:
484:
478:
475:
465:
462:
453:corticosteroid
448:
445:
416:
413:
405:pathoaetiology
387:
384:
375:
372:
327:
324:
274:
271:
226:
225:
222:
219:
212:
208:
207:
204:
201:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
160:
147:
144:
129:osteoarthritic
123:
120:
75:
74:
65:
59:
58:
56:Shoulder joint
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Metatarsalgia
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:Hypermobility
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:Synovial cyst
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:Ganglion cyst
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:Tenosynovitis
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:(4): 314–21.
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(3): 286–92.
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:(4): 259–64.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:(7): 1383–8.
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
886:
882:. 2019-03-06.
881:
880:
875:
869:
866:
861:
860:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:(2): 343–57.
643:
639:
638:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
610:
599:on 2011-08-27
598:
594:
590:
583:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
540:
534:
533:
528:
521:
518:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:acromioplasty
485:
483:
476:
474:
470:
463:
461:
458:
454:
446:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
385:
383:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
332:
325:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:supraspinatus
296:
292:
291:infraspinatus
288:
287:subscapularis
284:
283:thoracic wall
280:
272:
270:
267:
262:
257:
254:
250:
247:spurs on the
245:
241:
237:
233:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
135:
133:
130:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2511:Knuckle pads
2484:Fibromatosis
2474:Eosinophilic
2408:
2363:
2353:Tennis elbow
2332:
2318:
2309:Tendinopathy
2299:Enthesopathy
2248:Baker's cyst
2211:Trochanteric
2168:
2147:
2102:Synoviopathy
2035:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1942:
1923:
1901:(2): 163–7.
1898:
1894:
1888:
1840:(1): 20611.
1837:
1833:
1823:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1576:(2): 501–5.
1573:
1569:
1563:
1539:(3): 286–7.
1536:
1532:
1522:
1500:(1): 41–50.
1497:
1491:
1449:10138/313758
1431:
1427:
1412:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1217:
1213:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1056:(5): 452–5.
1053:
1049:
1039:
996:
992:
982:
955:
945:
902:
898:
888:
877:
868:
857:
847:
814:
810:
804:
795:
762:
758:
725:(5): 25–28.
722:
718:
708:
691:
687:
681:
641:
635:
601:. Retrieved
597:the original
592:
582:
565:
561:
530:
520:
489:
480:
471:
467:
450:
441:
425:open surgery
418:
397:arthrography
389:
377:
357:
337:
320:
316:
276:
258:
229:
136:
125:
100:rotator cuff
92:inflammation
79:
78:
2488:contracture
2469:Necrotizing
2447:Fasciopathy
2268:Noncapsular
2216:Subacromial
2206:Prepatellar
1255:Diagnostics
859:Radiopaedia
350:(generally
295:teres minor
261:upright row
68:Orthopedics
38:Other names
2530:Categories
2422:Tendinosis
2418:Tendinitis
2364:lower limb
2319:upper limb
2304:Enthesitis
2188:Bursopathy
2042:sports/119
1261:(3): 529.
999:(3): 1–7.
603:2011-03-14
512:References
409:physicians
165:Prevalence
162:Appearance
88:tendonitis
86:involving
2455:Fasciitis
2398:Bone spur
2236:Iliopsoas
2201:Olecranon
2110:Synovitis
2037:eMedicine
1862:2045-2322
1774:: 49–54.
1665:: 39–48.
1646:: 237–44.
1605:Radiology
1570:Radiology
1458:0959-8138
1386:1528-1132
1331:1473-0480
1277:2075-4418
1220:(1): 63.
1214:MedGenMed
1013:1985-2533
974:1179-1586
919:1866-0452
694:: 70–77.
486:Criticism
415:Treatment
380:lidocaine
360:Neer sign
326:Diagnosis
273:Mechanism
98:) of the
63:Specialty
2536:Shoulder
2439:Nonjoint
2277:Symptoms
2221:Achilles
2196:Bursitis
2092:Capsular
1915:22258004
1880:33244115
1753:12934022
1714:27853735
1625:16543591
1474:73425732
1466:30728120
1434:: l294.
1404:27469590
1347:27383041
1339:24217037
1295:33809604
1236:16369368
1190:18838403
1149:23919395
1141:20522833
1072:15866244
1031:31890103
937:29202926
831:17606671
787:26608885
741:58333549
658:12825535
532:Medscape
500:See also
447:Steroids
236:acromion
168:Angle of
152:Acromion
140:acromion
116:shoulder
108:acromion
84:syndrome
2464:Nodular
2459:Plantar
2231:Ischial
2018:D019534
1935:Sources
1871:7693267
1842:Bibcode
1815:3417708
1706:8734877
1590:7724774
1555:9219133
1514:5054450
1395:5174041
1286:8002167
1227:1681371
1022:6915323
928:5729225
839:4206849
779:9548131
574:9490991
477:History
464:Surgery
386:Imaging
311:deltoid
307:triceps
279:scapula
266:scapula
240:humerus
96:tendons
1949:
1913:
1878:
1868:
1860:
1813:
1751:
1712:
1704:
1623:
1588:
1553:
1512:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1402:
1392:
1384:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1234:
1224:
1188:
1147:
1139:
1070:
1029:
1019:
1011:
972:
958:: 75.
935:
925:
917:
837:
829:
785:
777:
739:
656:
572:
437:NSAIDs
309:, and
303:biceps
224:26.98
211:Hooked
206:29.98
193:Curved
188:13.18
154:types
146:Causes
2270:joint
2094:joint
2007:726.2
1992:M75.4
1710:S2CID
1470:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1145:S2CID
1090:(PDF)
835:S2CID
783:S2CID
737:S2CID
352:X-ray
221:39.3%
203:42.9%
185:17.1%
82:is a
2013:MeSH
2002:9-CM
1947:ISBN
1911:PMID
1876:PMID
1858:ISSN
1811:PMID
1749:PMID
1702:PMID
1621:PMID
1586:PMID
1551:PMID
1510:PMID
1462:PMID
1454:ISSN
1400:PMID
1382:ISSN
1335:PMID
1327:ISSN
1291:PMID
1273:ISSN
1232:PMID
1186:PMID
1137:PMID
1068:PMID
1027:PMID
1009:ISSN
970:ISSN
933:PMID
915:ISSN
827:PMID
775:PMID
654:PMID
570:PMID
455:and
433:pain
399:and
362:and
342:and
297:and
277:The
175:Flat
159:Type
132:spur
1998:ICD
1983:ICD
1903:doi
1866:PMC
1850:doi
1803:doi
1776:doi
1772:254
1741:doi
1694:doi
1667:doi
1663:254
1613:doi
1609:239
1578:doi
1574:195
1541:doi
1502:doi
1444:hdl
1436:doi
1432:364
1428:BMJ
1390:PMC
1374:doi
1370:475
1319:doi
1281:PMC
1263:doi
1222:PMC
1176:doi
1129:doi
1102:doi
1058:doi
1054:118
1017:PMC
1001:doi
960:doi
923:PMC
907:doi
903:114
819:doi
767:doi
727:doi
696:doi
692:173
646:doi
423:or
401:MRI
94:of
2532::
2457::
2040::
2016::
2005::
1990::
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