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718:(superior labrum anterior to posterior) is a rupture in the glenoid labrum. SLAP tears are characterized by shoulder pain in specific positions, pain associated with overhead activities such as tennis or overhand throwing sports, and weakness of the shoulder. This type of injury often requires surgical repair.
721:
Anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occurs when the humeral head is displaced in the anterior direction. Anterior shoulder dislocation often is a result of a blow to the shoulder while the arm is in an abducted position. In younger people, these dislocation events are most commonly
236:
The normal subacromial space in shoulder radiographs is 9–10 mm; this space is significantly greater in men, with a slight reduction with age. In middle age, a subacromial space less than 6 mm is pathological, and may indicate a rupture of the tendon of the
507:
503:
501:
508:
722:
associated with fractures on the humerus and/or glenoid and can lead to recurrent instability. In older people, recurrent instability is rare but people often suffer rotator cuff tears. It is not uncommon for the arteries and nerves (
504:
446:. It is the thickenings of the capsule that passes from the upper part of glenoid to lesser tuberosity and inferior part of the head of humerus. These ligaments are weak unlike its posterior part which is supported by the
510:
1121:
511:
754:
to outline the shoulder joint. Axillary pouch of the shoulder can be seen on external rotation, while subscapular (subcoracoid) bursa can be seen on internal rotation of arm. The contrast should not enter
497:
195:
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. The socket of the glenoid fossa of the scapula is itself quite shallow, but it is made deeper by the addition of the
498:
383:
The shoulder joint is a muscle-dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments. The primary stabilizers of the shoulder include the biceps brachii on the anterior side of the arm, and tendons of the
512:
619:, and this helps to achieve a further range of movement. This range can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in parts of the large
500:
292:
The "U shaped" dependent portion of the axillary part of the capsule ,located between the anterior and posterior bands of inferior glenohumeral ligament, is called "axillary pouch".
295:
Synovium extends below the long head of biceps and subscapularis tendon to form subscapular bursa. Therefore, long head of biceps is extrasynovial and intracapsular, attaching to
1757:
505:
520:
Anatomical illustration of the brachial plexus with areas of roots, trunks, divisions and cords marked. Clicking on names of branches will link to their
Knowledge (XXG) entry.
509:
1734:
506:
502:
499:
311:
Bursae of shoulder joint: (1) and (6) subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, (2) subscapular recess, (3) subcoracoid bursa, (4) coracoclavicular bursa, (5) supra-acromial bursa
1272:
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228:
108:
726:) in the axillary region to be damaged as a result of a shoulder dislocation; which if left untreated can result in weakness, muscle atrophy, or paralysis.
1716:
367:
Between the capsule and the tendon of the subscapularis muscle is the subscapular bursa, this is also known as the subtendinous bursa of the scapularis.
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that hold the scapula in place. Such an imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder.
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Medial rotation is carried out by the anterior fibres of the deltoid, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi.
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Abduction is carried out by the deltoid and the supraspinatus in the first 90 degrees. From 90-180 degrees it is the trapezius and the
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which deepens it and aids stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body.
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433:) stabilize and fix the joint. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles aid in abduction and external rotation.
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707:) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting the movement of the shoulder, a condition known as
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Lateral rotation is carried out by the posterior fibres of the deltoid, infraspinatus and the teres minor.
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Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I (February 1984). "The subacromial space in normal shoulder radiographs".
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Adduction is carried out by the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major and the subscapularis.
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and functionally as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint. It involves an articulation between the
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Rapariz, Jose M.; Martin-Martin, Silvia; Pareja-Bezares, Antonio; Ortega-Klein, Jose (2010).
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Medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder (also known as internal and external rotation).
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Circumduction of the shoulder (a combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).
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on the humerus and inserts on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity to press the
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Dissection image of the coracohumeral ligament of the glenohumeral joint in green
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Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the shoulder (transverse plane)
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attached to the circumference of the cavity. This ring is continuous with the
1174:
1122:"Shoulder Pain: Raising the level of diagnostic certainty about SLAP lesions"
96:
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715:
200:
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1001:
387:; which are fused to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin.
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The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (
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force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity.
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between the associated muscles of the shoulder. This space transmits the
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231:
Supraspinatus outlet view X-ray, showing subacromial space measurement
390:
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through the
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Dissection image of the cartilage of the glenohumeral joint in green
874:
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750:) is performed by injecting contrast below and lateral to the
639:
Flexion is carried out by the anterior fibres of the deltoid,
417:
The tendons of the rotator cuff and their respective muscles (
1149:"Shoulder dislocation in patients older than 60 years of age"
1073:
Chang, Lou-Ren; Anand, Prashanth; Varacallo, Matthew (2024),
532:
The shoulder joint is supplied with blood by branches of the
762:
MRI with surface coils is used to image the shoulder joint.
474:
The nerves supplying the shoulder joint all arise in the
1208:
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and
Function
1060:
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and
Function
1210:(Seventh ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 296.
595:
Animation of the shoulder joint. The muscles shown are
398:
against the glenoid cavity. Other long muscles such as
375:
does not normally communicate with the shoulder joint.
1242:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1075:"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Glenohumeral Joint"
759:
unless supraspinatus tendon is completely ruptured.
632:
Flexion and extension of the shoulder joint in the (
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List of movements of the human body § Shoulder
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23:
1034:(Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 258, 260.
964:Kadi R, Milants A, Shahabpour M (December 2017).
887:"Joint space in normal gleno-humeral radiographs"
285:, which can sometimes predispose the shoulder to
1110:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
736:which often presents a set of symptoms known as
319:are located around the capsule to aid mobility:
1081:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
924:
922:
779:Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front view
584:The glenoid cavity is shallow and contains the
496:
1416:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
1053:
1051:
885:Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I (April 1983).
791:Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view
16:Synovial ball and socket joint in the shoulder
1266:
315:A number of small fluid-filled sacs known as
223:The normal glenohumeral space is 4–5 mm.
8:
1062:(Sixth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
414:also provide support to the shoulder joint.
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970:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
615:in relation to the humerus is known as the
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1126:Clinical Updates for Medical Professionals
29:
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1153:International Journal of Shoulder Surgery
991:
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807:, and the proper ligaments of the scapula
655:Abduction and adduction of the shoulder (
590:
566:Animation of shoulder joint showing the
356:The coracobrachial bursa is between the
186:
175:(upper arm bone). Due to the very loose
866:
769:
611:The movement of the scapula across the
577:muscles of the shoulder produce a high
966:"Shoulder Anatomy and Normal Variants"
119:
20:
1030:Ryan, Stephanie (2011). "Chapter 7".
538:posterior circumflex humeral arteries
171:(shoulder blade) and the head of the
7:
650:and posterior fibres of the deltoid.
281:The shoulder joint has a very loose
746:of shoulder joint (with or without
1106:Moore K, Dalley A, Agur A (2014).
323:Between the joint capsule and the
199:. The glenoid labrum is a ring of
156:) is structurally classified as a
14:
1717:Superficial transverse metacarpal
1108:Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy
732:is a painful condition caused by
271:Capsule of the glenohumeral joint
1544:Interosseous membrane of forearm
824:
812:
796:
784:
772:
646:Extension is carried out by the
1128:. Mayo Clinic. 5 September 2012
349:is between the capsule and the
191:Cross-section of shoulder joint
1362:Inferior transverse of scapula
1032:Anatomy for diagnostic imaging
931:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica
891:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica
442:Superior, middle and inferior
219:Significant joint spaces are:
1:
1357:Superior transverse scapular
334:Between the capsule and the
329:subacromial-subdeltoid bursa
459:Transverse humeral ligament
1830:
1712:Deep transverse metacarpal
1320:Posterior sternoclavicular
875:"Glenohumeral joint space"
840:
696:
555:
546:scapular circumflex artery
274:
268:
1315:Anterior sternoclavicular
943:10.3109/17453678408992312
904:10.3109/17453678308996569
643:and the coracobrachialis.
114:
28:
1636:Interosseous intercarpal
1240:Anatomy figure: 10:03-12
1225:Shoulder Joint Movements
805:acromioclavicular joints
711:or adhesive capsulitis.
464:Coraco-acromial ligament
1166:10.4103/0973-6042.79792
738:subacromial impingement
362:coracobrachialis muscle
1678:Palmar carpometacarpal
1673:Dorsal carpometacarpal
1246:Diagram at yess.uk.com
855:Sternoclavicular joint
843:anatomical terminology
803:The left shoulder and
608:
570:
521:
488:lateral pectoral nerve
454:Coracohumeral ligament
444:glenohumeral ligaments
360:and the tendon of the
312:
232:
192:
116:Anatomical terminology
1235:Overview at ouhsc.edu
1230:Overview at brown.edu
693:Clinical significance
617:scapulohumeral rhythm
594:
565:
519:
310:
297:supraglenoid tubercle
230:
190:
161:ball-and-socket joint
148:, 'form of', + Latin
983:10.5334/jbr-btr.1467
730:Subacromial bursitis
601:infraspinatus muscle
597:subscapularis muscle
568:supraspinatus muscle
542:suprascapular artery
419:supraspinatus muscle
373:supra-acromial bursa
358:subscapularis muscle
239:supraspinatus muscle
1727:Metacarpophalangeal
1485:Proximal radioulnar
1058:Saladin KS (2012).
748:computed tomography
480:suprascapular nerve
396:head of the humerus
201:cartilaginous fibre
1814:Upper limb anatomy
1631:Palmar intercarpal
1626:Dorsal intercarpal
1579:Palmar radiocarpal
1575:Dorsal radiocarpal
1421:Transverse humeral
1206:Saladin K (2015).
883:, in turn citing:
841:This article uses
609:
605:teres minor muscle
571:
522:
313:
255:subscapular artery
233:
193:
138:glenohumeral joint
61:articulatio humeri
39:and shoulder joint
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1689:Radial collateral
1597:Radial collateral
1588:Palmar ulnocarpal
1584:Dorsal ulnocarpal
1567:Wrist/radiocarpal
1552:
1551:
1539:Dorsal radioulnar
1534:Palmar radioulnar
1526:Distal radioulnar
1511:
1510:
1457:Radial collateral
1434:
1433:
1373:Acromioclavicular
1340:Acromioclavicular
766:Additional images
757:subacromial bursa
664:serratus anterior
621:trapezius muscles
347:subcoracoid bursa
340:subacromial bursa
130:
129:
125:
1821:
1694:Ulnar collateral
1593:Ulnar collateral
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1522:
1475:Ulnar collateral
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1378:Coracoclavicular
1307:Sternoclavicular
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752:coracoid process
699:Shoulder problem
648:latissimus dorsi
641:pectoralis major
607:(at bottom left)
495:
404:latissimus dorsi
400:pectoralis major
392:bicipital groove
351:coracoid process
277:Greater tubercle
122:edit on Wikidata
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478:. They are the
476:brachial plexus
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412:deltoid muscles
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353:of the scapula.
317:synovial bursae
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484:axillary nerve
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269:Main article:
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259:axillary nerve
251:anatomic space
247:axillary space
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209:biceps brachii
197:glenoid labrum
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144:, eyeball, + -
134:shoulder joint
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1779:Carpal tunnel
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1411:Coracohumeral
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448:infraspinatus
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431:subscapularis
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423:infraspinatus
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177:joint capsule
174:
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165:glenoid fossa
162:
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27:
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19:
1682:
1641:Scapholunate
1498:Oblique cord
1449:Humeroradial
1398:Glenohumeral
1207:
1201:
1159:(4): 88–92.
1156:
1152:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1090:, retrieved
1078:
1068:
1059:
1031:
973:
969:
959:
937:(1): 57–58.
934:
930:
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744:Arthrography
742:
734:inflammation
728:
720:
713:
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616:
610:
599:(at right),
583:
575:rotator cuff
572:
531:
528:Blood supply
523:
473:
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389:
385:rotator cuff
382:
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149:
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141:
137:
133:
131:
85:A03.5.08.001
60:
18:
1784:Ulnar canal
1607:Intercarpal
1467:Humeroulnar
1348:Syndesmoses
470:Innervation
427:teres minor
408:teres major
140:from Greek
50:Identifiers
1803:Categories
1758:Collateral
1735:Collateral
1650:Pisohamate
1132:2 December
1079:StatPearls
879:radref.org
861:References
556:See also:
275:See also:
35:The right
1612:Midcarpal
1382:trapezoid
1286:ligaments
1175:0973-6042
716:SLAP tear
705:adhesions
627:Movements
437:Ligaments
287:dislocate
183:Structure
1503:Quadrate
1369:Synovial
1298:Shoulder
1193:21655003
1092:7 August
1087:30725703
1002:30498801
837:See also
613:rib cage
552:Function
544:and the
534:anterior
486:and the
336:acromion
257:and the
158:synovial
154:shoulder
37:shoulder
1517:Forearm
1406:Capsule
1288:of the
1184:3100813
993:6251069
951:6702430
913:6846006
579:tensile
450:muscle.
379:Muscles
338:is the
327:is the
265:Capsule
211:above.
207:of the
173:humerus
169:scapula
167:of the
150:humerus
73:D012785
45:Details
1809:Joints
1763:Palmar
1740:Palmar
1493:Anular
1387:conoid
1282:Joints
1191:
1181:
1173:
1085:
1038:
1000:
990:
949:
911:
540:, the
482:, the
429:, and
303:Bursae
249:is an
215:Spaces
205:tendon
1772:Other
1684:thumb
1440:Elbow
142:glene
120:[
109:25912
56:Latin
1558:Hand
1284:and
1189:PMID
1171:ISSN
1134:2015
1094:2024
1083:PMID
1036:ISBN
998:PMID
947:PMID
909:PMID
573:The
536:and
410:and
371:The
345:The
245:The
136:(or
132:The
97:1764
80:TA98
68:MeSH
1290:arm
1179:PMC
1161:doi
988:PMC
978:doi
974:101
939:doi
899:doi
659:).
636:).
146:oid
104:FMA
92:TA2
1805::
1371::
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1177:.
1169:.
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1124:.
1077:,
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921:^
907:.
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877:.
740:.
714:A
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425:,
421:,
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289:.
261:.
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1380:(
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1157:4
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1044:.
1004:.
980::
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901::
881:.
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364:.
342:.
331:.
241:.
124:]
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