442:" was not about an earthly homeland but about something more spiritual. He also opposes the one-state solution because, while "very very popular in leftist circles," it is "not serious" because Israelis, being "one of the most racist societies in the western world," will never accept it. Thus he supports a "two state solution on the borders of ’67, taking out most of the settlers. I don’t think it will be a big problem." His position on the formation of a national identity extends to Palestinians, who did not, in his view, exist as a people before the rise of Zionism.
33:
494:", came out in December 2012 argued that genetic evidence points to a "mosaic of Near Eastern-Caucasus, European, and Semitic ancestries" within the founding population of modern European Jews. The theory proved highly controversial, and was contested by a number of historians and several geneticists. Elhaik's second paper, in collaboration with others, similarly used Sand's work and concluded that the
275:, where, he says, Palestinians trying to return to the country were gunned down if they infiltrated at night, but were arrested if caught doing so by day. Such experiences, particularly one incident in which he reports his fellow soldiers beat and tortured a restrained Palestinian man to death, left him with a sense that he had lost his homeland.
941:
and my good buddies were beating him all over and occasionally pressing burning cigarettes into his arms. I climbed down from the crate, threw up and returned to my post shaking and frightened. A little later, a pickup left carrying the body ... My friends shouted to me that they were going to the Jordan River to dump the body".'
362:
t always seemed to me that a sincere attempt to organize the world as it was organized hundreds or thousands of years ago would mean the injection of violent deceptive insanity into the overall system of international relations. Would anyone today consider encouraging an Arab demand to settle in the
596:
which examines the question of Jewish identity and the distinction between being a Jew and being
Israeli. It also examines the identity of Israel, with a focus on the country's relationship, as a "Jewish state," to Jews around the world and to its non-Jewish citizens. He expresses a desire to break
940:
24 May 2012:'One night in
September 1967 he witnessed soldiers abusing an elderly Palestinian man who had been arrested with a large amount of dollars in his possession. "I climbed onto a crate and watched a harrowing scene through the window," he writes. "The detainee was sitting tied to a chair,
482:
origin," including the area where modern Israel is situated. Ostrer himself took offense at Sand's attack on his work: "Bringing up Hitler was overheated and misconstrues my work," he said. Sand reiterated his criticism, writing in an email to
Fischman that "It is a shame for somebody who defines
477:
that Jews arose from multiple conversions among various communities in Europe and elsewhere contradicted work by Harry Ostrer which argued that "geographically and culturally distant Jews still have more genes in common than they do with non-Jews around them," and that such genes were of
250:
in 1948, where his father got a job as night porter in the headquarters of the local
Communist party. He was expelled from high school at the age of sixteen, studied electronics by night and found employment by day in a radio repair business. Drafted in 1965, he served at the communist
1149:
405:
Nevertheless, Sand supports Israel's existence "not because of historical right, but because of the fact that it exists today and any effort to destroy it will bring new tragedies." He explained that he does not call himself a
Zionist, but "a
259:. According to one interview, "Sand spent the late 1960s and early 1970s working a series of odd jobs, including several years as a telephone lineman." He completed his high-school work at age 25 and spent three years in the military. The
1833:
2262:
536:
Sand was criticized for presenting "dubious theories" regarding Jewish identity as historical facts. One provocative theory espoused by Sand, but challenged by other historians as "a myth with no factual basis," is the
357:
While acknowledging "the affinity between Jews and the holy land," Sand has said that "I don't think the religious affinity to the land gives you historical right." Expounding on this argument, in 2012, Sand wrote:
2268:
1141:
739:
597:
with what he sees as a "tribal
Judeocentrism" subject to the "caprices of the sleepwalking sorcerers of the tribe," expressing a deep attachment to the Hebrew language and to a secular ideal of Israel.
1119:
1837:
928:
556:, Paris, 2008). In France, it received the "Prix Aujourd'hui", a journalists' award given to a non-fiction political or historical work. An English translation of the book was published by
377:
who were forced to leave
England centuries ago not attempt to return en masse to the land of their forefathers in order to establish the heavenly kingdom? Would any sane person support
304:
Communist Party to be sent to do cinema studies in Poland, Sand graduated with a BA in
History from Tel Aviv University in 1975. Determined to "abandon everything" Israeli, he moved to
560:
in
October 2009. The book has also been translated into German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, Russian, and Slovene and as of late 2009 further translations were underway.
450:
Sand argues both against the notion of defining a nation based on genetic principles, and against the concrete results and reliability of genetic studies focusing on ethnic markers.
2054:
1511:
235:
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and dropped attendance at synagogues, after his mother was denied a front seat after her husband's death, and they could not afford the seat price. Both his parents had
2466:
731:
2451:
490:
has published two research papers which cite Sand's work extensively. The first, "The
Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the
1560:
498:
descend from 'a heterogeneous Iranian population, which later mixed with Eastern and Western Slavs and possibly some Turks and Greeks in the territory of the
1538:
1112:
418:, Sand has said that Israel "raped a population. And not only a population – we destroyed this society, in constituting the Israeli state." He opposes the
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1941:
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317:
152:
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and to expel its white, black, Asian and Latino inhabitants? And somewhat more recently are we obligated to assist the
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888:
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who spoke a Serbian dialect constituted a decisive majority of the local population a mere two hundred years ago?
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1933:
1186:
850:
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2011:
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782:
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to establish a Muslim state there simply because their ancestors were expelled from the region during the
301:
283:
1808:
2113:
2101:
1862:
1591:
461:, announced the results of a DNA study showing "powerful genetic markers of Jewish ancestry," Sand told
533:) and translated into English the following year (Verso, 2009). It has generated a heated controversy.
293:
Quitting the Union of Israeli Communist Youth (Banki), Sand joined the more radical, and anti-Zionist,
1653:
1421:
1367:"The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses"
2411:
1261:. Encounter and crisis 1893–1902), École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, France, 1982.
99:
1223:
415:
191:
119:
238:
from Germany for their suffering during the Second World War. Sand spent his first two years in a
2290:
1984:
624:
616:
1714:
615:(with the question mark omitted). It is a critique of three contemporary French intellectuals,
414:
because the justification of this land is not historical right." Comparing the Palestinians to
2318:
2196:
2016:
1970:
1913:
1784:
1760:
1564:
1396:
1314:
788:
463:
398:
364:
32:
2045:"The End of the French Intellectual by Shlomo Sand review – from Judeophobia to Islamophobia"
1079:
1834:"BBC says Shlomo Sand's The Invention of the Jewish People is "an international news story""
1506:
1386:
1378:
1242:
394:
297:
in 1968. He resigned from Matzpen in 1970 due to his disillusionment with the organisation.
231:
1449:'Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to primeval villages in the ancient Iranian lands of Ashkenaz,'
1996:
1884:"Изобретение изобретения О книге Шломо Занда "Когда и как был изобретен еврейский народ?""
1883:
1742:
1428:
1249:
1205:
988:
961:
932:
769:
423:
336:
279:
215:
183:
141:
1622:
620:
1335:
881:"BBC Radio 3 - Night Waves, What does Shlomo Sand have to say about the land of Israel?"
2355:
2283:
2255:
2201:
2172:
1417:
1391:
495:
349:, but also revealed that the film had been secretly funded by the Israeli government."
328:
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419:
313:
211:
1404:
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2109:
Zionist nationalist myth of enforced exile: Israel deliberately forgets its history
2049:
1497:
1465:
1108:
965:
454:
439:
407:
345:
1684:
316:
and Marxism. Since 1982, Sand has taught at Tel Aviv University as well as at the
308:, where, from 1975 to 1985, after winning a scholarship, he studied and taught in
286:
communist party, and a conversation between the two inspired Darwish's 1967 poem "
1964:
1308:
1171:
564:
has now been translated into more languages than any other Israeli history book.
2335:
2093:, The Journal of Israeli History, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 2009, 63-72 (in English)
557:
487:
431:
411:
369:
260:
163:
2226:
762:
1757:
Die Erfindung des jüdischen Volkes: Israels Gründungsmythos auf dem Prüfstand
2221:
880:
732:"Shlomo Sand's 'The Invention of the Jewish People' is a success for Israel"
382:
327:
In 1983, according to one source, Sand "took part in a heated exchange over
256:
227:
2131:
2097:"Comment le peuple juif fut inventé" ("How the Jewish People was invented")
1400:
548:
for nineteen weeks. It was reprinted three times when published in French (
2108:
1735:
1595:
1466:"Israeli wins French prize for book questioning origins of Jewish people"
1382:
427:
374:
190:; born 10 September 1946) is an Israeli Emeritus Professor of History at
2125:
1685:"Jews Are Not Descended From Khazars, Hebrew University Historian Says"
1470:
1313:. Translated by Geremy Forman. New York City: Verso Books. p. 15.
1258:
1198:
936:
735:
643:
Intellectuals, Truth and Power: From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War
499:
294:
272:
264:
252:
223:
207:
63:
851:"Israeli historian wants 'to cease' being a Jew - The Times of Israel"
955:'Shlomo Sand: ‘I wish to resign and cease considering myself a Jew’,'
553:
545:
479:
435:
393:
and reasserting control over the region because of the sacred heroic
390:
305:
290:," though it was not revealed at the time that the soldier was Sand.
243:
219:
1278:"Shlomo Sand on Zionism, post-Zionism, and the two-state solution"
386:
309:
271:– pushed him towards the radical left. After the war he served in
247:
2141:
1827:
1825:
821:"Shlomo Sand to secular Jews: I'm not Jewish and neither are you"
467:
that "Hitler would certainly have been very pleased." Writing in
438:, Jews were overwhelmingly against Zionism, and the concept of "
312:, receiving an MA in French History and a PhD for his thesis on
218:. His father, having taken an aversion to rabbis, abandoned his
203:
59:
2145:
1910:
The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland
1310:
The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland
343:, in which he not only passed scathing judgement on Lanzmann's
926:'Author of 'The Invention of the Jewish People' vents again,'
263:, in which he served – his unit conquered at heavy loss the
1243:
Georges Sorel et le marxisme. Rencontre et crise 1893–1902.
1805:"Livraria da Folha - Catálogo - A Invenção do Povo Judeu"
539:
hypothesis that Ashkenazi Jews are descended from Khazars
1187:
Matzpen –The Socialist Organization in Israel (Archive)
707:
Also translated as "A Soldier Dreams of White Tulips".
541:, who purportedly converted in the early Middle Ages.
430:. That is the only way we can continue to live in the
130:
2014–present, Professor Emeritus, Tel Aviv University
523:, originally published in Hebrew (Resling, 2008) as
333:
Ni droite, ni gauche: l’idéologie fasciste en France
2328:
2240:
2179:
1502:"The Invention of the Jewish People by Shlomo Sand"
688:
Ernest Renan – On the Nation and the ‘Jewish People
159:
147:
137:
124:
1995–2001, Associate Professor, Tel Aviv University
105:
95:
90:
79:
74:
42:
23:
1713:. Prix Litteraires.net. 2010-02-12. Archived from
690:. London, Verso, 2010 (also in French and Hebrew).
669:, London, Verso, 2017 (also in Hebrew and French).
651:, Paris, Seuil, 2004 (also in Hebrew and Spanish).
473:, Josh Fischman commented that Sand's argument in
977:
975:
679:H. Bresheeth, M. Zimmerman & S. Sand (eds.),
1836:. Inventionofthejewishpeople.com. Archived from
663:, Los Angeles, Semiotext, 2011 (also in French).
360:
127:2002–2014, Full Professor, Tel Aviv University
2249:1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War
2157:
2083:, English Edition (Verso Books, 2009) Website
683:, Jerusalem, Zalman Shazar, 2004 (in Hebrew).
483:himself as a Jew to look for a Jewish gene."
8:
949:
947:
531:When and How Was the Jewish People Invented?
381:demands to assume territorial possession of
322:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
114:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
85:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
1861:. Aljazeera.net. 2011-05-24. Archived from
1002:) no 67, June 2005, Israeli Teachers' Union
2164:
2150:
2142:
1142:"مَنْ يحلم بالزنابق البيضاء؟ | صبحي حديدي"
725:
723:
214:. His cultural background was grounded in
31:
20:
2462:Israeli people of Austrian-Jewish descent
1654:"Book Calls Jewish People an 'Invention'"
1390:
278:He was friends with the Palestinian poet
1271:
1269:
1267:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
544:The book was in the best-seller list in
426:. Still, "Israel has to be the state of
2467:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
2136:Le Monde diplomatique - English edition
2091:Review Essay: The Jewish-people deniers
1807:. Livraria.folha.com.br. Archived from
1623:"Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity"
1212:by Asaf Shor, Me'asef, 10 December 2004
1010:
1008:
719:
700:
657:, Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 2004 (in Hebrew ).
582:. It was published in English in 2013.
2010:Rogachevsky, Neil (26 December 2018).
1992:
1982:
1633:from the original on February 22, 2020
1043:
1041:
645:, Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 2000 (in Hebrew).
2452:Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
2383:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus
2057:from the original on 17 February 2019
2024:from the original on 26 December 2018
1859:"المعرفة - كتب -اختراع الشعب اليهودي"
1746:, English Edition (Verso Books, 2009)
1478:from the original on December 3, 2009
1288:from the original on 24 December 2013
861:from the original on 22 February 2015
831:from the original on 17 February 2015
801:from the original on 20 February 2015
763:CV on the Tel Aviv University website
517:Sand’s best-known book in English is
112:1983–1985, Maître assistant associé,
7:
1944:from the original on 6 November 2018
1691:from the original on 23 January 2017
1652:COHEN, PATRICIA (23 November 2009).
1535:"Israel Must Unpick Its Ethnic Myth"
891:from the original on 15 October 2014
758:
756:
611:was published in English in 2018 as
526:Matai ve’eich humtsa ha‘am hayehudi?
373:? Why should the descendants of the
1346:from the original on March 24, 2016
1015:Piterberg, Gabriel (October 2009).
576:The Invention of the Land of Israel
569:The Invention of the Land of Israel
459:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
282:, with whom he was involved in the
187:
83:1978–1982, Doctoral student at the
2298:The Invention of the Jewish People
2132:"Are the Jews an invented people?"
2080:The Invention of the Jewish People
1736:The Invention of the Jewish People
1514:from the original on June 15, 2011
1276:Weiss, Philip (13 December 2012).
1059:from the original on 17 April 2014
672:J. Julliard & S. Sand (eds.),
613:The End of the French Intellectual
609:La fin de l'intellectuel français?
602:The End of the French Intellectual
562:The Invention of the Jewish People
550:Comment le peuple juif fut inventé
520:The Invention of the Jewish People
512:The Invention of the Jewish People
475:The Invention of the Jewish People
318:University of California, Berkeley
300:Declining an offer by the Israeli
153:The Invention of the Jewish People
14:
2472:Austrian people of Polish descent
2277:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
1908:Sand, Shlomo (20 November 2012).
1664:from the original on 25 July 2016
1602:from the original on June 6, 2010
1561:"Tracing the Roots of Jewishness"
1080:"Shlomo Sand, The Arabs' Darling"
470:The Chronicle of Higher Education
457:, a professor of genetics at the
1559:Balter, Michael (June 3, 2010).
1222:Halkin, Hilel (9 January 2010).
1170:Sand, Shlomo; זנד, שלמה (2008).
655:Historians, Time and Imagination
288:A Soldier Dreams Of White Lilies
210:, to Polish Jewish survivors of
2043:Jeffries, Stuart (4 May 2018).
1890:from the original on 2013-08-07
1781:L'invenzione del popolo ebraico
1621:Wade, Nicholas (June 9, 2010).
1592:"The DNA Of Abraham's Children"
1590:Begley, Sharon (June 3, 2010).
1541:from the original on 2021-03-08
1334:Fischman, Josh (Apr 15, 2012).
1152:from the original on 2023-04-04
1122:from the original on 2023-04-04
1090:from the original on 2023-03-11
1027:from the original on 2013-12-24
742:from the original on 2010-05-20
246:, and moved with the family to
2427:Historians of Jews and Judaism
2305:Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956
1683:Aderet, Ofer (June 26, 2014).
730:Strenger, Carlo (2009-11-27).
339:with his 2002 book in Hebrew,
16:Israeli historian and academic
1:
1464:Sela, Maya (March 12, 2009).
1452:Genome Biology and Evolution,
1199:Conversation with Shlomo Sand
578:, was published in Hebrew by
502:around the 8th century A.D.'
2482:Austrian emigrants to Israel
1371:Genome Biology and Evolution
1189:. Retrieved 21 February 2015
1078:Bartal, Shaul (2015-01-01).
1049:"Caught in the history wars"
639:, Paris, La Découverte, 1984
335:, and later drew the ire of
234:views and refused to accept
2012:"The Return of Shlomo Sand"
787:. Verso Books. April 2014.
2498:
2457:Tel Aviv University alumni
1886:. Booknik.ru. 2010-06-08.
1443:Eran Elhaik, Ranajit Das,
1422:'Are We All Khazars Now?,'
1173:מתי ואיך הומצא העם היהודי?
772:Retrieved 21 February 2015
674:Georges Sorel en son temps
2364:
1966:How I Stopped Being a Jew
1934:"ספרים חדשים (New Books)"
1533:Judt, Tony (2009-12-07).
1017:"CONVERTS TO COLONIZERS?"
594:How I Stopped Being a Jew
587:How I Stopped Being a Jew
580:Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir
574:In April 2012, a sequel,
446:Criticism of gene studies
434:." He argues that before
169:
70:
30:
592:In 2013, Sand published
2437:Intellectual historians
2376:1948 Palestinian exodus
1537:. The Financial Times.
649:Le XXe siècle à l'écran
637:L'Illusion du politique
1432:Jewish Review of Books
661:The Words and the Land
403:
240:displaced persons camp
2390:Arab–Israeli conflict
2121:Boycott Ariel college
2114:Le Monde diplomatique
2102:Le Monde diplomatique
1963:Sand, Shlomo (2013).
1500:(November 15, 2009).
1365:Elhaik, Eran (2013).
1307:Sand, Shlomo (2012).
1084:Middle East Quarterly
1053:Sydney Morning Herald
2432:Historians of France
2312:Israel's Secret Wars
2270:Correcting a Mistake
1832:Sarah (2009-11-11).
1447:and Mehdi Pirooznia,
1340:The Chronicle Review
1176:(in Hebrew). רסלינג.
1140:Gamal (2020-02-02).
1113:"الزنابق البيضاء..."
887:. 20 February 2013.
827:. 15 November 2014.
676:, Paris, Seuil, 1985
492:Khazarian Hypotheses
1759:. Propyläen. 2010.
1224:"Indecent Proposal"
855:The Times of Israel
667:Twilight of History
399:Orthodox Christians
192:Tel Aviv University
120:Tel Aviv University
118:1988–1994, Tenure,
75:Academic background
2422:Israeli historians
2291:The Idea of Israel
1741:2009-08-21 at the
1711:"Prix Aujourd'hui"
1427:2016-05-01 at the
1383:10.1093/gbe/evs119
1336:"The Chosen Genes"
1248:2012-05-23 at the
1204:2009-03-15 at the
987:2007-09-27 at the
960:2016-12-20 at the
931:2015-04-02 at the
768:2015-09-25 at the
631:Other publications
625:Alain Finkielkraut
617:Michel Houellebecq
353:Views and opinions
2399:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2319:Lords of the Land
2197:Baruch Kimmerling
1783:. Rizzoli. 2010.
1320:978-1-84467-946-1
681:Cinema and Memory
607:Sand's 2016 book
365:Iberian Peninsula
202:Sand was born in
173:
172:
53:10 September 1946
2489:
2477:People from Linz
2388:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2134:, Eric Rouleau,
2123:by Shlomo Sand,
2117:, September 2008
2111:by Shlomo Sand,
2099:by Shlomo Sand,
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1940:. 4 April 2012.
1930:
1924:
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1905:
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1898:
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1895:
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1873:
1871:
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1640:
1638:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1507:The Sunday Times
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:. Archived from
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
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1219:
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1128:
1127:
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1099:
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1096:
1095:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:. 5 March 2010.
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1003:
994:
979:
970:
969:10 October 2014.
951:
942:
922:
901:
900:
898:
896:
877:
871:
870:
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486:Geneticist Dr.
448:
424:right of return
379:Native American
355:
341:Film as History
337:Claude Lanzmann
280:Mahmoud Darwish
216:Yiddish culture
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142:History of Jews
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2079:
2059:. Retrieved
2050:The Guardian
2048:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2015:
2005:
1965:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1799:
1780:
1775:
1756:
1751:
1734:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1657:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:November 29,
1516:. Retrieved
1505:
1492:
1482:November 18,
1480:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1451:
1439:
1434:Spring 2014.
1413:
1405:the original
1377:(1): 61–74.
1374:
1370:
1360:
1350:December 23,
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1241:
1240:PhD Thesis:
1236:
1228:New Republic
1227:
1217:
1194:
1182:
1172:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1146:القدس العربي
1145:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1115:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1052:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
999:
996:Shiur Hofshi
995:
966:The Guardian
964:
953:Shlomo Sand,
935:
893:. Retrieved
884:
875:
863:. Retrieved
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
783:
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744:. Retrieved
703:
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621:Éric Zemmour
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408:post-Zionist
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236:compensation
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178:(pronounced
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106:Institutions
100:Contemporary
37:Sand in 2014
18:
2412:1946 births
2336:Yoav Gelber
2217:Shlomo Sand
2202:Joel Migdal
2138:(May 2008).
2061:17 February
2028:26 December
1993:|work=
1687:. Haaretz.
1445:Paul Wexler
1292:23 December
1210:(in Hebrew)
1063:23 December
1000:Free Period
993:(in Hebrew)
895:21 February
865:21 February
835:21 February
825:Haaretz.com
805:21 February
558:Verso Books
488:Eran Elhaik
432:Middle East
412:non-Zionist
397:or because
370:Reconquista
261:Six-Day War
176:Shlomo Sand
164:Non-Zionism
25:Shlomo Sand
2406:Categories
2227:Avi Shlaim
2212:Ilan Pappé
1894:2013-05-15
1869:2013-05-15
1844:2013-05-15
1815:2013-05-15
1721:2010-03-16
1695:22 January
1668:22 January
1545:2010-03-07
1282:Mondoweiss
1156:2023-03-11
1126:2023-03-12
1094:2023-05-02
1031:2013-12-23
746:2014-10-13
715:References
324:in Paris.
320:, and the
49:1946-09-10
2222:Tom Segev
1995:ignored (
1985:cite book
496:Ashkenazi
480:Levantine
383:Manhattan
257:Yad Hanna
228:Communist
198:Biography
80:Education
2370:See also
2055:Archived
2022:Archived
1948:28 April
1942:Archived
1888:Archived
1739:Archived
1689:Archived
1662:Archived
1637:June 10,
1631:Archived
1606:June 10,
1600:Archived
1596:Newsweek
1575:June 10,
1539:Archived
1512:Archived
1476:Archived
1425:Archived
1401:23241444
1344:Archived
1286:Archived
1246:Archived
1202:Archived
1150:Archived
1120:Archived
1088:Archived
1057:Archived
1025:Archived
985:Archived
958:Archived
929:Archived
889:Archived
859:Archived
829:Archived
799:Archived
766:Archived
740:Archived
428:Israelis
422:and the
375:Puritans
267:area in
220:Talmudic
188:שלמה זנד
2329:Critics
2180:Members
2126:Haaretz
1938:Haaretz
1565:Science
1471:Haaretz
1392:3595026
1259:Marxism
937:Haaretz
736:Haaretz
295:Matzpen
273:Jericho
265:Abu Tor
253:kibbutz
224:yeshiva
208:Austria
64:Austria
2017:Mosaic
1973:
1916:
1787:
1763:
1399:
1389:
1317:
791:
554:Fayard
546:Israel
436:Hitler
391:Kosovo
306:France
244:Munich
184:Hebrew
2241:Works
695:Notes
387:Serbs
346:Shoah
310:Paris
284:Rakah
248:Jaffa
242:near
2063:2019
2030:2018
1997:help
1971:ISBN
1950:2012
1914:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1697:2017
1670:2017
1639:2010
1608:2010
1577:2010
1520:2009
1484:2009
1397:PMID
1352:2013
1315:ISBN
1294:2013
1257:and
1065:2013
897:2015
867:2015
837:2015
807:2015
789:ISBN
623:and
410:and
302:Maki
230:and
204:Linz
180:Zand
60:Linz
43:Born
1387:PMC
1379:doi
885:BBC
331:'s
255:of
96:Era
2408::
2089:,
2053:.
2047:.
2020:.
2014:.
1989::
1987:}}
1983:{{
1936:.
1824:^
1660:.
1656:.
1629:.
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1594:.
1563:.
1510:.
1504:.
1474:.
1468:.
1420:,
1395:.
1385:.
1373:.
1369:.
1342:.
1338:.
1284:.
1280:.
1266:^
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