324:. It is possible that Shakespeare originally intended the name to be pronounced with a short "i", rather than a long one. In this scenario, the modern pronunciation would have changed because the standard spelling with a "y" signifies to readers a long 'i' pronunciation. Other scholars emphasise that, although the name echoes some Hebrew names, "Shylock" was a common sixteenth-century English name that would have been familiar to Shakespeare's fellow Londoners, and the name is notable for its Saxon origin, meaning "white-haired". The Shylocks of sixteenth-century London included "goldsmiths, mercers, and, most visibly of all, scriveners", according to prominent scholar Stephen Orgel, a Stanford professor who serves (with A. R. Braunmuller) as general editor of The Pelican Shakespeare series from Penguin.
353:– Shylock is charged with attempted murder of a Christian, carrying a possible death penalty, and Antonio is freed without punishment. Shylock is then ordered to surrender half of his wealth and property to the state and the other half to Antonio. However, as an act of "mercy", Antonio modifies the verdict, asking Shylock to hand over only one-half of his wealth – to him (Antonio) for his own as well as Lorenzo's need – provided that he keeps two promises. First, Shylock has to sign an agreement bequeathing all his remaining property to Lorenzo and Jessica, which is to become effective after his demise, and second, he is to immediately convert to Christianity. Shylock is forced to agree to these terms, and he exits citing illness.
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349:(stock exchange of Venice) dozens of times, defiled the "sacred" Jewish religion and had also inflicted massive financial losses on him. Meanwhile, Shylock's daughter, Jessica, falls in love with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and converts to Christianity, leaves Shylock's house and steals vast riches from him, which add to Shylock's rage and harden his resolve for revenge. In the end – due to the efforts of Antonio's well-wisher,
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If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a
Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
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accusations that Jews engaged in ritual murder, profanation of the host, and the poisoning of wells. With the prejudices of the day against Jews, atheists and non-Christians in general, Jews found it hard to fit in with society. Some say that these attitudes provided the foundations of anti-semitism in the 20th century.
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ow does it happen that
Shylock's defense becomes an accusation? ... The answer must be a perfectly simple one. God and Shakespeare did not create beings of paper, they gave them flesh and blood! Even if the poet did not know Shylock and did not like him, the justice of his genius took the part of his
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Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a
Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed?
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Many modern readers and audiences have read the play as a plea for tolerance, with
Shylock as a sympathetic character. Shylock's trial at the end of the play is a mockery of justice, with Portia acting as a judge when she has no real right to do so. Shakespeare does not question Shylock's intentions,
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is abused by the
Christian population of the city. One of the last shots of the film also highlights that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. But he would likely not have been fully accepted by the Christians, as
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Today the word
Shylock is often used to refer to any "relentless and revengeful moneylender"; in fact, any relentless person. In the early 20th century - as even now - doctors were often referred to as Shylocks, because of their exorbitant charges. A one page paper from a medical journal of that
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The depiction of Jews in the literature of
England and other English-speaking countries throughout the centuries was influenced by the character of Shylock and similarly stereotypical Jewish characters. Jewish characters in English literature were frequently depicted as "monied, cruel, lecherous,
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England. It was not until the twelfth century that in northern Europe (England, Germany, and France), a region until then peripheral but at this point expanding fast, a form of
Judeophobia developed that was considerably more violent because of a new dimension of imagined behaviors, including
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gentleman he is made to appear. He has insulted the Jew and spat on him, yet he comes with hypocritical politeness to borrow money of him." Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn?"
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at all times in public to ensure that they were easily identified. If they did not comply with this rule, they could face the death penalty. In Venice, Jews had to live in a ghetto protected by
Christians which was probably for their own safety. The Jews were expected to pay their guards.
377:, and Jews were excluded from many fields of work. At the same time, most Christian kings forbade Jews to own land for farming or to serve in the government, and craft guilds usually refused to admit Jews as artisans. Thus money-lending was one of the few occupations still open to Jews.
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Granach, Alexander, "There Goes an Actor," tr. Willard Trask, Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, NY, 1945. Also
Granach, Alexander, "From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor," with new Introduction by Herbert S., Lewis, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2010,
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black obstacle and, out of its prodigal and endless wealth, gave Shylock human greatness and spiritual strength and a great loneliness—things that turn Antonio's gay, singing, sponging, money-borrowing, girl-stealing, marriage-contriving circle into petty idlers and sneak thieves.
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to Christianity to be a "happy ending" for the character, as it 'redeems' Shylock both from his unbelief and his specific sin of wanting to kill Antonio. This reading of the play would certainly fit with the antisemitic trends present in Elizabethan-era England.
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time argued that most physicians - even preeminent ones - did not have adequate incomes because the code of medical ethics prevented them from charging the poor for their services . The paper ends with an ironic remark - Is the doctor a Shylock?
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at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh. This decision is fuelled by his sense of revenge, for Antonio had previously insulted, physically assaulted and spat on him in the
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Shylock's characterisation is composed of stereotypes, for instance greediness and vengefulness, although there were no legally practising Jews who lived in England during Shakespeare's time. Jews were expelled from the country in 1290 by
474:. Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from
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are unhappy, Antonio is an obsessive bore reminiscing about his escape from death, but Shylock, freed from religious prejudice, is richer than before and a close friend and confidant of the Doge.
817:. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, Jews were often presented on the Elizabethan stage in hideous caricature, with hooked noses and bright red wigs. They were usually depicted as avaricious
550:(1976) is a reimagining of Shakespeare's story. In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are friends and share a disdain for the crass antisemitism of the Christian community's laws.
862:. One interpretation of the play's structure is that Shakespeare meant to contrast the mercy of the main Christian characters with the vengeful Shylock, who lacks the religious
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Antisemites have used the play to support their views throughout its history. The 1619 edition has a subtitle of "With the Extreme Cruelty of Shylock the Jew ..." The
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but that the very people who berated Shylock for being dishonest have resorted to trickery in order to win. Shakespeare gives Shylock one of his most eloquent speeches:
571:. Davies is portrayed both in and out of character, presenting and stripping down the layers between character and actor. Composed in one 80-minute act, it premiered at
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they would remember his Jewish birth. Another interpretation of Shylock and a vision of how "must he be acted" appears at the conclusion of the autobiography of
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magazine, Adler pointed out that Shylock is a wealthy man, "rich enough to forgo the interest on three thousand ducats" and that Antonio is "far from the
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had been a fairly common occupation among Jews, in part because Christians were not able to offer interest-bearing loans, then considered the sin of
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459:) has been called "the summit of his career". Jacob Adler was the most notable of the early 20th century actors in this role, speaking in
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where it was directed by Deborah Block, starred William Leach and was "Barrymore Recommended". It has since been produced at theatres,
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added an almost comedic shade to the role when he appeared as Shylock in a 1989 production at New York’s 46th Street Theater.
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and others report that the tradition of playing Shylock sympathetically began in the first half of the 19th century with
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Since Kean's time, many other actors who have played the role have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character.
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peoples. All the names of Jewish characters in the play derive from minor figures listed in genealogies in the
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or, alternatively, as a monster of unrelieved evil". Kean's Shylock established his reputation as an actor.
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Some modern productions explore the justification of Shylock's thirst for vengeance. For instance, in the
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and starred popular Canadian radio host, David Berner. Its American debut was in 1998 at Philadelphia's
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Shylock is not a Jewish name. However, some scholars believe it probably derives from the biblical name
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After World War II, productions were sometimes featured on TV and in film as well as on stage, such as
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in 1290). However, stereotypes of Jews as money lenders remained from the Middle Ages. Historically,
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1292:"David Serero to Star in THE MERCHANT OF VENICE at the Center for Jewish History This June"
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Shakespeare's play possibly reflected the antisemitic tradition. The title page of the
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moneylender, Shylock is the play's principal villain. His defeat and conversion to
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Adler erroneously dates this from 1847 (at which time Kean was already dead); the
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where the characters meet again some years later. All of the marriages that ended
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to comprehend mercy. Similarly, it is possible that Shakespeare meant Shylock's
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was a notable exception, playing him as a simple villain, although his father
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1498:, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999,
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Mirsky, David. "The Fictive Jew in the Literature of England 1890–1920".
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Alexander Granach, who played Shylock in Germany in the 1920s, writes,
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in its day, which suggests that it was seen as similar to Marlowe's
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and has been staged twice by the original actor, Berner, in Venice.
432:. Previously the role had been played "by a comedian as a repulsive
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835:. They were usually characterised as evil, deceptive, and greedy.
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684:, Bristol and 1978. In addition, Stewart developed a one-man show
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Festivals and Fringes throughout Canada and the US (including the
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This article is about the literary character. For other uses, see
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Patrick Stewart illustrates approaches to the Shylock character
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Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society
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to reinforce stereotypes. Productions of the play followed in
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as slang for a particularly onerous or unpleasant obligation.
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Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his
1369:"Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour – Jewish Virtual Library"
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Since Shakespeare's time, the character's name has become a
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in 1290; Jews were not allowed to return until the rule of
734:. Shylock was played by five actors, four men and a woman.
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and produced it while acting in the role in 1987 and 2001.
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where it was staged opposite a controversial production of
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as Shylock, the film begins with text and a montage of how
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In Shakespeare's time, no Jews had been legally present in
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989:(1917), an antisemitic pamphlet authored by Australian MP
831:, which features a comically wicked Jewish villain called
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1223:"Arnold Wesker, 83, Writer of Working-Class Dramas, Dies"
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in 1938, the German radio had broadcast a production of
278:; this was not reversed until the mid-17th century (the
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Bronstein, Herbert (1969). "Shakespeare, the Jews, and
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avaricious tolerated only because of golden hoard".
1020:(1940), and elsewhere within Nazi-occupied territory.
722:. In 2016, as part of the 500 year anniversary of the
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The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
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Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity
233:
26:"Pound of flesh" redirects here. For other uses, see
1424:
Lecture by James Shapiro: "Shakespeare and the Jews"
1251:"Arnold Wesker: the radical bard of working Britain"
227:
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1935:
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842:and in other regions, Jews were required to wear a
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65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Character in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice"
1511:
617:Notable actors who have portrayed Shylock include
1546:Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice
1311:The Merchant in Venice: Shakespeare in the Ghetto
1164:Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice
1117:Nachum Gross (Ed.), Schocken Books, 1975, p. 257
332:Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who loans 3,000
1341:Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to Holocaust
1166:dates Kean's performance to a more likely 1814.
954:
854:indicates that the play was sometimes known as
730:was performed in the ghetto main square by the
1450:"Is the Doctor a Shylock?: Physicians Incomes"
657:presented a notoriously extreme production of
1735:
447:had portrayed the character sympathetically.
421:as Shylock in a late 19th century performance
8:
295:
575:on 5 August 1996, where it was directed by
1742:
1728:
1720:
1308:; Chillington Rutter, Carol, eds. (2021).
515:(and later in Hollywood and on Broadway).
383:argues that the play is based on medieval
160:
1465:
1280:. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2013
925:Learn how and when to remove this message
511:, a noted Jewish stage and film actor in
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
1692:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1997.
1677:. University of California Press: 1990.
1101:
1058:
2061:Literary characters introduced in 1590
2046:Fictional Italian people in literature
1393:"THEATER; Shylock and Nazi Propaganda"
1113:Baron, Salo, Kahan, Arcadius; et al.,
597:), was translated for a production in
141:
1651:S.L. Lee, "The Original of Shylock,"
1640:. University of Chicago Press: 2006.
1249:Billington, Michael (13 April 2016).
365:for several hundred years (since the
7:
1092:, 2006, University of Chicago Press.
907:adding citations to reliable sources
63:adding citations to reliable sources
1662:. Columbia University Press: 1997.
296:
718:played Shylock in New York at the
14:
1655:, Vol. CCXLVI, January/June 1880.
798:Antisemitic views were common in
1623:Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy
1436:Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume
1316:Ca' Foscari University of Venice
1276:Charlesbois, Gaetan. "Shylock".
883:
214:
39:
1690:Shylock and the Jewish Question
894:needs additional citations for
676:in 1972 and on TV in 1973, and
166:Shylock portrayed by the actor
50:needs additional citations for
28:Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)
1221:Chan, Sewell (13 April 2016).
1138:. London: Routledge. pp.
559:(1996) by Canadian playwright
266:form the climax of the story.
241:) is a fictional character in
1:
2036:Male Shakespearean characters
1995:All that glitters is not gold
1496:A Life on the Stage: A Memoir
1278:Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
1115:Economic History of the Jews,
1043:History of the Jews in Venice
710:played this character at the
252:
171:
2066:Stereotypes of Jewish people
1976:The Maori Merchant of Venice
1391:Gross, John (4 April 1993).
1211:Granach 1945; 2010, 275–279.
687:Shylock: Shakespeare's Alien
553:The award-winning monologue
308:. Shalah is the grandson of
1715:Shakespeare Teaching Videos
1518:. New York: Penguin Books.
1371:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
782:. In addition, the phrase "
714:in 2006. In 2015 and 2016,
698:acted as Shylock in a 2004
589:San Diego Repertory Theatre
478:. In a 1902 interview with
410:Shylock on stage and screen
2099:
2041:Antisemitism in literature
1583:Folger Shakespeare Library
1381:Granach 1945, 2010: 276–77
25:
18:
1184:Wells and Dobson, p. 290.
977:Influence on antisemitism
720:Center for Jewish History
712:Royal Shakespeare Company
653:rule in 1943, the Vienna
613:1911 Italian-French film.
316:, biblical progenitor of
159:
149:
1660:Shakespeare and the Jews
1653:The Gentleman's Magazine
1510:Ferguson, Niall (2009).
1339:Burrin, Philipe (2005).
738:Shylock and antisemitism
631:William Charles Macready
21:Shylock (disambiguation)
1072:Oxford University Press
1000:used Shylock for their
786:" has also entered the
732:Compagnia de' Colombari
336:to his Christian rival
192:In-universe information
2051:Fictional Italian Jews
2031:The Merchant of Venice
1916:The Merchant of Venice
1756:The Merchant of Venice
1638:Shylock Is Shakespeare
1569:The Merchant of Venice
1086:Shylock is Shakespeare
1068:The Merchant of Venice
1066:Halio, Jay L. (1994).
1028:Shylock as an allusion
1010:The Merchant of Venice
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987:The Kingdom of Shylock
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728:The Merchant of Venice
702:version as well as in
674:Royal National Theatre
659:The Merchant of Venice
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594:The Merchant of Venice
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536:The Merchant of Venice
532:The Merchant of Venice
530:(1924) is a sequel to
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248:The Merchant of Venice
152:The Merchant of Venice
1910:Le marchand de Venise
1574:Shakespeare Quarterly
1460:(4): 246. July 1907.
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581:Walnut Street Theatre
519:Other representations
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357:Historical background
2071:Shakespeare villains
2009:The quality of mercy
1673:Joseph Shatzmiller,
1625:. Touchstone: 1994.
1294:. BroadwayWorld.com.
903:improve this article
665:as an evil Shylock.
504:the Jewish community
492:2004 film adaptation
59:improve this article
2076:Literary archetypes
1751:William Shakespeare
1202:Adler 1999, 344–350
1193:Adler 1999, 342–44.
1070:. Oxford, England:
875:Sympathetic reading
823:Christopher Marlowe
794:Antisemitic reading
747:Shylock and Jessica
528:The Lady of Belmont
445:Junius Brutus Booth
243:William Shakespeare
186:William Shakespeare
139:Fictional character
1898:Incidental music:
1397:The New York Times
1228:The New York Times
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942:Shylock and Portia
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605:Notable portrayals
423:
367:Edict of Expulsion
312:and the father of
276:Edict of Expulsion
2018:
2017:
2002:Between you and I
1944:Serenade to Music
1539:978-1-4128-1347-1
1454:Atlanta J Rec Med
1343:. New York City:
1325:978-88-6969-503-2
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856:The Jew of Venice
708:F. Murray Abraham
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561:Mark Leiren-Young
509:Alexander Granach
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1048:Venetian Ghetto
1039:
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985:Front cover of
979:
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920:
914:
911:
900:
888:
877:
815:Oliver Cromwell
800:Elizabethan era
796:
740:
724:Venetian Ghetto
680:in 1965 at the
678:Patrick Stewart
649:in 1937. Under
623:Charles Macklin
619:Richard Burbage
607:
524:St. John Ervine
521:
496:Michael Radford
412:
407:
393:, in which the
359:
330:
322:Book of Genesis
288:
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792:
784:pound of flesh
778:at exorbitant
739:
736:
692:Dustin Hoffman
606:
603:
520:
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513:Weimar Germany
411:
408:
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385:morality plays
358:
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340:, setting the
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1128:Maccoby, Hyam
1123:
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1116:
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1107:
1104:, p. 36.
1103:
1102:Ferguson 2009
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:Kenneth Gross
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:. p. 23.
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892:This section
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693:
689:
688:
683:
682:Theatre Royal
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
663:Werner Krauss
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:in 1928, and
644:
643:George Arliss
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
611:
604:
602:
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549:
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543:
542:Arnold Wesker
539:
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518:
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514:
510:
505:
501:
498:and starring
497:
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420:
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409:
404:
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392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
371:money-lending
368:
364:
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354:
352:
348:
343:
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327:
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311:
307:
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126:
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107:
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97:
93:
90:
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83:
79:
76: –
75:
71:
70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1952:The Merchant
1950:
1942:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1853:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1770:
1754:
1714:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1621:John Gross,
1578:
1572:
1568:
1545:
1544:Smith, Rob:
1513:
1495:
1492:Adler, Jacob
1486:Bibliography
1457:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1396:
1386:
1377:
1363:
1340:
1334:
1310:
1306:Bassi, Shaul
1300:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1262:16 September
1260:. Retrieved
1256:The Guardian
1254:
1244:
1234:16 September
1232:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1133:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1084:quoted from
1080:
1067:
1061:
1031:
1022:
1009:
995:
991:Frank Anstey
986:
970:
966:
955:
950:
946:Thomas Sully
941:
921:
912:
901:Please help
896:verification
893:
859:
855:
849:
837:
826:
807:English Jews
805:
797:
769:
755:
746:
727:
716:David Serero
704:Central Park
700:feature film
685:
667:
658:
647:John Gielgud
639:Henry Irving
616:
592:
577:John Juliani
569:antisemitism
564:
554:
552:
547:The Merchant
545:
540:
535:
531:
527:
522:
494:directed by
489:
479:
469:
467:production.
449:Henry Irving
438:
424:
419:Henry Irving
388:
381:Hyam Maccoby
379:
360:
331:
301:
289:
280:Cromwell Era
268:
264:Christianity
246:
209:
208:
150:
136:
121:
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
32:
1936:Adaptations
1815:Il Pecorone
1410:22 February
1314:. Venezia:
915:August 2014
764:, and as a
655:Burgtheater
635:Edwin Booth
627:Edmund Kean
585:Shakespeare
457:Ellen Terry
441:Edwin Booth
430:Edmund Kean
426:Jacob Adler
401:(Shylock).
395:Virgin Mary
328:In the play
294:, which is
175: 1904
2025:Categories
1764:Characters
1054:References
1002:propaganda
944:(1835) by
776:lend money
762:loan shark
484:chivalrous
455:played by
203:(daughter)
182:Created by
85:newspapers
1922:Musical:
1832:On screen
1607:0037-3222
1599:1538-3555
1405:0362-4331
809:had been
774:means to
706:in 2010.
696:Al Pacino
641:in 1880,
637:in 1861,
633:in 1840,
629:in 1814,
625:in 1741,
500:Al Pacino
405:Portrayal
399:the Devil
255:1600). A
155:character
74:"Shylock"
1913:(1935);
1781:Bassanio
1585:: 3–10.
1476:36020055
1130:(2006).
1037:See also
1016:(1938),
960:—
825:'s play
811:expelled
544:'s play
526:'s play
390:exemplum
342:security
272:Edward I
257:Venetian
245:'s play
1987:Related
1960:Shylock
1925:Shylock
1907:Opera:
1901:Shylock
1855:Shylock
1800:Sources
1791:Jessica
1776:Antonio
1771:Shylock
1615:2868968
1467:9001488
844:red hat
833:Barabas
819:usurers
788:lexicon
771:shylock
758:synonym
672:at the
599:Denmark
556:Shylock
480:Theater
472:revenge
461:Yiddish
363:England
338:Antonio
274:in the
210:Shylock
201:Jessica
145:Shylock
99:scholar
1979:(2002)
1971:(2001)
1968:Yasser
1963:(1996)
1955:(1976)
1947:(1938)
1928:(1987)
1919:(1982)
1904:(1889)
1858:(1940)
1786:Portia
1696:
1681:
1666:
1644:
1629:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1502:
1474:
1464:
1403:
1351:
1322:
1146:
1018:Berlin
1014:Lübeck
852:Quarto
840:Venice
453:Portia
351:Portia
347:Rialto
334:ducats
318:Hebrew
306:Hebrew
292:Shalah
260:Jewish
197:Family
101:
94:
87:
80:
72:
1892:Music
1611:JSTOR
1595:eISSN
1581:(1).
1142:–90.
998:Nazis
864:grace
780:rates
661:with
476:pride
434:clown
375:usury
304:) in
302:Šélaḥ
106:JSTOR
92:books
1883:2004
1879:(TV)
1877:1980
1872:1969
1867:1961
1862:1953
1849:1923
1844:1916
1839:1914
1694:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1603:ISSN
1550:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1472:PMID
1412:2016
1401:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1264:2018
1236:2018
1144:ISBN
766:verb
760:for
651:Nazi
314:Eber
310:Shem
286:Name
78:news
1753:'s
1713:on
1587:doi
1571:".
1462:PMC
1088:by
905:by
768:to
749:by
297:שלח
282:).
61:by
2027::
1609:.
1601:.
1593:.
1579:20
1577:.
1548:.
1494:,
1470:.
1456:.
1452:.
1399:.
1395:.
1318:.
1253:.
1225:.
1140:86
387:,
253:c.
222:aɪ
172:c.
170:,
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2007:"
2004:"
2000:"
1997:"
1993:"
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1736:t
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1670:.
1648:.
1633:.
1617:.
1589::
1556:.
1541:.
1528:.
1506:.
1478:.
1458:9
1438:.
1414:.
1357:.
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1266:.
1238:.
1152:.
928:)
922:(
917:)
913:(
899:.
300:(
251:(
237:/
234:k
231:ɒ
228:l
225:ˈ
219:ʃ
216:/
212:(
128:)
122:(
117:)
113:(
103:·
96:·
89:·
82:·
55:.
30:.
23:.
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