Sican culture - Knowledge (XXG)

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studies that included the use of MtDNA (systematic mitochondrial DNA) analysis and inherited dental traits analysis revealed that women in the West Tomb were grouped according to their kinship ties to the principal personage and each other (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004). The grouping of women in the south part of the West Tomb were found to be maternally related to one another, as well as the principal personage; the grouping of women in the north part of the West Tomb were found to not only be unrelated to one another, but also unrelated to the principal personage. Further, ceramics in the south part were found to be of typical Middle Sicán style, while the ceramics in the North part were of a Mochica style (Shimada et al. 2005; Shimada et al. 2004). This evidence suggests that while the women of the South part of the West tomb were grouped and placed according to their kinship ties with the principal personage, the women of the North part of the West tomb had no kinship ties with the principal personage or each other therefore were placed and grouped according to some other distinct relationship to the principal personage. This genetic evidence and along with the differing styles of ceramics suggests that the North-niche women of the West Tomb were perhaps descendants of a different ethnic group, the Moche, who had been integrated into Sicán society under political domination (Shimada et al. 2004). While these relationships have not been proved definitively, it shows the great complexity itself of elite burial practices based on social differentiation.

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grandeur of the monumental mounds built above the elite tombs would have been awe-inspiring to Sicán citizens and a symbol the divine nature of the figures buried below. (Shimada et al. 2004) Colorful murals with religious iconography decorated ceremonial precincts in the temples of the mounds, establishing the sanctity of the ritual space, and reaffirming this connection of the buried elite below to the divine. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, Shimada et al. 2004) Also, the principal personage of the East Tomb at Huaca Loro wears a mask identical to the Sicán Deity, which is another reference to his relationship to the Deity and the divine. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389) The construction itself of these monumental mounds served as a reminder of the elite's power and endurance, and combined with the symbolic use of Sicán religious iconography to justify the divine merits of the elite lineage, was an attempt by the Sicán elite to "preserve the status quo of inherited rights." (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 370) The funerary rites and rituals performed by the living lineage members served to further reinforce their lineage identity and the three-way relationship between the divine, the dead, and the living elite. (Shimada et al. 2004, p. 389)

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Sican Deity to mediate nature for the Sican people. The Sican ceremonies (and temples/mounds on which they were performed) were supposed to ensure that there was an abundance of nature for the people. The elites were the mediators between the common people and the Sican Deity, as the Sican Deity was the mediator between nature and the Sican people. After 30 years of uncertainty in respect to nature, the temples that were the center of Middle Sican religion and elite power were burned and abandoned between 1050 and 1100. Perhaps the ancestor cult and aggrandizing of the elites caused too much resentment. Coupled with the drought that surely weakened agriculture in the area, the tolerance of the common population plummeted, forcing the removal of the political and religious leadership at Sican to save the people. There was little or no repair of the destruction of Sican, and further damage was inflicted by

629: 527:), shell beads, and double spout bottles. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada 2000, p. 56; Bruhns 1994, p. 290) On the other hand, commoner burials had a significantly less amount of grave goods of different types, made of less valuable materials. For example, commoner grave goods at Huaca Loro were usually restricted to single-spout bottles, utilitarian plain and/or paddle decorated pottery, and copper-arsenic objects, instead of the precious metal objects of the elite tombs. (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87, Shimada et al. 2004) The power of the elite of Sicán society is demonstrated not only by the amount, quality, and diversity of exotic and status goods accumulated in the tombs, but also by the amount of time and labor that would have gone into making and acquiring them. (Shimada 2000, p. 56) 2694: 454:, which was more ductile and corrosion-resistant than pure copper. The great amounts of smelting and/or metalworking sites found in the Lambayeque region point to the convergence of major factors to allow such an occurrence: accessible ore deposits, extensive forests for hardwood to make charcoal, pottery making tradition using efficient kilns, gold working tradition that formed the basis for later metalworking technology, and a demand for goods by the elites (Shimada, Goldstein, Wagner, Bezur 2007, p. 339). The large number of smelting sites also point to the amount of labor required by using their method. In modern standards, their copper-alloy smelting was inefficient, which could have led to the high number of workshops with multiple furnaces (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 85). 674:

the Sican Deity and Sican Lord disappear from art, is when the Late Sican begins. Other mythical depictions from the Middle Sican continued in the Late Sican and reflect the revitalization of the religion going back to tradition relationships with nature. Icons include felines, fish, and birds that were secondary to the Sican Deity during the previous era, but were also linked to previous cultures in the area. Sican material culture, such as ceramics and metallurgy, unrelated to religion or politics did not suffer a severe change during the Middle Sican to Late Sican transition. Agriculture and irrigation were also not affected by the transition of political and religious power, as evidenced by the lack of effects on Pampa de Chaparri and numerous large urban hill-side settlements.

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the moon and the ocean may symbolize the Sicán Deity's involvement in the wellbeing of marine life and fishermen. Iconography related to water signifies the importance of irrigation and agriculture to the Sicán. Other iconography, such as of the sun and moon, symbolizes the importance of duality in both human and celestial life. Depictions of the Sicán Deity with tumi knives and trophy heads may indicate his omnipotent control in both human life and the celestial world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66; Shimada 2000, p. 52-53). Through the iconography which the Sicán associated with the icon, anthropologists theorize that the Sicán Deity may have been attributed with power to control all of the celestial forces fundamental to life and abundance (Shimada 2000, p. 53).

120: 487: 439: 435:. Field experiments indicated that the kilns were used either for ceramics or metallurgy (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 28). The Paleteada ceramics used the paddle-and-anvil technique to form and decorate pottery, primarily with geometric designs (Cleland and Shimada 1998, p. 112). The monochrome black pottery became widely popular across the region during the Middle Sican as the Sican themselves began to emphasize the black pottery, with the help of the Middle Sican religious prestige. Only the geometric designs continued on the pottery into the Late Sican. 310: 586:

Moscón, Las Ventanas, La Merced, and Abejas built between around AD 900 and 1050. The pyramidal monumental mounds were used as both burials sites for the elite and places of worship and ritual. The construction of the monumental mounds required considerable material, labor resources and time, indicating the Sicán elite's control and monopoly over the society's resources and manpower. They are a dramatic symbol of the power, wealth and permanence of the Middle Sicán elite and their theocratic state that dominated much of the north coast.

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The same types of ceremonial and religious artifacts made from the same materials were found at Túcume. The site grew enormously during its 250-year Late Sican occupation. By the time of the Chimú conquest of the Lambayeque region in 1375, there were 26 major mounds and enclosures. The site is built on 220 hectares around the La Raya Mountain. Túcume is seen as the reorganization and reunification of the Sican elite and Sican population as a whole until the fall of the Sican to the Chimú.

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ramp to provide circuitous access to the mound top. This second type also featured an enclosed structure at the top of the mound, likely for private rituals, whereas the first type of mound was likely for public rituals (Shimada 2000, p. 60; Shimada, Shinoda, Farnum, Corruccini, Watanabe 2004, p. 388). The mounds also covered and protected the shafts of tombs of elites underneath.

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monumental temples, and the structure and authority of the state (Shimada 2000, p. 52-61; Shimada 1985, p. 365-369). Together, these characteristics provide evidence that the Sicán culture had a highly productive economy, clear social differentiation, and an influential religious ideology. The religious ideology was the underpinning of the structure of their theocratic state.

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Huaca Loro. Secondly, it was found that one's social status was also a determinant of the burial position of the body; seated, extended, or flexed. For example, bodies of the High Elite were always buried in the seated position, while commoners could be buried in a seated, extended, or flexed position (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 87; Shimada et al. 2004).

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religious ideology in the forms of storage vessels, architectural ornaments, cooking vessels, sculptures of the Deity or animals, and other types proliferated during this period. The potters likely worked separately from one another, rather than in assembly-line type production. Huaca Sialupe excavations produced clusters of similar kilns using local

572:. The Middle Sican trade networks appear to be unprecedented in range and goods involved, which helped to insure the spread of Sican religion and polity outside of the Lambayeque and La Leche valleys (Shimada 2000, p. 58). They also could have controlled the transport methods in addition to the goods being traded. The breeding and herding of 53: 450:

contained the black ceramics, while only the social elite had access to the precious metal object; therefore, metalworking probably was given production preference by the elites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 47). The greatness of Middle Sican metallurgy was the large-scale smelting and diverse use of

268:-avian (bird) face at the spout base. The face consisted of bulging eyes, a hooked beak or triangular projection instead of a nose, stylized ears, and no mouth. It appeared to be a predecessor to the related faces of the Sican Deity and the Sican Lord of the Middle Sican culture. (Shimada 2000, p. 51) 682:

Túcume took on the religious and ceremonial prestige as the site of Sican claimed during the Middle Sican. The mounds and temples from the Middle Sican were continued into the Late Sican since the idea of mounds were not associated with the fall of the Middle Sican, only those mounds in Batán Grande.

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system points to its construction during the Middle Sican. The construction of this irrigation system, as well as the association of hierarchical social units and canal branches, coincides with the rapid and dramatic growth of the Middle Sican. Irrigation for agriculture was a necessity for the Sican

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The Sicán culture is characterized by the establishment of religious cities with monumental temples. The religious capital city and cultural center of the Middle Sicán is referenced as the Sicán Precinct. (Bruhns 1994, p. 293). This T-shaped area is defined by monumental mounds of Huaca Loro, El

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All together, the construction of the monumental mound at Huaca Loro, the preparation of the East and West Tombs and performance of the associated rituals required careful and complex planning, and considerable material, labor resources and time, and suggests the elite's control and monopoly of power

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Excavations of religious sites have revealed much about the funerary practices of the Sicán people. These funerary practices have helped anthropologists understand the broader organization and structure of Sicán society and religion. Most of the evidence for these funerary practices has been based on

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Metallurgy is one of the Sican's greatest legacies, lasting nearly 600 years at Batán Grande (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 83). Some Middle Sican workshops showed multicraft production and it is likely the crafts competed for resources, such as fuel for kilns. Middle- and high-status burials both

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The most obvious difference in burial type based on social hierarchy was that commoners were buried in simple, shallow graves on the peripheries of the monumental mounds while the elite of Sicán society were buried in deep shaft tombs beneath monumental mounds, as shown in the East and West tombs at

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objects. The precious metal objects then clearly demonstrate a hierarchy within the society (Shimada 2000, p. 56). No evidence of metalworking at the large sites has been uncovered, such as the Middle Sican capital Sican or elsewhere in the Batán Grande area, but the precious metal objects were

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cultures feature a single dominant male figure, and the upturned eyes characteristic of the Sicán Deity are common to the art and iconography of other Pre-Hispanic societies. The iconography accompanying the Sicán Deity was unique and significant (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 66). Iconography of

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or "el Purgatorio" was constructed as the new Late Sican capital at the juncture of the La Leche and Lambayeque Valleys. Túcume became the new religious and ceremonial center of the Sican. The religious and iconographic legacies of the Middle Sican abruptly disappeared. It is at this juncture, when

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Around 1020, a major drought lasting 30 years occurred at Sican. At the time of the drought, the Sican Deity, so closely tied to the ocean and water in general, was at the center of Sican religion. The catastrophic changes in weather were thus linked to the Sican Deity, mainly to the failure of the

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are vastly studied, agriculture during the Middle to Late Sican may have been linked to their increasing craft production. Shimada suggests that the canals at Pampa de Chaparri were developed by the Sican as part of an agro-industrial complex marked by an increase in mining and smelting operations,

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Two types of mounds are found in the Lambayeque Valley dating to the Sicán. The first type is the T-shaped mound, which is a relatively low mound with a short, central ramp providing direct access to the top of the mound. The second type is a relatively tall mound with steep sides and a zig-zagging

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Secondly, the funerary practices of the Sicán suggest the existence of an elite lineage that used the new Sicán religion to demonstrate and maintain their power (Shimada et al. 2004). The Sicán elite used funerary practices as a way to symbolize their relationship to the divine. The sheer size and

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Furthermore, social differentiation is manifested even within the elite tombs at Huaca Loro, through the grouping and placement of bodies. The complex internal organization of both East and West Tombs was designed according to specific social and kinship relationships (Shimada et al. 2004). Recent

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The Early Sican period began around 750 and lasted until 900. The lack of artifacts has limited the development of knowledge about this early period. The Sican were probably descendants of the Moche culture, which fell around 800. Their works shows shared motifs in the artifacts recovered. Similar

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Sicán iconography is dominated by the Sican Deity It decorates all artistic media of the Sicán, including ceramics, metal works, and textiles. The icon is most commonly represented with a mask face and upturned eyes. Sometimes it may be shown with avian features, such as beaks, wings, and talons,

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The Early Sican culture is known for the highly polished, black-finish ceramics found in the La Leche Valley. This black-finish ceramic style began in the Moche culture prior to the Early Sican, and shows the sharing of cultures in the region. Much of the ceramics were examples of a single spout,

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the lack of representation of humans in Middle Sicán art emphasizes the omnipresence of the Sicán Deity in Sicán iconography. The only exceptions are representations of the Sicán Lord, the male elite personage, and his entourage. (Shimada 2000, p. 53) Iconography of the Sicán Lord is almost

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raft by sea to the Lambayeque shores. He founded a large city, and the 12 sons of his eldest son each founded a new city in the Lambayeque region. When Naylamp died, he sprouted wings and flew off to another world (Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 18 and 65). Middle Sicán art did not change the

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production techniques (Shimada and Wagner 2001, p. 26). Workshops, such as the one found at Huaca Sialupe to the west of Batán Grande, likely had both pottery and metalworking production sites (Goldsmith and Shimada 2007, p. 45). Ceramics allowed for a medium to convey political and

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Sicán art is representational in style and religious in nature. Features such as sculptural representation and the minimization of number of colors (one to three), were common among the art of many earlier cultures that flourished on the north coast of Peru. Sicán art reconfigured the motifs,

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The climate of the area during Sican occupation was similar to the current climate, despite changes in landscape accumulated in the last 600 years. The drought-and-flood cycles seen in the region for the past 1500 years did not spare the Sican culture. (Goldstein and Shimada 2007, p. 49)

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bricks used to make the mounds are indications of the patrons donating materials and/or labor for the construction of the temples (Shimada 2000, p. 60). This construction technique required "large-scale, unified construction with centrally pooled materials and labor force" (Shimada 2000

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and the Middle Cajamarca polity enabled the resurgence in local political and religious identity and autonomy. The Middle Sican culture is marked by distinctive characteristics in six areas: art and ideology, crafts and technology, funerary customs, long-distance trade, religious cities and

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The variety of grave goods suggests the wide range of power of the Middle Sican elite. They not only received the most grave offerings, but also the best quality and exotic offerings. None of the metalworking sites showed evidence of on-site mining of any of the materials. In addition, the

514:

Social stratification and hierarchy is also evidenced through the variation in quantity and quality of grave goods associated with those of different social status. The elite East Tomb at Huaca Loro, contained over a ton of diverse grave goods, over two-thirds of which were objects of

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The population of Batán Grande included many skilled artisans. Craft production during the Middle Sican flourished and became one of the leading characteristics of the period. The highly polished black finish ceramics from the Early Sican bloomed in this later phase, along with

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Aside from the shared ceramic styles, much of the Early Sican defines a distinguishable culture. While the ceramic styles and iconography show some continuity with previous cultures, the combination of all the influences is Sican. The changing ceramic styles,

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The Middle Sican period lasted from 900 to 1100 . This is the period of the Sican's "cultural florescence", and is marked by the emergence of various cultural innovations, some of which were unprecedented in the local area. The decline of the

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and Moche) into an overall new and unique style. The references to the old ideas, images and ways of antecedent cultures in Sicán art would have been useful in providing prestige and legitimacy to the new Sicán religion which was emerging.

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First of all, the funerary practices at Huaca Loro reflect the social differentiation and hierarchy present Sicán society. This social stratification is revealed in varying burial types and practices, along with accompanying grave goods.

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p. 60). It allowed for rapid erection of monumental buildings while minimizing labor and material investment and promoted the centralization of political and religious power in order to plan and complete these monumental mounds.

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that expressed the Sican culture. Most importantly, the late Early Sican period saw the accumulation of these changes in art style and iconography, coupled with other changes in organization, by which the Sican constructed monumental

155:. There is still controversy among archeologists and anthropologists over whether the two are separate cultures. The Sican culture is divided into three major periods based on cultural changes as evidenced in archeological artifacts. 615:

settlement growth, and the expansion of agriculture. Along the canals, 39 Middle Sican sites and 76 Late Sican sites were identified; however, few sites were located in the irrigation fields. This Sican occupation at the

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on the North Coast since the time of the Moche could have been utilized by the Sican to provide the goods as well as a caravan of llamas to transport the goods considerable distances (Shimada 1985, p. 391).

379: 297:, and developed the elaborate funerary tradition that would come to characterize the Middle Sican (Shimada 1985, p. 361). Such changes have been seen by researchers at sites in Batán Grande, including the 523:(low-karat gold), silver and copper alloys, and high-karat gold alloys. Other grave goods of the elite included semi-precious stone objects, amber, feathers, textiles, imported shells (such as conus and 478:

clearly for the elites. From their high status sites, the elites supervised the manufacturing of their precious metal objects for ritual or funerary purposes (Shimada and Merkel 1991, p. 86).

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Shimada, Izumi, Gabriela Cervantes, Carlos Elera, Katsutomo Kato, Go Matsumoto, Elvis Mondragon, and Hirokatsu Watanabe. "Organization and Variability Among Middle Sican Elite Burials in Peru."

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identical to the Sicán Deity, except that he is shown in natural settings and does not have avian features. The Sicán Lord was probably meant to represent an earthly alter-ego of the Deity.

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Shimada, Izumi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Julie Farnum, Robert Corruccini, and Hirokatsu Watanabe. "An Integrated Analysis of Pre-Hispanic Moruary Practices: A Middle Sican Case Study."

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The Sicán used a walled-chamber-and-fill technique (which first appeared on the North Coast during Moche V) for constructing the monumental mound where the walls were created by

2727: 2649: 1295: 462:

The precious metal objects found in Middle Sican sites reveal the unprecedented scale of their production and use. Metal objects permeated all levels of society.

731: 167:, founder of the Sican Archaeological Project, named the prehistoric culture which he discovered in northwestern Peru. They succeeded the Moche and preceded the 2634: 232:. From remains found in the archaeological locations, researchers have determined that this culture maintained commercial exchange with people from present-day 1114:

Shimada, Izumi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Bourget, Steve; Alva, Walter; Uceda, Santiago. "mtDNA Analysis of Mochica and Sicán Populations of Pre-Hispanic Peru." In

1611: 1234: 2639: 1093:

Shimada Izumi, David J. Goldstein, Ursel Wagner, and Aniko Bezur. "Pre-hispanic Sican Furnaces and Metalworking: Toward a Holistic Understanding." In

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Supplement to Volume 15, 1998, edited by Izumi Shimada, p. 111-142. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1998.

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bricks and mortar in conjunction with chambers of superimposed lattices filled with refuse and other readily available materials. Marks on the

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excavations carried out at the Huaca Loro site in the city of Poma, located at Batán Grande, in La Leche Valley, by Izumi Shimada and the SAP.

1631: 692: 2545: 1660: 2604: 1655: 1533: 1128:

Shimada, Izumi and Ursel Wagner. "Peruvian Black Pottery Production and Metalworking: A Middle Sican Craft Workshop at Huaca Sialupe."

2659: 1638: 1277: 556:

shell, emeralds, feathers, and other minerals were imported to the area. Their materials came from mainly the northern Andes, such as

256:). The Lambayeque culture may have been a separate trading people as well. Around 800, the Sican created the city of Poma, located at 473:, was used to wrap ceramic vessels for the lower elites, while the upper elites had high karat gold alloys. Common laborers only had 190:. The archaeological sites span the Lambayeque region, including the Motupe, La Leche, Lambayeque, and Zaña valleys, near modern-day 2598: 1667: 1181: 1155: 2489: 2419: 2108: 2119: 1801: 1616: 1227: 2581: 2424: 1272: 2560: 1836: 1072:

Goldstein, David J. and Izumi Shimada. "Middle Sican Multicraft production: Resource Management and Labor Organization." In

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Cleland, Kate M. and Izumi Shimada. "Paleteada Potters: Technology, Production Sphere, and Sub-Culture in Ancient Peru." In

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Nickle Arts Museum. (2006). Ancient Peru Unearthed: Golden Treasures of a Lost Civilization. Calgary: The Nickle Arts Museum

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Jennings, Justin (19 May 2008). "Catastrophe, Revitalization and Religious Change on the Prehispanic North Coast of Peru".

2722: 2592: 2586: 2570: 1811: 1315: 828: 795: 486: 257: 2732: 2664: 2556: 1626: 1716: 309: 2258: 2130: 1458: 1267: 2485: 636:

The Late Sican period began around 1100 and ended with the conquest of the Lambayeque region by the Chimú kingdom of

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Naylamp was said to be the founder of the first dynasty of prehistoric kings in La Leche and Lambayeque valleys. In

2369: 2212: 1220: 1083:, edited by Shozo Masuma, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, p. 357-399. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1985. 443: 314: 1721: 781: 707: 2192: 1796: 1598: 1573: 1287: 392: 80: 66: 1941: 1143: 2493: 2268: 1438: 1095:

Metallurgia en la America Antigua: Teoria, arqueologia, simbologia y tecnologia de los metales prehispanicos

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MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology: Andean Ceramics: Technology, Organization, and Approaches

350: 1911: 1079:

Shimada, Izumi. "Perception, Procurement, and Management of Resources: An Archaeological Perspective." In

560:(from the Manteno and Milagro cultures), Peru, Colombia, but could have also reached as far south as the 2414: 2263: 1896: 1650: 1621: 1420: 1395: 1360: 543: 211: 1548: 1081:

Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity

661: 349:, the key figure in Sicán mythology. The name "Naylamp" was first mentioned by the Spanish chronicler 187: 2698: 2565: 2429: 2394: 2003: 1891: 1606: 1588: 1488: 1058:

Cavallero, Raffael and Izumi Shimada. "Some Thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization."

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Hayashida, Frances M. "The Pampa de Chaparri: Water, Land, and Politics on the North Coast of Peru."

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elite to produce a surplus of food to feed artisans and laborers, who in turn support the elites.

565: 2654: 2644: 2374: 2283: 2062: 1806: 1751: 1726: 1390: 1385: 1355: 1350: 1097:, edited by Roberto Lleras Perez, p. 337-361. Bogota: Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos. 669:

The burning and abandonment of the previous capital meant that a new capital needed to be built.

1118:, edited by David M. Reed, p. 61-92. Board of Trustees: Southern Illinois University, 2005. 422:; however, the ceramic technology used in the Middle Sican developed over 2500 years from local 2679: 2609: 2575: 2298: 2288: 1998: 1966: 1876: 1846: 1776: 1741: 1711: 1707: 1508: 1483: 1415: 1405: 1243: 1177: 1161: 1151: 897:, edited by L. Laurencich Minelli, pp. 49–82. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000. 822: 789: 2379: 2319: 2303: 2186: 2150: 2057: 1961: 1761: 1578: 1553: 1370: 1365: 1012: 516: 474: 451: 369: 358: 111: 1212: 2502: 2181: 2140: 2125: 2088: 2052: 1946: 1841: 1756: 1731: 1692: 1677: 1498: 1335: 1207: 702: 561: 265: 1076:, edited by Izumi Shimada, p. 44-67. Salt Late City: University of Utah Press, 2007. 52: 2535: 2519: 2433: 2399: 2243: 2218: 2175: 2165: 2155: 2145: 2103: 1886: 1697: 1687: 1380: 1340: 1330: 400:

concept or representation of the icon of the Sicán Deity. Both the preceding Moche and

194:. Numerous sites have been identified in the Batán Grande area of the La Leche Valley. 183: 76: 2716: 2480: 2476: 2389: 2233: 2202: 2170: 2114: 2082: 1881: 1871: 1866: 1856: 1851: 1786: 1781: 1736: 1468: 1463: 1300: 1257: 164: 152: 136: 101: 28: 2472: 2448: 2404: 2354: 2349: 2238: 2223: 2207: 2072: 2023: 2018: 1993: 1971: 1936: 1816: 1518: 1453: 1410: 569: 401: 337: 294: 225: 176: 1956: 1100:

Shimada, Izumi and Jo Ann Griffin. "Precious Metal Objects of the Middle Sican."

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to the south (blue stone), and the eastern basin of the Marañón River (seeds of

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which are evident in Early Sicán ceramics. These avian features are related to

2506: 2344: 2324: 1951: 1766: 1558: 1320: 1107:

Shimada, Izumi and John F. Merkel. "Copper-Alloy Metallurgy in Ancient Peru."

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9th to 11th century Sican beaker gold cups from Lambayeque, Peru. Now in the

17: 2527: 2523: 2498: 2248: 1583: 1473: 553: 524: 281: 221: 2032: 1702: 1074:

Craft Production in Complex Societies: Multicraft and Producer Perspectives

670: 2514: 2364: 1926: 1906: 1901: 1791: 1771: 697: 432: 428: 290: 277: 237: 191: 32: 260:, in La Leche Valley. Few other Early Sican sites have been discovered. 2510: 2047: 1976: 1931: 1672: 1568: 1543: 1528: 1448: 1443: 1400: 1375: 1345: 735: 650: 557: 520: 463: 423: 346: 241: 233: 2453: 2443: 2339: 2314: 1826: 1821: 1746: 1682: 1563: 1513: 1503: 1478: 1208:"Archaeologist investigates legend of mythical ruler of ancient Peru" 637: 373: 147:

means "temple of the Moon". The Sican culture is also referred to as

39: 336:

conventions, and concepts of these antecedent cultures (mainly the

2093: 2037: 2028: 1916: 1493: 627: 598: 594: 573: 542: 485: 470: 437: 396: 378: 308: 286: 249: 245: 210: 172: 139:

gave to the culture that inhabited what is now the north coast of

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culture, after the name of the region in Peru. It succeeded the

140: 1216: 1174:

Ancient Peru Unearthed: Golden Treasures of a Lost Civilization

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first recorded in the 16th century by the Spanish chronicler

368:"waterfowl"; a connexion has been made between the Moche and 2675:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

1090:. Austin, TX: Society for American Archaeology, April 2007. 893:

Shimada, Izumi. "The Late Prehispanic Coastal States." In

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The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection

353:, who referred to the Moche figure "Naymlap" in his 1586 1116:

Biomolecular archaeology; genetic approaches to the past

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Painting in the Americas before European colonization

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The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru

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Chancay, vessel with the Sican god, Late Intermediate

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practices reflect a change in religious ideology and

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between about 750 and 1375 CE. According to Shimada,

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Gold Ceremonial Mask, La Leche Valley, A.D. 900-1100

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New York: The World Publishing Company, 1966. 1088:Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting 289:structures, developed large-scale copper alloy 2650:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2635:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 941: 939: 889: 887: 885: 883: 881: 879: 877: 875: 873: 871: 726:Described by Izumi Shimada in the TV program, 632:Double-Whistle Vessel with Sea Birds, 850-1350 1228: 776: 774: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 8: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 45: 27:For the archaeological site of the previous 817:. Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. 784:. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. 564:in the south-central Andes and east to the 2618: 1235: 1221: 1213: 313:9-11th century Sican funerary mask in the 51: 2640:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 135:) culture is the name that archaeologist 2728:Archaeological cultures of South America 1244:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 734:; "Discover!" World Wonder sponsored by 698:Iperú Tourist Information and Assistance 660: 395:, Naylamp is said to have traveled on a 719: 1132:Bulletin, January 2001: p. 25-30. 958:Cavallero and Shimada 1988, p. 76 820: 787: 782:"Research Settings: The Sican Culture" 44: 38:For the people of ancient Sicily, see 1176:. Calgary: Nickle Arts Museum, 2006. 644:Abandonment of Sican and Batán Grande 7: 815:"Sican Archaeological Project (SAP)" 357:. Later authors believe the form is 1668:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 924:Nickle Arts Museum 2006, p. 89 2660:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 1639:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 1033:, September 2006: p. 243-263. 802:Sican Archaeological Project (SAP) 693:Bosque de Pómac Historic Sanctuary 25: 1651:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 1622:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 804:, 2007, Retrieved 5 October 2008. 264:loop-handle bottle, featuring an 57:Map of the Sican culture (yellow) 2692: 1644:Archaeological sites in Colombia 1617:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 1005:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1627:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 1062:, January 1988: p. 75-101. 301:site, dated to around 850-900. 1: 2571:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 1632:Archaeological sites in Chile 1125:, June 2004: p. 369-402. 610:While the Sican ceramics and 364:, of which the first part is 90: 2665:Mesoamerican writing systems 1661:Archaeological sites in Peru 1202:Sican Archaeological Project 1104:, April 2004: p. 80-89. 466:, a thin sheet of low-karat 2561:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 1111:, July 1991: p. 80-86. 976:Hayashida 2006, pp. 248-249 856:Shimada, Izumi. 2000, p. 52 581:Religious cities and mounds 568:, a major tributary of the 2749: 2587:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 2490:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 1130:Materials Research Society 708:Bibliography of Lambayeque 376:and the Mochica language. 315:Metropolitan Museum of Art 37: 26: 2688: 2630: 2621: 1985: 1812:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 1017:10.1017/S0959774308000243 827:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 794:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 50: 2699:Civilizations portal 1656:Cultural periods of Peru 1031:Latin American Antiquity 933:Cleland and Shimada 1998 915:Shimada 2000, p. 56 393:Miguel Cabello de Balboa 383:Sican gold cup, 850-1050 2593:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 1439:Mesoamerican chronology 967:Shimada 2000 p. 60 728:Hitachi Fushigi Hakken! 1296:Archaeological periods 988:Hayashida 2006, p. 257 666: 633: 606:Agriculture and canals 548: 495: 446: 389:The Legend of Naylamp, 384: 318: 216: 159:Geography and location 124: 2599:List of Conquistadors 2486:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 1897:Quebrada de Humahuaca 1316:Caddoan Mississippian 1187:Hoyle, Rafael Larco. 947:Ancient South America 945:Bruhns, K.O. (1994). 664: 631: 546: 489: 441: 413:Crafts and technology 382: 351:Miguel Cabello Valboa 312: 236:(shells and snails), 214: 122: 2723:Andean civilizations 2566:Francisco de Montejo 2494:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 1607:Andean civilizations 1534:Shaft tomb tradition 653:floods around 1100. 355:Miscelánea Antártica 2733:Archaeology of Peru 2532:Manco Inca Yupanqui 1837:Manteño-Huancavilca 1306:Ancestral Puebloans 1123:Current Archaeology 1109:Scientific American 1102:Scientific American 1045:Shimada 2000, p. 63 906:Shimada et al. 2005 444:Metropolitan Museum 47: 2655:Columbian exchange 2645:Portal:Mesoamerica 1797:La Tolita (Tumaco) 1612:Indigenous peoples 1351:Hopewell tradition 1278:Indigenous peoples 1060:American Antiquity 738:"), 8 August 2009. 667: 634: 549: 496: 482:Funerary practices 447: 385: 372:and the empire of 319: 217: 215:Gold disc ornament 202:Historical periods 125: 63:Geographical range 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2680:Pre-Columbian art 2616: 2615: 2610:Francisco Pizarro 2576:Pedro de Alvarado 1892:Pucará de Tilcara 1172:Sharpe, Colleen. 188:Lambayeque Rivers 117: 116: 81:Late Intermediate 16:(Redirected from 2740: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2619: 2605:Spanish Conquest 2582:Spanish Conquest 2557:Spanish Conquest 2546:Spanish Conquest 1988: 1987: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1214: 1169: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1000: 989: 986: 977: 974: 968: 965: 959: 956: 950: 943: 934: 931: 925: 922: 916: 913: 907: 904: 898: 891: 866: 863: 857: 854: 833: 832: 826: 818: 811: 805: 799: 793: 785: 778: 739: 724: 517:arsenical bronze 475:arsenical copper 452:arsenical copper 331:Art and ideology 299:Huaca del Pueblo 92: 55: 48: 21: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2684: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2503:Quemuenchatocha 2501: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2432: 2301: 2210: 2184: 2173: 2120:Human Sacrifice 2117: 2109:Human Sacrifice 2106: 2080: 2053:Mayan Languages 1981: 1593: 1425: 1282: 1263:Genetic history 1246: 1241: 1198: 1158: 1142: 1139: 1137:Further reading 1055: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1002: 1001: 992: 987: 980: 975: 971: 966: 962: 957: 953: 944: 937: 932: 928: 923: 919: 914: 910: 905: 901: 892: 869: 864: 860: 855: 836: 819: 813: 812: 808: 786: 780: 779: 742: 732:ja:日立世界・ふしぎ発見! 725: 721: 716: 703:Tourism in Peru 689: 680: 659: 646: 626: 608: 583: 562:Tiwanaku empire 541: 484: 460: 415: 333: 307: 266:anthropomorphic 220:groups include 209: 204: 161: 79: 58: 43: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2602: 2579: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2517: 2496: 2483: 2466: 2465:Notable Rulers 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2434:Neo-Inca State 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 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1399: 1397: 1396:Poverty Point 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361:Mississippian 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1288:North America 1285: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Paleo-Indians 1256: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1182:0-88953-306-7 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157:9780297786276 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 999: 997: 995: 991: 985: 983: 979: 973: 970: 964: 961: 955: 952: 948: 942: 940: 936: 930: 927: 921: 918: 912: 909: 903: 900: 896: 890: 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154: 153:Moche culture 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:Izumi Shimada 134: 130: 121: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 54: 49: 41: 34: 30: 29:Moche culture 19: 18:Sican Culture 2690: 2623: 2473:Moctezuma II 2430:Inca history 2355:Andean Music 2299:Architecture 2294:Architecture 2289:Architecture 2284:Architecture 2280:Architecture 2274:Gender Roles 2019:Tenochtitlan 1942:Timoto–Cuica 1937:Tierradentro 1921: 1722:Casma–Sechin 1454:Chalcatzingo 1188: 1173: 1147: 1144: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1030: 1025: 1008: 1004: 972: 963: 954: 946: 929: 920: 911: 902: 894: 861: 809: 801: 727: 722: 681: 668: 647: 640:circa 1375. 635: 609: 592: 588: 584: 570:Amazon River 550: 533: 531:in society. 529: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 461: 448: 416: 407: 388: 386: 365: 361: 354: 343: 334: 320: 305:Middle Sican 298: 295:metalworking 270: 262: 258:Batán Grande 218: 196: 181: 162: 148: 144: 132: 128: 126: 2536:Túpac Amaru 2520:Manco Cápac 2469:Moctezuma I 2380:Agriculture 2375:Agriculture 2370:Agriculture 2361:Agriculture 2304:Road System 2193:Mathematics 2058:Muysc Cubun 1912:San Agustín 1862:Monte Verde 1539:Teotihuacan 1431:Mesoamerica 1326:Coles Creek 1311:Anishinaabe 1268:Archaeology 490:Ceremonial 324:Wari Empire 274:iconography 207:Early Sican 169:Inca Empire 108:Followed by 98:Preceded by 2717:Categories 2507:Tisquesusa 2481:Cuauhtémoc 2477:Cuitláhuac 1807:Lauricocha 1777:Gran Chaco 1767:Cupisnique 1752:Chinchorro 1727:Chachapoya 1717:Caral–Supe 1559:Tlaxcaltec 1549:Teuchitlán 1464:Chupícuaro 1391:Plum Bayou 1386:Plaquemine 1356:Marksville 1321:Chichimeca 1204:(archived) 1053:References 624:Late Sican 617:irrigation 612:metallurgy 494:, 850-1050 420:metallurgy 317:, New York 230:Pachacamac 149:Lambayeque 93:750 - 1375 67:Lambayeque 2528:Atahualpa 2524:Pachacuti 2499:Nemequene 2365:Chinampas 2187:Astronomy 2176:Astronomy 2156:Mythology 2151:Mythology 2146:Mythology 2141:Mythology 2137:Mythology 1967:Wankarani 1957:Tuncahuán 1847:Marajoara 1802:Las Vegas 1688:Atacameño 1584:Xochipala 1524:Purépecha 1484:Epi-Olmec 1474:Cuicuilco 1416:Troyville 1406:St. Johns 1166:893699140 657:New Sican 554:spondylus 525:spondylus 282:cosmology 222:Cajamarca 2624:See also 2542:Conquest 2515:Zoratama 2182:Calendar 2171:Calendar 2166:Calendar 2162:Calendar 2131:Religion 2126:Religion 2115:Religion 2104:Religion 2100:Religion 2089:Numerals 2083:Numerals 2044:Language 2024:Multiple 1962:Valdivia 1947:Tiwanaku 1907:Saladoid 1902:Quimbaya 1792:Kuhikugu 1772:Diaguita 1762:Chorrera 1579:Veraguas 1574:Veracruz 1554:Tlatilco 1366:Mogollon 1273:Cultures 1251:Americas 823:cite web 790:cite web 687:See also 433:charcoal 429:hardwood 291:smelting 278:funerary 242:emeralds 238:Colombia 192:Chiclayo 184:La Leche 2511:Tundama 2440:Peoples 2425:History 2420:History 2415:History 2411:History 2405:Cuisine 2400:Cuisine 2395:Cuisine 2390:Cuisine 2386:Cuisine 2244:Warfare 2239:Warfare 2234:Warfare 2230:Warfare 2224:Society 2219:Economy 2208:Society 2203:Society 2199:Society 2069:Writing 2063:Quechua 2048:Nahuatl 2015:Capital 1952:Toyopán 1932:Tairona 1842:Mapuche 1757:Chiripa 1732:Chancay 1703:Cañaris 1678:Amotape 1673:El Abra 1589:Zapotec 1569:Totonac 1544:Tepanec 1529:Quelepa 1499:Mezcala 1489:Huastec 1459:Cholula 1449:Capacha 1444:Acolhua 1401:Sinagua 1376:Patayan 1346:Hohokam 1336:Fremont 736:Hitachi 651:El Nino 558:Ecuador 521:tumbaga 464:Tumbaga 458:Society 424:pottery 359:Mochica 347:Naylamp 234:Ecuador 173:Spanish 2454:Muisca 2449:Mayans 2444:Aztecs 2078:Script 2073:Script 2033:Bacatá 2004:Muisca 1887:Pucará 1882:Piaroa 1877:Paiján 1872:Omagua 1827:Lupaca 1822:Lokono 1787:Kalina 1782:Huetar 1742:Chavín 1737:Chango 1712:Nariño 1708:Capulí 1698:Calima 1693:Aymara 1683:Arawak 1564:Toltec 1514:Olmecs 1509:Nicoya 1504:Mixtec 1479:Diquis 1381:Picosa 1371:Oshara 1341:Glades 1331:Dorset 1180: 1164: 1154: 678:Túcume 671:Túcume 638:Chimor 574:llamas 374:Chimor 362:Ñañlap 276:, and 228:, and 131:(also 112:Chimor 73:Period 40:Sicani 31:, see 2459:Incas 2350:Music 2345:Music 2340:Music 2336:Music 2269:Women 2264:Women 2259:Women 2255:Women 2213:Trade 2094:Quipu 2038:Cusco 2029:Hunza 1994:Aztec 1927:Taíno 1922:Sican 1917:Shuar 1867:Nazca 1857:Mollo 1852:Moche 1832:Luzia 1747:Chimú 1519:Pipil 1494:Izapa 1469:Coclé 1411:Thule 1301:Adena 1011:(2). 714:Notes 599:adobe 595:adobe 471:alloy 397:balsa 287:adobe 250:Chile 246:amber 145:Sican 133:Sicán 129:Sican 102:Moche 87:Dates 46:Sican 33:Sipán 2249:Army 2031:and 2009:Inca 1999:Maya 1977:Zenú 1972:Wari 1817:Lima 1189:Peru 1178:ISBN 1162:OCLC 1152:ISBN 829:link 796:link 492:Tumi 468:gold 431:for 402:Wari 338:Wari 293:and 254:gold 244:and 226:Wari 186:and 141:Peru 127:The 2330:Art 2325:Art 2320:Art 2315:Art 2311:Art 1013:doi 366:ñañ 248:), 2719:: 2568:) 1160:. 1038:^ 1009:18 1007:. 993:^ 981:^ 938:^ 870:^ 837:^ 825:}} 821:{{ 800:, 792:}} 788:{{ 743:^ 519:, 224:, 179:. 91:c. 2612:) 2608:( 2601:) 2597:( 2595:) 2591:( 2589:) 2585:( 2578:) 2574:( 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