25:
660:), which results in a relatively duller sound. When the tip of the tongue rests against the lower teeth, there is no sublingual cavity, resulting in a sharper sound. Usually, the position of the tip of the tongue correlates with the grooved vs. hushing tongue shape so as to maximize the differences. However, the palato-alveolar sibilants in the
655:
For tongue-down laminal articulations, an additional distinction can be made depending on where exactly behind the lower teeth the tongue tip is placed. A little ways back from the lower teeth is a hollow area (or pit) in the lower surface of the mouth. When the tongue tip rests in this hollow area,
2226:
Fricatives involve turbulent airflow caused by at least two articulators being closed together. There are two main kinds, sibilants, which are high-pitched fricative sounds, and non-sibilants, which have a low-pitched sound. The sibilants in
English are /s, z, ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/. The non-sibilants are /f, v,
240:, which refers to the critical role of the teeth in producing the sound as an obstacle to the airstream. Non-sibilant fricatives and affricates produce their characteristic sound directly with the tongue or lips etc. and the place of contact in the mouth, without secondary involvement of the teeth.
362:
Hollow (e.g. ): This hollow accepts a large volume of air that is forced through a typically narrow aperture that directs a high-velocity jet of air against the teeth, which results in a high-pitched, piercing "hissing" sound. Because of the prominence of these sounds, they are the most common and
567:
Speaking non-technically, the retroflex consonant sounds somewhat like a mixture between the regular
English of "ship" and a strong American "r"; while the alveolo-palatal consonant sounds somewhat like a mixture of English of "ship" and the in the middle of "miss you".
1783:
was particularly complex, with a total of 27 sibilant consonants. Not only all four tongue shapes were represented (with the palato-alveolar appearing in the laminal "closed" variation) but also both the palato-alveolars and alveolo-palatals could additionally appear
1128:
The attested possibilities, with exemplar languages, are as follows. Note that the IPA diacritics are simplified; some articulations would require two diacritics to be fully specified, but only one is used in order to keep the results legible without the need for
1851:, have two sibilant types, one hissing and one hushing. A wide variety of languages across the world have this pattern. Perhaps most common is the pattern, as in English and Arabic, with alveolar and palato-alveolar sibilants. Modern northern peninsular
464:
The latter three post-alveolar types of sounds are often known as "hushing" sounds because of their quality, as opposed to the "hissing" alveolar sounds. The alveolar sounds in fact occur in several varieties, in addition to the normal sound of
English
1815:
Somewhat more common are languages with three sibilant types, including one hissing and two hushing. As with Polish and
Russian, the two hushing types are usually postalveolar and alveolo-palatal since these are the two most distinct from each other.
1882:
is normally reconstructed with two sibilant fricatives, both hushing (one retroflex, one alveolo-palatal). Some languages have only a single hushing sibilant and no hissing sibilant. That occurs in southern
Peninsular Spanish dialects of the
357:
running down the centerline of the tongue that helps focus the airstream, but it is not known how widespread this is. In addition, the following tongue shapes are described, from sharpest and highest-pitched to dullest and lowest-pitched:
1744:. Tswa may be similar. In Changana, the lips are rounded (protruded), but so is /s/ in the sequence /usu/, so there is evidently some distinct phonetic phenomenon occurring here that has yet to be formally identified and described.
2066:
as so-called 'obstacle fricatives' is complicated – there is a continuum of possibilities relating to the angle at which the jet of air may strike an obstacle. The grooving often considered necessary for classification as a
1811:
has the same surface contrasts, but the alveolo-palatals are arguably not phonemic. They occur only geminate, and the retroflex consonants never occur geminate, which suggests that both are allophones of the same phoneme.
2159:한국인을 위한 전세계 100가지 영어 사투리 (영국 잉글랜드 북부 영어 Mancunian 사투리, Scouse 사투리 Yorkshire 사투리 편): 100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans British English Northern England English Mancunian Dialect, Scouse Dialect Yorkshire Dialect
2284:
A substet of consonants, the production of which includes some amount of frication, is assigned the feature . These consonants are /s, z, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. Some linguists also refer to them as stridents. The two terms are used
264:(made with the tip or front part of the tongue). However, there is a great deal of variety among sibilants as to tongue shape, point of contact on the tongue, and point of contact on the upper side of the mouth.
1112:) sibilant as ; a palatalized alveolar as ; and a generic "retracted sibilant" as , a transcription frequently used for the sharper-quality types of retroflex consonants (e.g. the laminal "flat" type and the "
668:
are an exception. These sounds have the tongue tip resting directly against the lower teeth, which gives the sounds a quality that
Catford describes as "hissing-hushing". Ladefoged and Maddieson term this a
243:
The characteristic intensity of sibilants means that small variations in tongue shape and position are perceivable, with the result that there are many sibilant types that contrast in various languages.
2055:
is more common. Some researchers judge to be non-strident in
English, based on measurements of its comparative amplitude, but to be strident in other languages (for example, in the African language
648:
sibilants, because all three varieties can occur, with noticeably different sound qualities. For more information on these variants and their relation to sibilants, see the article on
252:
Sibilants are louder than their non-sibilant counterparts, and most of their acoustic energy occurs at higher frequencies than non-sibilant fricatives—usually around 8,000 Hz.
337:
Generally, the values of the different variables co-occur so as to produce an overall sharper or duller sound. For example, a laminal denti-alveolar grooved sibilant occurs in
1859:
sibilant fricative , as well as a single palato-alveolar sibilant affricate . However, there are also languages with alveolar and apical retroflex sibilants (such as
Standard
1561:. Apical postalveolar and subapical palatal sibilants do not contrast in any language, but if necessary, apical postalveolars can be transcribed with an apical diacritic, as
2384:
267:
The following variables affect sibilant sound quality, and, along with their possible values, are ordered from sharpest (highest-pitched) to dullest (lowest-pitched):
449:(e.g. ): with a flat or concave tongue, and no palatalization. There is a variety of these sounds, some of which also go by other names (e.g. "flat postalveolar" or "
2012:
as sibilants. However, they do not have the grooved articulation and high frequencies of other sibilants, and most phoneticians continue to group them together with
2586:
1807:
is one example, with both palatalized and non-palatalized laminal denti-alveolars, laminal postalveolar (or "flat retroflex"), and alveolo-palatal ().
1792:
affricates. (The three labialized palato-alveolar affricates were missing, which is why the total was 27, not 30.) The Bzyp dialect of the related
136:
used to denote the sibilant sounds in these words are, respectively, . Sibilants have a characteristically intense sound, which accounts for their
1776:
also has a four-way sibilant distinction, with one alveolar, one palato-alveolar, and two retroflex (apical postalveolar and subapical palatal).
2508:
2277:
2250:
2219:
2167:
2109:
673:
laminal postalveolar" articulation, and transcribe them (following
Catford) as , although this is not an IPA notation. See the article on
46:
819:
777:
2579:
2518:
958:
772:
68:
1035:
850:
2836:
998:
814:
3243:
2610:
2374:
1999:
1788:. Besides, there was a five-way manner distinction among voiceless and voiced fricatives, voiceless and voiced affricates, and
1688:). In the otherwise IPA transcription of Shona in Doke (1967), the whistled sibilants are transcribed with the non-IPA letters
1003:
963:
922:
736:
686:
133:
2809:
2114:
2804:
495:) near the upper teeth have a softer sound reminiscent of (but still sharper-sounding than) the "lisping" sound of English
1117:
661:
2816:
2799:
3248:
2791:
2572:
2018:
2007:
855:
2831:
2826:
1736:
throughout, and the sibilant may be followed by normal labialization upon release. (That is, there is a contrast among
741:
2821:
39:
33:
3096:
2034:
1800:
477:
473:
390:
2743:
2688:
2026:
1380:
1328:
1040:
50:
2854:
2673:
2606:
1218:
927:
3057:
3052:
2963:
2042:
3074:
2884:
2683:
2658:
2602:
2380:
2376:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1891:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1704:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1538:
1530:
1502:
1457:
1333:
1150:
1146:
674:
649:
536:
200:
196:
189:
179:
105:
2418:
2404:
Análise acústica de sequências de fricativas e africadas por japoneses aprendizes de português brasileiro
1612:
but not velarized, as retroflex, etc., but none of these features are required for the sounds. Using the
2663:
2640:
2618:
2403:
1100:
Diacritics can be used for finer detail. For example, apical and laminal alveolars can be specified as
289:
219:
140:
use in getting one's attention (e.g. calling someone using "psst!" or quieting someone using "shhhh!").
101:
1972:
in loanwords, and they are frequently replaced by native sounds. The sibilants exist as allophones of
1947:
1863:) and with alveolar and alveolo-palatal postalveolars (e.g. alveolar and laminal palatalized i.e. in
1605:. However, they also occur in speech pathology and may be caused by dental prostheses or orthodontics.
1116:" type). There is no diacritic to denote the laminal "closed" articulation of palato-alveolars in the
3101:
3064:
2776:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1997:
1919:
1903:
1895:
1868:
640:, with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, while laminal articulations can be either tongue-up or
580:
articulation, i.e. the tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth anywhere from the upper teeth (
644:, with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth. This distinction is particularly important for
3172:
3042:
3019:
2768:
2721:
2693:
1860:
1837:
1508:
1493:
1142:
632:
454:
331:
1890:
Languages with no sibilants are fairly rare. Most have no fricatives at all or only the fricative
3037:
2870:
2678:
2635:
2545:
2489:
2473:
2013:
1955:
1951:
1789:
1729:
1247:
597:
301:
144:
2358:
Maddieson & Sands (2019). 'The Sounds of the Bantu
Languages', in van de Velde et al. (eds)
1601:
Whistled sibilants occur phonemically in several southern Bantu languages, the best known being
1055:
3159:
3116:
2993:
2958:
2781:
2748:
2716:
2650:
2514:
2273:
2246:
2215:
2163:
2089:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1879:
1872:
1732:. The articulation of whistled sibilants may differ between languages. In Shona, the lips are
1498:
1359:
1223:
1209:
626:
589:
577:
457:
323:
315:
309:
272:
261:
3184:
3177:
3032:
2988:
2983:
2846:
2758:
2735:
2711:
2668:
2627:
2557:
2537:
2465:
1899:
1871:, the latter probably through Amerindian influence, and alveolar and dorsal i.e. proper in
1864:
1852:
1844:
1833:
1817:
1808:
1713:
1484:
1469:
1447:
1385:
1341:
1299:
1290:
1274:
1258:
1252:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1105:
1045:
1008:
932:
860:
824:
782:
746:
614:
581:
504:
492:
481:
404:
364:
327:
293:
172:
113:
3149:
3047:
3027:
2968:
2936:
2753:
2500:
2388:
1848:
1825:
1804:
1793:
1721:
1717:
1478:
1439:
1423:
1405:
1393:
1368:
1319:
1266:
1235:
1228:
1134:
1049:
968:
400:
396:
386:
338:
280:
276:
229:
226:
2456:
Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain",
1740:.) In Tsonga, the whistling effect is weak; the lips are narrowed but also the tongue is
499:. These sounds are relatively uncommon, but occur in some of the indigenous languages of
866:
460:
or "true" retroflex sounds are the very dullest and lowest-pitched of all the sibilants.
3121:
2104:
1961:
1856:
1829:
1821:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1602:
1474:
1419:
1401:
1315:
1113:
665:
612:
The tongue can contact the upper side of the mouth with the very tip of the tongue (an
593:
450:
297:
85:
3237:
3207:
3167:
3144:
3111:
3084:
2504:
1907:
1785:
1773:
1725:
1513:
1364:
354:
342:
175:. Sibilants are a higher pitched subset of the stridents. The English sibilants are:
164:), such as English , , , and , the tongue is flatter, and the resulting pitch lower.
152:
3217:
3136:
3126:
3106:
2119:
2056:
1993:
1989:
1613:
1162:
620:
601:
532:
484:; they sound similar to the cluster occurring in the middle of the English phrase
305:
137:
974:
508:
2267:
2240:
2209:
2157:
1760:, some languages have as many as four different types of sibilants. For example,
156:) to focus the stream of air more intensely, resulting in a high pitch. With the
3222:
3212:
3202:
3089:
2946:
2297:
1733:
1064:
1024:
585:
2558:
Just put your lips together and blow? The whistled fricatives of Southern Bantu
1887:" type, which have replaced the former hissing fricative with , leaving only .
3005:
2443:
Bright, William (1978), "Sibilants and naturalness in aboriginal California",
2094:
1609:
803:
788:
500:
476:: Sibilants can occur with or without raising the tongue body to the palate (
3194:
3000:
2951:
2911:
2906:
2893:
2084:
1741:
1086:
1078:
987:
839:
645:
446:
284:
215:
97:
93:
957:
771:
531:. In these dialects, the lisping sibilant (sometimes indicated in Spanish
520:
947:
761:
685:
The following table shows the types of sibilant fricatives defined in the
2928:
2183:
2099:
2071:
has been observed in ultrasound studies of the tongue for the supposedly
1906:. Languages with fricatives but no sibilants, however, do occur, such as
1577:. Ladefoged resurrects the old retroflex sub-dot for apical retroflexes,
1149:
is sometimes reversed; either may also be called 'retroflex' and written
1130:
876:
516:
2536:(1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 60–67,
2419:
Three-dimensional tongue surface shapes of English consonants and vowels
1034:
849:
2901:
2464:(1), American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 5–19,
1911:
1824:
has alveolar, flat postalveolar and alveolo-palatal affricates whereas
1820:
is an example of such a language. However, other possibilities exist.
618:
articulation, e.g. ); with the surface just behind the tip, called the
524:
353:
The main distinction is the shape of the tongue. Most sibilants have a
2549:
2493:
2477:
997:
813:
528:
1712:
Besides Shona, whistled sibilants have been reported as phonemes in
1695:
1692:
921:
735:
2541:
2469:
2269:
Relevant Acoustic Phonetics of L2 English: Focus on Intelligibility
2242:
Relevant Acoustic Phonetics of L2 English: Focus on Intelligibility
1137:
has resurrected an obsolete IPA symbol, the under dot, to indicate
150:
sibilants and , the back of the tongue forms a narrow channel (is
112:. Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the
2941:
1884:
540:
512:
109:
1608:
The whistled sibilants of Shona have been variously described—as
203:
are stridents but not sibilants because they are lower in pitch.
2139:
2137:
2135:
1593:– the domed articulation of precludes a subapical realization.
2568:
2564:
18:
2528:
Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'",
636:
articulation). Apical and subapical articulations are always
491:
Lisping: Alveolar sibilants made with the tip of the tongue (
363:
most stable of sibilants cross-linguistically. They occur in
2208:
Pennock-Speck, Barry; Valor, Maria Lluïsa Gea (2020-04-29).
480:). Palatalized alveolars are transcribed e.g. and occur in
403:(convex and moderately palatalized). These sounds occur in
2211:
A Practical Introduction to English Phonology, 2nd. Edition
1878:
Only a few languages with sibilants lack the hissing type.
1656:(Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996) and labially co-articulated
1585:
Also seen in the literature on e.g. Hindi and Norwegian is
1145:), and that notation is used here. (Note that the notation
630:
articulation, e.g. ); or with the underside of the tip (a
407:, where they are denoted with letter combinations such as
2445:
Journal of California Anthropology, Papers in Linguistics
563:, replacing the or that occur elsewhere in the country.
1120:, but they are sometimes provisionally transcribed as .
2375:
Dialects of Brazil: the palatalization of the phonemes
2051:
fricatives. For a grouping of sibilants and , the term
341:, and a subapical palatal retroflex sibilant occurs in
171:, which include more fricatives than sibilants such as
1832:) fricatives and affricates (late Medieval peninsular
1768:
have a four-way distinction among sibilant affricates
1640:. Other transcriptions seen include purely labialized
1828:
has palato-alveolar and laminal and apical alveolar (
389:(e.g. ): with a convex, V-shaped tongue, and highly
3193:
3158:
3135:
3073:
3018:
2927:
2892:
2883:
2863:
2845:
2790:
2767:
2734:
2704:
2649:
2626:
2617:
319:
292:(point of contact on the upper side of the mouth):
2184:"Sibilance - Definition and Examples of Sibilance"
2143:
1728:—all of which are Southern African languages—and
1772:, with one for each of the four tongue shapes.
1535:is an ad-hoc transcription. The old IPA letters
393:(middle of the tongue strongly raised or bowed).
2580:
1922:have no sibilants but do have the fricatives
1840:had the same distinctions among fricatives).
8:
2423:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
656:there is an empty space below the tongue (a
108:a stream of air with the tongue towards the
2407:, Universidade Federal do Paraná, page 1504
592:), with the in-between articulations being
2889:
2701:
2623:
2587:
2573:
2565:
2075:voiceless alveolar fricative of English.
2059:, where it contrasts with non-strident ).
1902:, and what is generally reconstructed for
1553:These sounds are usually just transcribed
1155:
232:of the sound of a sibilant consonant, or
206:Be aware, some linguistics use the terms
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:
700:
214:interchangeably to refer to the greater
32:This article includes a list of general
2214:. Universitat de València. p. 64.
2131:
1548:
367:, where they are denoted with a letter
2333:
2321:
2298:"Tips For Controlling Vocal Sibilance"
1976:and the fricative as an allophone of
1141:(normally included in the category of
2417:Stone, M. & Lundberg, A. (1996).
2337:
2110:Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
7:
1799:Some languages have four types when
1748:Linguistic contrasts among sibilants
2510:The Sounds of the World's Languages
820:voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
778:voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
507:dialects of western and southern
185:while the English stridents are:
16:Type of fricative consonant sound
1914:, which has only the fricatives
1033:
996:
956:
920:
848:
812:
770:
734:
314:Point of contact on the tongue:
23:
2611:International Phonetic Alphabet
1796:also has a similar inventory.
1523:
1298:American or southwest European
1004:voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
964:voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
687:International Phonetic Alphabet
160:sibilants (occasionally termed
134:International Phonetic Alphabet
2144:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
2115:Voiced apicoalveolar fricative
1296:(alveolar, laminal or apical);
608:Point of contact on the tongue
515:), mostly in the provinces of
222:compared to other fricatives.
1:
2484:Hualde, José Ignacio (1991),
1752:Not including differences in
1280:(apical, dental or alveolar)
1118:Northwest Caucasian languages
662:Northwest Caucasian languages
576:Sibilants can be made at any
2266:Koffi, Ettien (2021-04-20).
2239:Koffi, Ettien (2021-04-20).
856:voiceless retroflex sibilant
1918:. Also, almost all Eastern
742:voiceless alveolar sibilant
3265:
225:"Stridency" refers to the
2979:
2600:
2272:. CRC Press. p. 11.
1358:
1332:
1327:
1246:
1187:
1085:
1077:
1054:
1041:voiced retroflex sibilant
1023:
986:
946:
900:
897:
894:
889:
865:
838:
802:
787:
760:
714:
711:
708:
703:
541:most common pronunciation
2555:Shosted, Ryan K. (2006)
1894:. Examples include most
1843:Many languages, such as
928:voiced alveolar sibilant
2162:. TAX & LAW PRESS.
2156:이재욱; 이서호 (2019-01-25).
1181:Exemplifying languages
694:IPA signs for sibilants
675:postalveolar consonants
650:postalveolar consonants
92: : 'hissing') are
53:more precise citations.
3244:Manner of articulation
2603:Articulatory phonetics
1964:only has the sibilant
1758:secondary articulation
1754:manner of articulation
1063:
973:
677:for more information.
167:A broader category is
89:
2777:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2513:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2488:, London: Routledge,
1984:Contested definitions
1436:(cavity under tongue)
1124:Possible combinations
572:Place of articulation
290:Place of articulation
132:. The symbols in the
96:consonants of higher
3102:Labio-palatalization
1920:Polynesian languages
1896:Australian languages
1869:Brazilian Portuguese
1543:are also available.
1257:northern peninsular
1143:retroflex consonants
3249:Sibilant consonants
2792:Double articulation
2360:The Bantu Languages
1624:may be transcribed
1201:southeast European
1139:apical postalveolar
696:
234:obstacle fricatives
190:/s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ,f,v/
2429:(6), pp. 3728–3737
2387:2013-12-03 at the
2031:and (inter)dental
1988:Authors including
1948:Cook Islands Māori
1597:Whistled sibilants
692:
681:Symbols in the IPA
503:as well as in the
262:coronal consonants
260:All sibilants are
3231:
3230:
3117:Pharyngealization
3014:
3013:
2879:
2878:
2837:Uvular–epiglottal
2730:
2729:
2279:978-1-000-34009-9
2252:978-1-000-34009-9
2221:978-84-9134-600-5
2169:979-11-88917-34-1
2090:Plosive consonant
1880:Middle Vietnamese
1519:
1518:
1338:apical or laminal
1287:apical or laminal
1133:IPA fonts. Also,
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
883:
882:
658:sublingual cavity
624:of the tongue (a
539:⟩) is the
79:
78:
71:
3256:
3185:Voice onset time
2890:
2810:Labial–retroflex
2702:
2624:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2552:
2524:
2501:Ladefoged, Peter
2496:
2486:Basque phonology
2480:
2452:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:interchangeably.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:Literary Devices
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2047:as non-sibilant
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2011:
2003:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1893:
1818:Mandarin Chinese
1779:The now-extinct
1771:
1770:/ts//tʂ//tʃ//tɕ/
1708:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1483:Kumeyaay; Toda;
1460:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1108:(or more likely
1089:
1081:
1061:
1037:
1027:
1000:
990:
960:
950:
924:
887:
869:
852:
842:
816:
806:
791:
774:
764:
738:
701:
697:
691:
538:
399:(e.g. ): with a
202:
198:
191:
181:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3189:
3154:
3131:
3076:
3069:
3010:
2975:
2923:
2875:
2859:
2841:
2805:Labial–alveolar
2786:
2763:
2744:Alveolo-palatal
2726:
2700:
2689:Palato-alveolar
2645:
2613:
2607:Co-articulation
2596:
2593:
2527:
2521:
2499:
2483:
2455:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2401:(in Portuguese)
2400:
2399:
2395:
2389:Wayback Machine
2372:(in Portuguese)
2371:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2302:Pro Audio Files
2296:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2081:
1986:
1803:is considered.
1794:Abkhaz language
1750:
1702:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1599:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1482:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1400:
1392:
1347:
1297:
1273:
1265:
1177:
1176:of articulation
1175:
1170:
1169:of articulation
1168:
1126:
1083:
1073:
1062:
1048:
683:
610:
574:
543:of the letters
397:Palato-alveolar
387:Alveolo-palatal
351:
281:palato-alveolar
277:alveolo-palatal
258:
250:
180:/s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ/
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:Glottalization
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Palatalization
3094:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2855:Velopharyngeal
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Labial–palatal
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2800:Labial–coronal
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2674:Denti-alveolar
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2542:10.2307/339038
2525:
2519:
2505:Maddieson, Ian
2497:
2481:
2470:10.2307/340806
2453:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2410:
2393:
2364:
2362:, 2nd edition.
2351:
2342:
2326:
2314:
2289:
2278:
2258:
2251:
2231:
2220:
2200:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Strident vowel
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2062:The nature of
1985:
1982:
1968:and fricative
1857:apico-alveolar
1830:apico-alveolar
1822:Serbo-Croatian
1801:palatalization
1781:Ubykh language
1766:Southern Qiang
1762:Northern Qiang
1749:
1746:
1598:
1595:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1434:hollow or flat
1432:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1219:denti-alveolar
1216:
1213:
1212:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1125:
1122:
1114:apico-alveolar
1110:denti-alveolar
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1071:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:
993:
992:
983:
981:
971:
966:
961:
953:
952:
943:
941:
935:
930:
925:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
892:
891:
884:
881:
880:
873:
871:
863:
858:
853:
845:
844:
835:
833:
827:
822:
817:
809:
808:
799:
797:
785:
780:
775:
767:
766:
757:
755:
749:
744:
739:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
682:
679:
609:
606:
594:denti-alveolar
573:
570:
565:
564:
489:
478:palatalization
462:
461:
451:apico-alveolar
444:
401:"domed" tongue
394:
384:
350:
347:
335:
334:
326:non-"closed",
312:
298:denti-alveolar
287:
271:Tongue shape:
257:
256:Sibilant types
254:
249:
246:
193:
192:
183:
182:
138:paralinguistic
77:
76:
59:September 2013
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Uvularization
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:Labialization
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Coronal–velar
2830:
2828:
2827:Labial–uvular
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2520:0-631-19815-6
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:Dalbor (1980)
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2245:. CRC Press.
2244:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:has a single
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1697:
1694:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1443:sz, cz, ż, dż
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:sh, ch, j, zh
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
989:
984:
982:
980:
979:
977:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
949:
944:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
923:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
893:
888:
885:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
805:
800:
798:
795:
790:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
763:
758:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
707:
702:
699:
698:
695:
690:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
562:
558:
554:
551:, as well as
550:
546:
542:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
468:
459:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
360:
359:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
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265:
263:
255:
253:
247:
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209:
204:
188:
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149:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3137:Tongue shape
3127:Nasalization
3107:Velarization
3077:articulation
2916:
2847:Pathological
2822:Labial–velar
2705:Active place
2684:Postalveolar
2659:Linguolabial
2595:Articulation
2556:
2533:
2529:
2509:
2485:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2396:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2349:Shosted 2006
2345:
2338:Obaid (1973)
2329:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2304:. 2012-03-07
2301:
2292:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2210:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2190:. 2014-02-14
2187:
2178:
2158:
2151:
2120:Assibilation
2073:non-sibilant
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2052:
1987:
1960:
1889:
1877:
1842:
1814:
1798:
1778:
1751:
1738:s, sw, ȿ, ȿw
1737:
1711:
1621:
1617:
1614:Extended IPA
1607:
1600:
1547:
1545:
1522:
1520:
1503:postalveolar
1450:
1442:
1396:
1388:
1371:
1349:
1344:
1334:postalveolar
1302:
1293:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1238:
1231:
1205:
1163:Tongue shape
1138:
1127:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1065:
1056:
1014:
975:
937:
909:Orthography
898:Description
829:
793:
751:
723:Orthography
712:Description
693:
684:
670:
657:
654:
641:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
611:
602:postalveolar
575:
566:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
533:dialectology
496:
485:
466:
463:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
380:
376:
372:
368:
352:
349:Tongue shape
336:
306:postalveolar
266:
259:
251:
242:
237:
233:
224:
211:
207:
205:
194:
184:
168:
166:
161:
157:
151:
147:
142:
129:
125:
121:
117:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2947:Approximant
2664:Interdental
2641:Labiodental
2322:Bright 1978
1904:Proto-Bantu
1416:(no cavity)
1397:ś, ć, ź, dź
1381:palatalized
1348:and French
870:(Shànghǎi)
642:tongue-down
586:hard palate
535:as ⟨
511:(southwest
474:Palatalized
391:palatalized
51:introducing
3238:Categories
3075:Secondary
3065:Percussive
3033:Ingressive
3006:Continuant
2437:References
2308:2020-05-28
2194:2021-06-29
2095:Shibboleth
1950:dialects,
1861:Vietnamese
1838:Portuguese
1786:labialized
1734:compressed
1610:labialized
1451:sh, zh, ch
704:Voiceless
501:California
318:"closed" (
238:affricates
227:perceptual
162:shibilants
104:, made by
34:references
3195:Phonation
3173:Aspirated
3168:Voiceless
3043:Implosive
3028:Egressive
3020:Airstream
3001:Occlusive
2952:Semivowel
2912:Fricative
2907:Affricate
2894:Obstruent
2769:Laryngeal
2722:Subapical
2694:Retroflex
2227:θ, ð, h/.
2085:De-essing
2064:sibilants
1956:Tuamotuan
1952:Marquesan
1742:retroflex
1730:Tabasaran
1509:subapical
1135:Ladefoged
906:Language
720:Language
646:retroflex
638:tongue-up
633:subapical
584:) to the
509:Andalucía
455:subapical
447:Retroflex
332:subapical
320:see below
285:retroflex
248:Acoustics
230:intensity
216:amplitude
212:sibilants
208:stridents
169:stridents
106:directing
98:amplitude
94:fricative
82:Sibilants
3090:Rounding
3058:Ejective
3053:Pulmonic
3038:Ejective
2964:Tap/flap
2929:Sonorant
2917:Sibilant
2871:Bidental
2679:Alveolar
2636:Bilabial
2530:Hispania
2507:(1996).
2458:Hispania
2385:Archived
2100:Sj-sound
2079:See also
2069:sibilant
2053:strident
2049:anterior
2014:bilabial
1944:Rapa Nui
1940:Tahitian
1936:Hawaiian
1873:Japanese
1790:ejective
1722:Changana
1707:⟩
1703:⟨
1699:⟩
1690:⟨
1686:⟩
1682:⟨
1678:⟩
1674:⟨
1670:⟩
1666:⟨
1662:⟩
1658:⟨
1654:⟩
1650:⟨
1646:⟩
1642:⟨
1638:⟩
1634:⟨
1630:⟩
1626:⟨
1616:, Shona
1591:⟩
1587:⟨
1583:⟩
1579:⟨
1575:⟩
1571:⟨
1567:⟩
1563:⟨
1559:⟩
1555:⟨
1541:⟩
1537:⟨
1533:⟩
1529:⟨
1448:Mandarin
1386:Mandarin
1275:Mandarin
1248:alveolar
1210:Kumeyaay
1178:(tongue)
1131:OpenType
915:Meaning
901:Example
877:Shanghai
861:Mandarin
783:Mandarin
729:Meaning
715:Example
664:such as
598:alveolar
486:miss you
453:"). The
427:, as in
375:, as in
302:alveolar
145:alveolar
90:sībilāns
3208:Breathy
2994:Lateral
2959:Vibrant
2902:Plosive
2782:Glottal
2749:Palatal
2717:Laminal
2651:Coronal
2451:: 39–63
2425:, vol.
1990:Chomsky
1946:, most
1926:and/or
1916:/f,v,h/
1912:Nigeria
1900:Rotokas
1865:Catalan
1853:Spanish
1845:English
1834:Spanish
1809:Russian
1714:Kalanga
1565:s̠̺ z̠̺
1499:palatal
1485:Russian
1389:x, j, q
1360:laminal
1342:English
1311:laminal
1300:Spanish
1291:English
1278:s, z, c
1259:Spanish
1224:laminal
1203:Spanish
1171:(mouth)
1046:Russian
1009:English
933:English
890:Voiced
825:English
747:English
627:laminal
590:palatal
578:coronal
555:before
525:Sevilla
505:Spanish
482:Russian
458:palatal
405:English
365:English
324:laminal
316:laminal
310:palatal
273:grooved
173:uvulars
158:hushing
153:grooved
148:hissing
143:In the
114:English
47:improve
3218:Creaky
3178:Tenuis
3145:Sulcal
2989:Rhotic
2984:Liquid
2885:Manner
2759:Uvular
2736:Dorsal
2712:Apical
2669:Dental
2628:Labial
2550:339038
2548:
2517:
2494:340806
2492:
2478:340806
2476:
2276:
2249:
2218:
2166:
1996:group
1954:, and
1898:, and
1849:Arabic
1826:Basque
1805:Polish
1718:Tsonga
1494:curled
1479:Abkhaz
1470:apical
1466:hollow
1440:Polish
1424:Abkhaz
1414:hollow
1406:Abkhaz
1394:Polish
1369:Basque
1320:Abkhaz
1314:Toda,
1267:Basque
1253:apical
1236:Basque
1229:Polish
1197:apical
1192:dental
1188:hollow
1106:dental
1050:Polish
1025:vision
969:Polish
671:closed
615:apical
582:dental
529:Huelva
521:Málaga
493:apical
441:vision
355:groove
339:Polish
328:apical
294:dental
128:, and
116:words
84:(from
36:, but
3223:Stiff
3213:Slack
3203:Modal
3160:Voice
3150:Domed
3048:Click
2969:Trill
2942:Vowel
2937:Nasal
2864:Other
2754:Velar
2619:Place
2546:JSTOR
2490:JSTOR
2474:JSTOR
2126:Notes
2045:]
2041:[
2037:]
2033:[
2029:]
2025:[
2021:]
2017:[
2010:]
2006:[
2002:]
1998:[
1994:Halle
1974:/t͡ɕ/
1962:Tamil
1932:Māori
1885:ceceo
1705:tȿ dɀ
1603:Shona
1573:ʂ̺ ʐ̺
1475:Ubykh
1420:Ubykh
1402:Ubykh
1372:x, tx
1350:ch, j
1329:domed
1316:Ubykh
1270:s, ts
1239:z, tz
1174:Place
1167:Place
804:small
796:iǎo)
666:Ubykh
621:blade
517:Cádiz
513:Spain
497:think
220:pitch
130:genre
110:teeth
102:pitch
86:Latin
2515:ISBN
2379:and
2274:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2004:and
1992:and
1908:Ukue
1867:and
1836:and
1774:Toda
1764:and
1726:Tswa
1701:and
1680:and
1672:(or
1664:and
1648:and
1632:and
1620:and
1514:Toda
1501:(or
1463:etc.
1365:Toda
1294:s, z
1232:s, z
1147:s̠,ṣ
1104:; a
1087:frog
1079:toad
988:herb
912:IPA
895:IPA
840:shin
726:IPA
709:IPA
600:and
547:and
527:and
439:and
433:chin
429:shin
381:zone
377:soon
343:Toda
218:and
210:and
199:and
126:ship
100:and
2538:doi
2466:doi
2381:/d/
2377:/t/
2057:Ewe
1978:/k/
1970:/f/
1966:/ʂ/
1928:/f/
1924:/v/
1910:in
1892:/h/
1875:).
1847:or
1756:or
1684:z͜β
1676:s͡ɸ
1589:ᶘ ᶚ
1581:ṣ ẓ
1569:or
1557:ʂ ʐ
1539:ʆ ʓ
1531:ŝ ẑ
1445:();
1352:()
1303:s/z
1206:s/z
1159:IPA
1153:.)
1068:aba
1059:аба
1017:on
978:oło
948:zip
940:ip
832:in
762:sip
754:ip
559:or
437:gin
423:or
379:or
371:or
322:),
296:or
236:or
201:/v/
197:/f/
195:as
122:zip
118:sip
3240::
2609:–
2605:–
2544:,
2534:56
2532:,
2503:;
2472:,
2462:63
2460:,
2447:,
2427:99
2421:.
2336:;
2300:.
2282:.
2224:.
2186:.
2134:^
2039:,
2023:,
1980:.
1958:.
1942:,
1938:,
1934:,
1930::
1724:,
1720:,
1716:,
1709:.
1668:zᵝ
1660:sᶲ
1652:z̫
1644:s̫
1636:z͎
1628:s͎
1622:zv
1618:sv
1549:^2
1524:^1
1505:?)
1477:;
1422:;
1404:;
1367:;
1318:,
1234:;
1208:,
1102:vs
1090:"
1028:"
1015:si
1013:vi
991:"
976:zi
951:"
879:"
867:上海
843:"
830:sh
807:"
765:"
689::
652:.
604:.
596:,
537:s̄
523:,
519:,
469::
435:,
431:,
425:si
419:,
415:,
413:ch
411:,
409:sh
345:.
330:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
283:,
279:,
275:,
124:,
120:,
88::
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2560:.
2540::
2523:.
2468::
2449:1
2391:.
2340:.
2324:.
2311:.
2255:.
2197:.
2172:.
2146:.
2043:ð
2035:θ
2027:β
2019:ɸ
2008:v
2000:f
1883:"
1696:ɀ
1693:ȿ
1481:;
1461:,
1458:,
1430:,
1399:;
1391:;
1272:;
1264:;
1262:s
1151:ʂ
1084:"
1082:"
1076:"
1066:ż
1057:ж
1022:"
985:"
945:"
938:z
875:"
837:"
801:"
794:x
792:(
789:小
759:"
752:s
669:"
588:(
561:e
557:i
553:c
549:z
545:s
488:.
467:s
443:.
421:j
417:g
383:.
373:z
369:s
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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