3613:
3637:
89:, which branches into subclasses, which branch into infraclasses, and then "parvclasses", superorders, orders, suborders, infraorders, "parvorders", superfamilies, families, subfamilies, tribes, subtribes and finally genera and species. However the classification study did not employ modern cladistic methods, as it relies strictly on DNA-DNA hybridization as the sole measure of similarity.
3649:
3625:
596:
Other changes are much more drastic. The penguins were traditionally regarded as distant from all other living birds. For instance, Wetmore put them in a superorder by themselves, with all other non-ratite birds in a different superorder. Sibley and
Ahlquist, though, put penguins in the same
592:
Some of these changes are minor adjustments. For instance, instead of putting the swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds in the same order that includes nothing else, Sibley and
Ahlquist put them in the same superorder that includes nothing else, consisting of one order for the hummingbirds and
2036:, December 1993. The Web version lacks the illustrations, which show parts of the family tree, and includes only a partial bibliography, but adds a sequence down to the tribe level with detail on intermediate taxa (especially for the passerines).
72:
of imperfectly complemented heteroduplex DNA (i.e., double stranded DNAs that are experimentally produced from single strands of two different species), compared with perfectly matched homoduplex DNA (both strands of DNA from the same species).
616:(waterfowl and landfowl) has found widespread acceptance. The DNA evidence of Sibley–Ahlquist for the monophyly of the group is supported by the discovery of the fossil bird
2525:
93:
2520:
3675:
64:
tree-building algorithms. In DNA–DNA hybridization, the percent similarity of DNA between two species is estimated by the reduction in
2037:
2064:
2023:
60:
that produce distance data (versus character data) and that can be analyzed to produce phylogenetic reconstructions only using
593:
another for the swifts and treeswifts. In other words, they still regard the swifts as the hummingbirds' closest relatives.
3653:
1921:
2510:
2292:
50:
2207:
2197:
1911:
2533:
2515:
2538:
1998:
1906:
2505:
2317:
2267:
2024:
The Early
History of Modern Birds Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Ribosomal Genes
2342:
3680:
2970:
2017:
2500:
2392:
2332:
2277:
2057:
1630:
3636:
1995:
85:
because it codifies many intermediate levels of taxa: the "trunk" of the family tree is the class
3283:
2347:
2307:
2272:
1407:
38:
3629:
92:
The Sibley–Ahlquist arrangement differs greatly from the more traditional approach used in the
3409:
3356:
3306:
2449:
2439:
2382:
2182:
2177:
1725:
1648:
1539:
1519:
1129:
1014:
892:
627:
335:
57:
3275:
2417:
2089:
1988:
1980:
1875:
1612:
1606:
1534:
1288:
1258:
1183:
672:
65:
3507:
3335:
2805:
2327:
2312:
2250:
2149:
2077:
2029:
2007:
1665:
1636:
1594:
1588:
1375:
1263:
1215:
1137:
969:
926:
840:
46:
17:
3617:
3547:
3499:
3433:
3372:
3327:
3314:
3188:
3151:
3002:
2776:
2613:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2337:
2322:
2217:
2212:
2192:
2187:
2169:
2117:
2050:
2003:
1916:
1760:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1624:
1582:
1569:
1459:
1386:
1350:
1297:
1273:
1194:
1142:
1111:
981:
931:
897:
801:
770:
42:
3669:
3555:
3539:
3462:
3454:
3288:
3086:
2936:
2823:
2781:
2581:
2573:
2495:
2459:
2377:
2301:
1978:(2005): Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous.
1926:
1880:
1870:
1790:
1785:
1755:
1715:
1700:
1680:
1658:
1600:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1444:
1417:
1400:
1365:
1302:
1278:
1210:
1175:
1116:
1101:
1084:
1002:
986:
964:
902:
860:
825:
796:
779:
679:
585:
118:
601:. According to their phylogenetic analysis, penguins are closer to those birds than
3641:
3385:
3230:
3046:
2884:
2832:
2704:
2665:
2434:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2099:
1890:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1800:
1780:
1740:
1735:
1675:
1559:
1484:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1248:
1231:
1222:
1158:
1121:
1089:
1019:
880:
870:
784:
741:
724:
719:
703:
641:
618:
613:
495:
428:
418:
347:
327:
174:
1576:
Ciconiiformes found to be polyphyletic and now restricted to storks (Ciconiidae).
3446:
3293:
3099:
3078:
3067:
3032:
2899:
2889:
2847:
2738:
2605:
2407:
2232:
2227:
2159:
2144:
2112:
1745:
1695:
1642:
1544:
1474:
1424:
1393:
1330:
1268:
1201:
1163:
1149:
1063:
1039:
1034:
952:
938:
760:
753:
729:
694:
689:
598:
505:
404:
298:
286:
273:
Showing major changes from
Clements, the Sibley–Ahlquist orders are as follows:
212:
197:
160:
69:
1976:
Clarke, J.A.; Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Erickson, G.M. & Ketcham, R.A.
421:. Rails and button-quails moved to Ralliformes and Turniciformes, respectively.
3563:
3425:
3364:
3343:
3175:
3159:
3094:
3039:
3011:
2943:
2908:
2786:
2634:
2469:
2444:
2202:
1885:
1815:
1770:
1685:
1618:
1554:
1549:
1514:
1494:
1464:
1360:
1355:
1323:
1314:
1253:
1106:
1009:
993:
943:
914:
909:
853:
832:
577:
533:
394:
367:
135:
107:
82:
3523:
3478:
3267:
3060:
2977:
2961:
2950:
2860:
2796:
2755:
2454:
2255:
2242:
2222:
2122:
1865:
1860:
1835:
1805:
1795:
1730:
1720:
1454:
1449:
1243:
1238:
1096:
1049:
1044:
1024:
791:
765:
710:
623:
514:
290:
3491:
3221:
3196:
3142:
3053:
3025:
2915:
2879:
2871:
2853:
2748:
2733:
2717:
2464:
2427:
2260:
1810:
1775:
1765:
1750:
1564:
1529:
1524:
1370:
1345:
1335:
1309:
1170:
1079:
1070:
959:
875:
820:
806:
736:
631:
567:
553:
485:
447:
61:
1992:
3401:
3254:
3133:
3018:
2984:
2922:
2743:
2597:
2589:
2282:
2154:
2139:
2129:
1820:
1509:
1479:
1340:
1029:
865:
684:
667:
563:
339:
323:
312:
302:
2042:
3531:
3470:
3246:
3238:
3167:
3107:
2991:
2929:
2812:
2479:
2474:
2352:
1058:
543:
523:
471:
461:
451:
282:
622:, an essentially modern but most peculiar waterfowl that lived near
56:
DNA–DNA hybridization is among a class of comparative techniques in
3417:
3204:
2767:
1670:
848:
606:
602:
408:
351:
343:
331:
3393:
2760:
2723:
2693:
2107:
2073:
438:
377:
359:
355:
86:
35:
2557:
2046:
3515:
2372:
2134:
2026:, by Marcel van Tuinen, Charles G. Sibley, and S. Blair Hedges
481:
363:
294:
53:
studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.
976:
1285:
Strigiformes restricted to owls (Tytonidae, Strigidae)
921:
Families included in
Piciformes by most authorities.
81:
The classification appears to be an early example of
1627:(Ardeidae, Scopidae, Threskiornithidae, Pelecanidae)
1621:(Sulidae, Anhingidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Fregatidae)
3490:
3445:
3384:
3355:
3326:
3305:
3266:
3229:
3220:
3187:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3077:
3001:
2960:
2898:
2870:
2846:
2822:
2795:
2716:
2703:
2664:
2633:
2572:
2488:
2391:
2291:
2241:
2168:
2098:
2018:
On the
Phylogeny and Classification of Living Birds
488:, owlet-nightjars, frogmouths, oilbirds, potoos).
597:superfamily as divers (loons), tubenoses, and
2058:
8:
1578:The other families are distributed between:
387:landfowl. Chachalacas moved to Craciformes.
3226:
3147:
3138:
3129:
2867:
2713:
2700:
2661:
2657:
2630:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2550:
2065:
2051:
2043:
2014:. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
484:. Enlarged to include Caprimulgiformes (
1939:
1128:Opisthocomidae now place in own order,
498:. Hummingbirds moved to Trochiliformes.
322:includes the previous Sphenisciformes (
27:Proposed classification system of birds
2012:Phylogeny and classification of birds
1385:Eurypygidae and Rhynochetidae now in
1382:Gruiformes found to be polyphyletic:
666:
441:. Sandgrouse moved to Ciconiiformes.
7:
3624:
556:. Previously part of Coraciiformes.
397:etc. Previously part of Galliformes.
3648:
1188:Otherwise in enlarged Apodiformes.
546:. Previously part of Coraciiformes.
474:. Turacos moved to Musophagiformes.
464:. Previously part of Cuculiformes.
431:etc. Previously part of Gruiformes.
190:
167:
142:
114:
103:
748:Families included in Galliformes.
25:
2526:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
508:. Previously part of Apodiformes.
265:Basal divergences of modern birds
3647:
3635:
3623:
3612:
3611:
3502:(New World vultures and condors)
2030:Sibley's Classification of Birds
1929:(based on the Clements taxonomy)
570:. Previously part of Piciformes.
411:. Previously part of Gruiformes
267:in the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy
366:), and the family Pteroclidae (
1591:(Thinocoridae through Laridae)
1:
1597:(Accipitridae, Sagittariidae)
1287:Other families are placed in
1946:Sibley & Ahlquist (1990)
346:and allies), Falconiformes (
342:and allies), Ciconiiformes (
3566:(woodpeckers and relatives)
3697:
3676:Systems of animal taxonomy
3428:(cormorants and relatives)
2521:Extinct species since 1500
1955:Sibley and Ahlquist (1988)
1078:
630:, still in the age of the
3607:
3558:(kingfishers and rollers)
3412:(albatrosses and petrels)
3296:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3278:(nightjars and relatives)
3128:
3102:(pheasants and relatives)
2660:
2629:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2085:
1912:Phylogenetic nomenclature
1296:
1209:
1181:
1157:
1057:
980:
925:
891:
847:
819:
814:
723:
718:
661:
380:and allies) is unchanged.
210:
195:
188:
186:
172:
165:
148:
140:
122:
112:
3457:(seriemas and relatives)
3436:(pelicans and relatives)
301:) and Struthioniformes (
83:cladistic classification
32:Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy
18:Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy
3550:(hornbills and hoopoes)
3465:(falcons and relatives)
1922:Sibley–Monroe checklist
1907:Molecular phylogenetics
1406:Mesitornithidae now in
657:Note on current status
297:), and Apterygiformes (
3534:(trogons and quetzals)
3346:(cranes and relatives)
2616:(emus and cassowaries)
2506:Glossary of bird terms
2318:Confuciusornithiformes
2020:, by Charles G. Sibley
1999:Supporting information
334:), Procellariiformes (
3375:(kagu and sunbittern)
3338:(gulls and relatives)
2343:Songlingornithiformes
2308:Omnivoropterygiformes
1186:by most authorities.
330:), Podicipediformes (
51:DNA–DNA hybridization
3197:Phoenicopteriformes
2008:Ahlquist, Jon Edward
2004:Sibley, Charles Gald
350:), Charadriiformes (
3168:Mesitornithiformes
3162:(doves and pigeons)
2496:Families and orders
2358:Ichthyornithiformes
2333:Patagopterygiformes
2032:, by Eric Salzman,
1993:10.1038/nature03150
1631:Phoenicopteriformes
815:Infraclass Neoaves
338:), Pelecaniformes (
318:A greatly enlarged
289:), Casuariiformes (
285:orders Rheiformes (
3510:(eagles and hawks)
3410:Procellariiformes
3315:Opisthocomiformes
3284:Steatornithiformes
2511:List by population
2348:Hongshanornithidae
2273:Evolution of birds
1633:(Phoenicopteridae)
1408:Mesitornithiformes
1399:Cariamidae now in
662:Infraclass Eoaves
3663:
3662:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3396:(loons or divers)
3365:Phaethontiformes
3357:Phaethontimorphae
3307:Opisthocomiformes
3276:Caprimulgiformes
3216:
3215:
3205:Podicipediformes
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
2842:
2841:
2625:
2624:
2582:Struthioniformes
2450:Waterfowl hunting
2383:Gastornithiformes
2378:Aepyornithiformes
2368:Lithornithiformes
1898:
1897:
1726:Ptilonorhynchidae
1649:Procellariiformes
1540:Threskiornithidae
1520:Phalacrocoracidae
1130:Opisthocomiformes
1015:Brachypteraciidae
628:million years ago
271:
270:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:
232:
231:
223:
222:
94:Clements taxonomy
58:molecular biology
49:. It is based on
16:(Redirected from
3688:
3651:
3650:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3614:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3540:Leptosomiformes
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3508:Accipitriformes
3503:
3482:
3481:(perching birds)
3474:
3466:
3458:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3402:Sphenisciformes
3397:
3376:
3368:
3347:
3339:
3336:Charadriiformes
3318:
3297:
3279:
3258:
3250:
3247:Musophagiformes
3242:
3227:
3208:
3200:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3103:
3090:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2770:
2763:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2662:
2658:
2631:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2418:Bird collections
2373:Dinornithiformes
2278:Darwin's finches
2268:Origin of flight
2208:Seabird breeding
2198:Sexual selection
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2038:Archived version
1977:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1876:Melanocharitidae
1651:(Procellariidae)
1613:Phaethontiformes
1607:Podicipediformes
1535:Phoenicopteridae
1289:Caprimulgiformes
1259:Batrachostomidae
1184:Caprimulgiformes
673:Struthioniformes
642:
326:), Gaviiformes (
279:Struthioniformes
191:
168:
143:
115:
104:
99:
98:
66:hydrogen bonding
21:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3548:Bucerotiformes
3542:(cuckoo-roller)
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3500:Cathartiformes
3486:
3480:
3472:
3471:Psittaciformes
3464:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:Pelecaniformes
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:Eurypygiformes
3366:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3322:
3316:
3301:
3295:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:Pterocliformes
3169:
3161:
3112:
3101:
3088:
3073:
2997:
2956:
2894:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2818:
2791:
2768:
2761:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:Casuariiformes
2607:
2606:Apterygiformes
2599:
2591:
2583:
2560:
2545:
2516:Lists by region
2484:
2394:
2387:
2328:Chaoyangiformes
2313:Jeholornithidae
2287:
2251:Origin of birds
2237:
2218:Brood parasites
2164:
2094:
2081:
2071:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1903:
1666:Acanthisittidae
1637:Sphenisciformes
1615:(Phaethontidae)
1609:(Podicipedidae)
1595:Accipitriformes
1589:Charadriiformes
1392:Odtidae now in
1376:Mesitornithidae
1264:Steatornithidae
1216:Musophagiformes
1138:Psittacimorphae
970:Rhinopomastidae
927:Bucerotimorphae
886:
841:Charadriiformes
640:
459:Musophagiformes
445:Psittaciformes
315:) is unchanged.
266:
260:
251:
242:
233:
224:
79:
77:Characteristics
47:Jon E. Ahlquist
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3556:Coraciiformes
3553:
3545:
3537:
3532:Trogoniformes
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:Passeriformes
3476:
3468:
3463:Falconiformes
3460:
3455:Cariamiformes
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3418:Ciconiiformes
3415:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3328:Cursorimorphae
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3189:Mirandornithes
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3160:Columbiformes
3156:
3154:
3152:Columbimorphae
3145:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3087:Meleagridinae
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3005:
3003:Odontophoridae
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:Stictonettinae
2779:
2777:Dendrocygninae
2774:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2698:
2655:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:Notable birds
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2480:Egg collecting
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Hesperornithes
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Ambiortiformes
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Enantiornithes
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2001:
1970:
1969:
1966:et al.' (2005)
1957:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1917:Charles Sibley
1914:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Pomatostomidae
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Rhinocryptidae
1708:
1706:Conopophagidae
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Thamnophilidae
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1639:(Spheniscidae)
1634:
1628:
1625:Pelecaniformes
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1583:Pterocliformes
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:Procellariidae
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:Pluvianellidae
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1387:Eurypygiformes
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Heliornithidae
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1298:Passerimorphae
1294:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1274:Eurostopodidae
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:Trochiliformes
1191:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1143:Psittaciformes
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Opisthocomidae
1109:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
997:
996:
989:
984:
982:Coraciimorphae
978:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
955:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
934:
932:Bucerotiformes
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
917:
912:
905:
900:
898:Galbulimorphae
895:
889:
888:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
856:
851:
845:
844:
837:
836:
835:
828:
823:
817:
816:
812:
811:
810:
809:
804:
802:Dendrocygnidae
799:
794:
787:
782:
776:
775:
774:
773:
771:Odontophoridae
768:
763:
756:
750:
749:
746:
745:
744:
739:
732:
727:
722:
716:
715:
714:
713:
706:
700:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
675:
670:
664:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
639:
638:Classification
636:
590:
589:
586:perching birds
580:
571:
557:
551:Bucerotiformes
547:
537:
527:
518:
509:
503:Trochiliformes
499:
489:
475:
465:
455:
442:
432:
422:
412:
398:
388:
381:
371:
316:
306:
281:replaces the
269:
268:
262:
261:
257:
256:
253:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
194:
189:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
171:
166:
164:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
141:
139:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
113:
111:
102:
78:
75:
43:Charles Sibley
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:Strigiformes
3514:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3367:(tropicbirds)
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3289:Podargiformes
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:Cuculiformes
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:Macrocephalon
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:Anseranatidae
2821:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:Tinamiformes
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:Palaeognathae
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Pigeon racing
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:Archaeopteryx
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1927:List of birds
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Paramythiidae
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Nectariniidae
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Bombycillidae
1789:
1787:
1786:Picathartidae
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Orthonychidae
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Climacteridae
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Formicariidae
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Philepittidae
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:Passeriformes
1657:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:Falconiformes
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:(Pteroclidae)
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Phaethontidae
1503:
1501:
1500:Podicipedidae
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Sagittariidae
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Rostratulidae
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:Ciconiiformes
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:Cariamiformes
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Rhynochetidae
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:Columbiformes
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:Caprimulgidae
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Strigimorphae
1208:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1176:Hemiprocnidae
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Crotophagidae
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Centropodidae
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Cuculimorphae
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:Coraciiformes
1001:
1000:
995:
992:
991:
990:
988:
987:Trogoniformes
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
966:
965:Phoeniculidae
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
933:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
904:
903:Galbuliformes
901:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Indicatoridae
859:
858:
857:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
827:
826:Turniciformes
824:
822:
818:
813:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Anseranatidae
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Anserimorphae
778:
777:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
731:
728:
726:
721:
717:
712:
709:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:Struthionidae
678:
677:
676:
674:
671:
669:
665:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
594:
587:
584:
583:Passeriformes
581:
579:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
561:Galbuliformes
558:
555:
552:
548:
545:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:Coraciiformes
528:
525:
522:
521:Trogoniformes
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:Columbiformes
433:
430:
429:button-quails
427:
426:Turniciformes
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:birds of prey
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Ciconiiformes
317:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
255:
254:
246:
245:
237:
236:
228:
227:
219:
218:
215:
214:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
120:
119:Palaeognathae
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
95:
90:
88:
84:
76:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3526:(mousebirds)
3524:Coliiformes
3394:Gaviiformes
3386:Aequornithes
3294:Apodiformes
3255:Otidiformes
3231:Otidimorphae
3178:(sandgrouse)
3100:Phasianinae
3066:
3059:
3052:
3047:Odontophorus
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2885:Oreophasinae
2831:
2811:
2804:
2709:(waterfowls)
2705:Anseriformes
2455:Cockfighting
2440:Conservation
2435:Bird feeding
2423:Birdwatching
2413:Ornithomancy
2353:Gansuiformes
2300:
2293:Fossil birds
2183:Intelligence
2033:
2011:
1996:PDF fulltext
1984:
1979:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1891:Fringillidae
1856:Zosteropidae
1851:Cisticolidae
1846:Hypocoliidae
1841:Pycnonotidae
1831:Hirundinidae
1826:Aegithalidae
1801:Muscicapidae
1781:Callaeatidae
1741:Pardalotidae
1736:Meliphagidae
1676:Eurylaimidae
1603:(Falconidae)
1577:
1560:Spheniscidae
1485:Accipitridae
1470:Charadriidae
1440:Scolopacidae
1435:Pedionomidae
1430:Thinocoridae
1286:
1249:Aegothelidae
1232:Strigiformes
1223:Musophagidae
1187:
1182:Included in
1159:Apodimorphae
1122:Neomorphidae
1090:Cuculiformes
1020:Leptosomidae
885:
881:Ramphastidae
871:Megalaimidae
839:Included in
785:Anseriformes
742:Megapodiidae
725:Gallomorphae
720:Galloanserae
704:Tinamiformes
619:Vegavis iaai
617:
614:Galloanseres
611:
599:frigatebirds
595:
591:
582:
574:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
511:
506:hummingbirds
502:
492:
479:Strigiformes
478:
469:Cuculiformes
468:
458:
444:
435:
425:
415:
401:
391:
384:
374:Anseriformes
373:
319:
309:Tinamiformes
308:
278:
272:
211:
196:
175:Anseriformes
173:
150:Other birds
149:
123:
91:
80:
55:
41:proposed by
31:
29:
3681:Ornithology
3654:WikiProject
3564:Piciformes
3447:Australaves
3426:Suliformes
3344:Gruiformes
3199:(flamingos)
3108:Tetraoninae
3079:Phasianidae
3068:Rhynchortyx
3033:Dactylortyx
2900:Megapodidae
2890:Penelopinae
2848:Galliformes
2590:Rheiformes
2584:(ostriches)
2534:individuals
2408:Ornithology
2395:interaction
2150:Preen gland
1987:: 305–308.
1746:Petroicidae
1696:Furnariidae
1643:Gaviiformes
1545:Pelecanidae
1475:Glareolidae
1425:Pteroclidae
1394:Otidiformes
1331:Eurypygidae
1269:Nyctibiidae
1202:Trochilidae
1164:Apodiformes
1150:Psittacidae
1064:Coliiformes
1040:Halcyonidae
1035:Alcedinidae
953:Upupiformes
939:Bucerotidae
761:Phasianidae
754:Galliformes
730:Craciformes
695:Apterygidae
690:Casuariidae
648:Superorder
626:some 66-68
578:woodpeckers
541:Upupiformes
512:Coliiformes
493:Apodiformes
402:Ralliformes
395:chachalacas
392:Craciformes
385:Galliformes
291:cassowaries
213:Craciformes
198:Galliformes
161:Galloanseri
70:nucleotides
3670:Categories
3404:(penguins)
3257:(bustards)
3095:Perdicinae
3040:Dendrortyx
3012:Callipepla
2944:Megapodius
2909:Aepypodius
2787:Tadorninae
2769:true geese
2600:(tinamous)
2559:Neornithes
2470:Pheasantry
2445:Aviculture
2213:Incubation
2203:Lek mating
1934:References
1886:Passeridae
1816:Certhiidae
1771:Vireonidae
1686:Tyrannidae
1645:(Gaviidae)
1619:Suliformes
1555:Fregatidae
1550:Ciconiidae
1515:Anhingidae
1495:Falconidae
1465:Burhinidae
1361:Cariamidae
1356:Psophiidae
1324:Gruiformes
1315:Columbidae
1254:Podargidae
1107:Coccyzidae
1010:Coraciidae
994:Trogonidae
944:Bucorvidae
915:Bucconidae
910:Galbulidae
854:Piciformes
833:Turnicidae
645:Parvclass
588:unchanged.
575:Piciformes
526:unchanged.
517:unchanged.
515:mousebirds
454:unchanged.
416:Gruiformes
368:sandgrouse
136:Neognathae
108:Neornithes
3473:(parrots)
3317:(hoatzin)
3268:Strisores
3249:(turacos)
3241:(cuckoos)
3170:(mesites)
3089:(turkeys)
3061:Philortyx
2978:Agelastes
2971:Acryllium
2962:Numididae
2951:Talegalla
2861:gamebirds
2854:landfowls
2833:Anseranas
2797:Anhimidae
2756:Anserinae
2539:fictional
2261:dinosaurs
2256:Theropoda
2243:Evolution
2188:Migration
2170:Behaviour
1866:Alaudidae
1861:Sylviidae
1836:Regulidae
1806:Sturnidae
1796:Cinclidae
1731:Maluridae
1721:Menuridae
1455:Chionidae
1450:Jacanidae
1244:Strigidae
1239:Tytonidae
1097:Cuculidae
1050:Meropidae
1045:Cerylidae
1025:Momotidae
792:Anhimidae
766:Numididae
711:Tinamidae
654:Families
632:dinosaurs
624:Cape Horn
573:Modified
568:puffbirds
554:hornbills
529:Modified
491:Modified
486:nightjars
477:Modified
467:Modified
448:cockatoos
434:Modified
414:Modified
383:Modified
336:tubenoses
303:ostriches
277:Enlarged
3618:Category
3492:Afroaves
3420:(storks)
3222:Passerea
3207:(grebes)
3143:Columbea
3054:Oreortyx
3026:Cyrtonyx
2916:Alectura
2880:Cracinae
2872:Cracidae
2749:Oxyurini
2739:Aythyini
2734:Anatinae
2718:Anatidae
2465:Falconry
2428:big year
2283:Seabirds
2193:Foraging
2140:Feathers
2010:(1990):
1901:See also
1811:Sittidae
1776:Corvidae
1766:Laniidae
1751:Irenidae
1671:Pittidae
1565:Gaviidae
1530:Scopidae
1525:Ardeidae
1371:Rallidae
1346:Aramidae
1336:Otididae
1310:Raphidae
1171:Apodidae
1080:Passerae
1071:Coliidae
960:Upupidae
893:Coraciae
876:Lybiidae
821:Turnicae
807:Anatidae
737:Cracidae
564:jacamars
340:pelicans
324:penguins
313:tinamous
68:between
62:phenetic
39:taxonomy
3630:Commons
3134:Neoaves
3019:Colinus
2985:Guttera
2923:Eulipoa
2744:Mergini
2608:(kiwis)
2592:(rheas)
2403:Ringing
2228:Hybrids
2223:Nesting
2178:Singing
2155:Plumage
2130:Dactyly
2100:Anatomy
2090:Outline
2080:: Aves)
2034:Birding
1964:Clarke
1821:Paridae
1510:Sulidae
1480:Laridae
1341:Gruidae
1030:Todidae
866:Picidae
685:Rheidae
668:Ratitae
605:are to
534:rollers
524:trogons
472:cuckoos
462:turacos
452:parrots
163:
146:
138:
124:
3642:Portal
3518:(owls)
2992:Numida
2930:Leipoa
2813:Chauna
2806:Anhima
2501:Genera
2475:Imping
2393:Human
2233:Colony
2160:Vision
2145:Flight
2006:&
1981:Nature
1059:Coliae
651:Order
607:storks
603:herons
544:Hoopoe
496:swifts
419:Cranes
409:crakes
362:, and
352:waders
344:storks
332:grebes
328:divers
283:ratite
134:
34:is a
2762:swans
2724:ducks
2694:fowls
2489:Lists
2113:Brain
2078:class
2074:Birds
849:Picae
439:doves
405:rails
378:ducks
360:terns
356:gulls
299:kiwis
287:rheas
2135:Eggs
2123:milk
2118:Crop
2108:Beak
612:The
566:and
559:New
549:New
539:New
501:New
482:owls
457:New
450:and
424:New
407:and
400:New
390:New
364:auks
295:emus
293:and
87:Aves
45:and
36:bird
30:The
1989:doi
1985:433
3672::
1291:.
1132:.
843:.
634:.
609:.
370:).
358:,
354:,
305:).
96:.
2863:)
2856:-
2852:(
2726:)
2722:(
2696:)
2692:(
2688:e
2686:a
2684:r
2682:e
2680:s
2678:n
2676:a
2674:o
2672:l
2670:l
2668:a
2666:G
2653:e
2651:a
2649:h
2647:t
2645:a
2643:n
2641:g
2639:o
2637:e
2635:N
2076:(
2066:e
2059:t
2052:v
1991::
1410:.
1403:;
1396:;
1389:;
536:.
376:(
311:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.