280:
are evaluated as if they were spoken
English utterances) rather than its intelligibility as a form of communication or a language. Moreover, many studies which evaluate the competence of hearing teachers of the deaf in MCE communication do not evaluate the extent to which deaf students understand what their teachers are expressing. These teachers reported avoiding using spoken English words or constructions that they did not know how to express in MCE, limiting their overall language use. While many studies have found MCE to be comprehensible to those familiar with the code, fewer have attempted to evaluate whether it is equivalently suitable for first language acquisition, given the frequency of morpheme deletion or ellipsis.
256:. These constructed "Methodical Signs," however, had already fallen out of use by the 1830s, as the school's third director, Roche-Ambrose BĂ©bian, wrote about their structural failings - especially the distortion of sign language structure - relative to "Natural Signs" and ended their use within the school. "Methodical Signs" fell out of favor in Europe and America, and "the idea of intervening in the natural development of sign language and restructuring signs in accordance with the grammar of spoken language was not revived again until the popularization of MCE in the 1970s."
204:. Studies on rate of signing MCE suggest that some systems may take up to two and a half times the amount of time necessary to transmit the same information in either spoken English or American Sign Language. Researchers suggest that this may significantly disrupt communication using these systems, as it may lead to an excessive load on the short term memory compared to natural languages.
36:
197:
contexts they are bound to in
English and placing them elsewhere in a construction, producing sentences that are judged as ungrammatical by hearing English users. Notably, neither typically developing hearing children acquiring spoken English nor deaf children acquiring ASL as a first language display these patterns of anomalous syntactic acquisition.
5564:
192:
identified a number of potential concerns about the use of MCE systems in place of a natural language. The morphological structure of nearly all MCE systems is very different from the structure of documented sign languages. As a result, deaf children exposed only to MCE acquire the artificially created
English-like
686:). Use of the Rochester method continued until approximately the 1970s, and there are still deaf adults from the Rochester area who were taught with the Rochester method. It has fallen out of favor because it is a tedious and time-consuming process to spell everything manually, though it is still used in some
183:
Deaf sign languages make use of non-sequential morphology, spatial relationships, facial expression, and body positioning, while MCE does not take advantage of Deaf sign language features which do not exist in spoken
English, with a "spatially restricted, sequential structure along with a strict word order".
363:
are not represented. Although fingerspelling is not a form of MCE, but rather a feature borrowed from deaf sign languages, it is often the first 'point of contact' for a hearing person before learning the lexicon of a sign language. Fingerspelling is primarily used by Deaf people as a part of natural
279:
One major obstacle to the utility and enforcement of the use of MCE is the criteria used to evaluate it. Multiple researchers note that MCE use by deaf children acquiring it as a first language is typically evaluated according to its adherence to citation forms of spoken
English (i.e., MCE utterances
747:
to be used with children with speech or communication difficulties, such as deaf children. It is a grammatical sign system which reflects normal patterns of
English. The system uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures, which can be combined to represent a large vocabulary of English words,
598:
of the ASL sign was generally modified to reflect the first letter of the intended
English word. Analogous variation in ASL (where multiple ASL signs all translate to a single English word) is not distinguished in SEE. For example in ASL, three distinct signs represent distinct meanings of English
556:
are formed as separate signs â instead of using the ASL sign for "butterfly", SEE1 places the signs for "butter" and "fly" in sequential order. Many signs from ASL are initialized in SEE1 â the ASL sign for "have" is signed with the B handshape in SEE1. Nielson et al. argue that SEE-1/MSS is a poor
547:
SEE-1 was the first
American manual English code, developed in the 1960s and 70s by David Anthony, a teacher of deaf and disabled children. Anthony identified a list of proposed basic English words, less than half of which he identified American Sign Language (ASL) signs for, as well as a number of
182:
with a distinct morphology, lexicon, and syntax. Rather, North
American varieties of MCE borrow some lexical items of American Sign Language (although meanings and morphology may be significantly constrained or altered) while attempting to strictly follow English morphology, syntax, and word order.
468:
can take place anywhere on a continuum of intermediate stages, from very 'English-like' to very 'Deaf-language-like'; signers from these two different language backgrounds will often meet somewhere in the middle. Because of contact sign's standing as a bridge between two distinct languages, it is
196:
of MCE systems later than their hearing peers. Additionally, deaf children being taught MCE show an "anomalous" pattern of use with these morphemes. For example, they are frequently analyze morphemes that are bound in
English, such as "-ing," as free morphemes, separating these morphemes from the
533:
Cued speech is not traditionally referred to as a form of MCE, in part because it does not use borrowed or invented signs in an attempt to convey English. Rather, cued speech employs the use of "cuems" (eight handshapes intended to represent consonant phonemes and four placements around the face
215:
may be more common. MCE is also sometimes favored by some hearing people, for whom a manual version of their own language is perceived as easier to learn than a deaf sign language. However, multiple studies suggest that many hearing users of MCE systems may struggle to communicate effectively or
191:
Although some research suggests that experience can improve the degree to which the information coded in English (morphologically as well as syntactically) is successfully communicated manually, especially by learners who are hearing and/or already fluent in spoken English, multiple studies have
315:
adults raise issues with the manipulation of a minority groups' language in order to enforce learning of the majority language onto children from that minority group. Many hearing parents are encouraged to expose their child to MCE instead of ASL, which delays a child's access to a natural sign
228:
children in English-speaking countries, based on the assumption that a signing system that was closer to English would make it easier for deaf children to communicate in written and/or spoken English, which many parents and educators perceive as superior or more desirable to using a Deaf sign
534:
intended to represent vowel phonemes, combined with mouth movements) to represent auditory elements of the language being cued in a visual manner. Cued languages are a distinct class of visual communication. Cued speech has been adapted for languages and dialects around the world.
484:
Contact sign drops the initializations and grammatical markers used in other forms of MCE, but retains basic English word order. In the US, ASL features often seen in contact sign include the listing of grouped items and the repetition of some pronouns and verbs.
730:
Sign-supported English (SSE) is differentiated from Signed English (SE) by some scholars by saying that SSE does not include inflectional morphology required by spoken English, instead, "keywords" of sentences are signed while the complete sentence is spoken.
263:
The use of MCE in deaf education is controversial. Contemporary deaf education can follow one or a number of educational philosophies and reform efforts, including education in the local natural deaf sign language, education in a colonial sign language,
1725:
6254:
548:
slightly different English words which ASL represented similarly with "only minor" stress and movement variations. Conversely, some English words could be expressed with multiple different ASL signs. Additionally, ASL, unlike English, is a
5917:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
599:"right" ('correct,' 'opposite of left,' and 'entitlement') but SEE uses a single sign. Initializations and grammatical markers are also used in SEE2, but compound words with an equivalent ASL sign are used as the ASL sign, as with
557:
representation of English because it has only 14 bound morphemes in its citation form, noting that it has not been well-studied since the 1990s, and as of the paper's publishing in 2016, was only in use in Amarillo, Texas.
815:
Signing Exact English (SEE2) is widely used in deaf schools in Singapore, and is taught as the preferred form of sign language by the Singapore Association for the Deaf. The natural sign language used in Singapore,
310:
Finally, the ethics of MCE use is also a matter of contention. ASL is a minority language in North America. The majority of deaf people are born to hearing parents, and are not exposed to ASL from a young age. Many
511:
of English are used, with the MCE signing serving as a support for the reception of speech. Signs are borrowed from the local deaf sign language and/or are artificial signs invented by educators of the deaf.
784:. For example, in Australian Signed English 'uncomfortable' is represented in signs meaning 'un', 'come', 'for', and 'table'. A visual sign taken from a deaf sign language may be generalised to represent
594:, a parent of a deaf child, in the early 1970s. Where English differs lexically from ASL (such as concepts with multiple near-synonymous words in English but only one or two corresponding ASL signs) the
743:, also known as Paget Gorman signed speech (PGSS) or Paget Gorman systematic sign language, was originated in Britain by Sir Richard Paget in the 1930s and developed further by Lady Grace Paget and Dr
574:(SEE) is the most commonly studied and taught manual code for American English. SEE incorporates a large number of signs which are borrowed from ASL. Signing exact English (SEE2) was developed by
1573:
Supalla, Samuel J.; McKee, Cecile (2002). "The Role of Manually Coded English in Language Development of Deaf Children". In Meier, Richard P.; Cormier, Kearsy; Quinto-Pozos, David (eds.).
5819:
150:. Different codes of MCE vary in the levels of adherence to spoken English grammar, morphology, and syntax. MCE is typically used in conjunction with direct spoken English.
6682:
1880:
1855:
317:
291:
documented that these individuals displayed spontaneous (without prior exposure), ASL-like innovations. Specifically, rather than using the MCE morphemes designed to mark
260:
is still the most common setting where manually coded English is used; not only with deaf students, but also children with other kinds of speech or language difficulties.
230:
635:
Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE) was the name of a morpheme list published by Dennis Wampler in 1971. While most forms of ASL and MCE are transcribed using English
1342:
6378:
707:
Signed English (SE) is one form of MCE used in Britain. The term is used interchangeably with Sign-supported English (see below) although others make a distinction.
387:(see below). Elderly deaf people in the UK and Australia may also use a lot of fingerspelling relative to their younger counterparts as a result of their education.
174:, or Signed English (SE). System developers and educators disagree on the relative accuracy and appropriateness of these four representations. MCE is different from
5834:
3118:
6136:
1383:
5824:
5008:
4963:
1985:
5855:
5020:
2071:
2066:
3348:
6440:
245:
1368:
Metzger, Melanie; Fleetwood, Earl (2010). "Cued language: What deaf native cuers perceive of Cued Speech". In C. LaSasso, K. Crain and J. Leybaert (ed.).
162:
efforts in multiple countries, especially the United States in the 1970s. Four systems were developed in attempts to represent spoken English manually;
6543:
320:
and lower academic achievement may result from or be exacerbated by a lack of complete or comprehensible input by teachers using MCE instead of ASL.
6662:
5984:
5732:
5629:
53:
615:) uses ASL signs in English word order, but only 14 grammatical markers. The most common method of Signed English in the US is that created by
252:, the language used by his students in the community, and "Methodical Signs," which was designed to encourage students to sign in the syntax of
6483:
6249:
1848:
1618:"Deaf adult learners and their teacher: Knowledge construction and meaning-making through the lens of translanguaging and semiotic repertoires"
1460:
6634:
6281:
6259:
2371:
1735:
1708:
1678:
1510:
1470:
1352:
1281:
1067:
1032:
916:
6602:
1906:
803:
that have now made their way into everyday use in Auslan. It is still used in many schools. Australasian Signed English is also in use in
1220:"Nationalism and the Linguistic Rights of Deaf Communities: Linguistic Imperialism and the Recognition and Development of Sign Languages"
6607:
5874:
5281:
2485:
1088:"Can Deaf Children Acquire English?: An Evaluation of Manually Coded English Systems in Terms of the Principles of Language Acquisition"
307:
pointing and spatial modification of verbs, linguistic features not part of MCE because they are considered unique to signed languages.
237:
5700:
265:
229:
language. MCE was proposed to improve the speed and capacity of deaf children's reading, as their literacy in written English has been
6506:
6129:
5327:
4905:
3069:
973:"The English-Language and Reading Achievement of a Cohort of Deaf Students Speaking and Signing Standard English: A Preliminary Study"
211:
into a form of MCE when conversing with someone whose dominant language is English, or when quoting something from English, although
100:
6623:
6244:
5276:
3754:
1841:
119:
5773:
655:
CASE appears to be used to refer to different terms depending on context and/or author. The CDC describes CASE as another term for
72:
6564:
5383:
5352:
5271:
4920:
3723:
611:
The term 'Signed English' refers to a much simpler system than SEE1, SEE2, or LOVE. Signed English (occasionally referred to as
372:, for emphasis or distinction of relevant words, or when a signer is unsure of the signed equivalent of a spoken language word.
6324:
5074:
4123:
3384:
3358:
2225:
499:
Sign-supported speech (SSS) involves voicing everything as in spoken English, while simultaneously signing a form of MCE. The
79:
6788:
6717:
6102:
5879:
5373:
5266:
4953:
4539:
3593:
2432:
2237:
2149:
57:
1022:
6733:
6409:
6122:
5793:
4756:
4751:
3663:
3020:
2285:
1751:
683:
171:
6793:
6769:
6618:
6219:
5977:
5869:
5727:
5015:
4871:
4621:
4372:
4076:
2974:
2863:
2504:
2272:
2112:
2032:
2009:
86:
6657:
6628:
6597:
6275:
6239:
5442:
5396:
5079:
5069:
4659:
3991:
3712:
3700:
3643:
3501:
3164:
2946:
2873:
2642:
2400:
2262:
469:
used differently by each individual depending on their knowledge of English and of the deaf sign language. The term
6613:
6185:
6037:
5829:
5517:
5404:
4613:
4261:
2568:
2417:
821:
494:
395:
68:
5939:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4858:
46:
6798:
6341:
6169:
5512:
5482:
5472:
5457:
5347:
5337:
5046:
4978:
4915:
4772:
4359:
4324:
4301:
4269:
3855:
3838:
3653:
3531:
3466:
3421:
3136:
3057:
2909:
2252:
2085:
2045:
1969:
6640:
6077:
5788:
5639:
5502:
5437:
5400:
5392:
5332:
5317:
5213:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5025:
4853:
4845:
4832:
4809:
4780:
4732:
4563:
4531:
4507:
4138:
4089:
3999:
3849:
3828:
3769:
3729:
3706:
3693:
3658:
3648:
3598:
3558:
3496:
3476:
3394:
3363:
3146:
2584:
2467:
2444:
2290:
2017:
1952:
1813:
740:
360:
249:
163:
5142:
3548:
3513:
2659:
5970:
5884:
5705:
5609:
5538:
5507:
5497:
5452:
5447:
5357:
5239:
5205:
5158:
5132:
5116:
4988:
4983:
4667:
4639:
4597:
4547:
4467:
4459:
4306:
4214:
4188:
4058:
4042:
3920:
3843:
3782:
3618:
3431:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3126:
2891:
2886:
2740:
2720:
2544:
2454:
2439:
2330:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1958:
858:
817:
755:
The system was widespread in Deaf schools in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s, but since the emergence of
552:
language, so does not have lexical signs corresponding to English copulas like "is" and "are". In SEE1, all
5926:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
4401:
3331:
3323:
6065:
5919:
5899:
5492:
5487:
5467:
5462:
5322:
5258:
5192:
5124:
5084:
5038:
5030:
4973:
4968:
4927:
4895:
4866:
4840:
4801:
4706:
4701:
4675:
4579:
4491:
4425:
4409:
4388:
4351:
4343:
4316:
4245:
4237:
4222:
4206:
4198:
4180:
4156:
4146:
4128:
3933:
3904:
3899:
3833:
3734:
3688:
3673:
3633:
3507:
3491:
3486:
3409:
3389:
3293:
3154:
3131:
3028:
2917:
2881:
2842:
2821:
2775:
2761:
2725:
2555:
2499:
2475:
2422:
2412:
2381:
2280:
2247:
2097:
2022:
1975:
1939:
1929:
1875:
825:
800:
644:
175:
1589:
6559:
6463:
5923:
5679:
5619:
5477:
5342:
5312:
5150:
4993:
4958:
4900:
4824:
4814:
4793:
4721:
4631:
4605:
4592:
4587:
4571:
4515:
4499:
4483:
4417:
4380:
4367:
4293:
4285:
4227:
4133:
4115:
4102:
4071:
4050:
4034:
4015:
4007:
3925:
3807:
3795:
3764:
3759:
3744:
3717:
3683:
3668:
3638:
3603:
3585:
3538:
3456:
3436:
3309:
2990:
2964:
2858:
2837:
2816:
2800:
2745:
2735:
2689:
2519:
2449:
2386:
2361:
2322:
2314:
2300:
2295:
2232:
2184:
2102:
2050:
1963:
1945:
1934:
837:
756:
711:
656:
571:
566:
167:
6528:
682:
in 1878, shortly after he opened the Western New York Institute for Deaf-Mutes (presently known as the
383:). Exclusive fingerspelling has a place in the history of deaf education; in the US it is known as the
375:
Exclusive fingerspelling is rarely used for communication. It still has some possible currency in some
679:
575:
6304:
6164:
5927:
5634:
5378:
5137:
5097:
5059:
5003:
4746:
4741:
4711:
4626:
4555:
4443:
4430:
4396:
4277:
4193:
4172:
4164:
4151:
4066:
3983:
3954:
3941:
3912:
3823:
3802:
3678:
3613:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3399:
3379:
3038:
3033:
3004:
2959:
2954:
2927:
2896:
2730:
2676:
2622:
2563:
2461:
2257:
2117:
2107:
2040:
1980:
841:
620:
616:
583:
288:
143:
140:
591:
224:
The different forms of manually coded English were originally developed for use in the education of
93:
6533:
5859:
5803:
5719:
5307:
5197:
5089:
5064:
4998:
4819:
4785:
4764:
4716:
4523:
4475:
4451:
4435:
4253:
4232:
4110:
3975:
3967:
3949:
3774:
3749:
3739:
3628:
3623:
3608:
3543:
3526:
3471:
3461:
3082:
2922:
2795:
2684:
2427:
2194:
2189:
2139:
1923:
1304:"Sociolinguistic Variation in the Use of Fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language: A Pilot Study"
795:
In Australia, 'Signed English' was developed by a committee in the late 1970s, who took signs from
763:
in deaf education, its use is now largely restricted to the field of speech and language disorder.
587:
579:
516:
423:
284:
269:
1536:"Signing Exact English; A Simultaneously Spoken and Signed Communication Option in Deaf Education"
714:
and combines them with fingerspelling in order to include bound morphemes not used in BSL such as
6373:
5850:
5748:
5229:
5054:
4311:
4081:
3962:
3862:
3787:
3481:
2932:
1377:
1323:
1200:
623:
Signed English Project to develop children's books written in both illustrated signs and written
461:
300:
1534:
Rendel, Kabian; Bargones, Jill; Blake, Britnee; Luetke, Barbara; Stryker, Deborah (2018-11-05).
5753:
5414:
1731:
1704:
1674:
1639:
1555:
1506:
1466:
1441:
1433:
1348:
1315:
1277:
1239:
1192:
1161:
1115:
1107:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1000:
992:
912:
636:
296:
159:
1049:
6749:
6538:
5952:
5763:
5758:
5594:
5575:
1666:
1629:
1547:
1498:
1425:
1399:
Cued language structure: an analysis of cued American English based on linguistic principles
1269:
1231:
1153:
1099:
1055:
984:
904:
853:
748:
including word endings and verb tenses. The signs do not correspond to natural signs of the
624:
465:
292:
201:
193:
179:
147:
799:(especially the southern dialect), invented new signs, and borrowed a number of signs from
6357:
5889:
5684:
5664:
5543:
691:
391:
380:
253:
241:
1658:
6383:
6012:
5993:
5798:
5783:
5674:
5659:
5429:
1670:
760:
749:
672:
640:
553:
477:(PSE) because this form of signing does not display the features linguists expect of a
438:. These English-speaking countries do not all have the same sign language either. See
399:
356:
344:
339:
17:
6782:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6032:
5768:
5669:
5654:
5649:
5286:
1864:
744:
439:
411:
6053:
5644:
5589:
1535:
971:
Nielsen, Diane Corcoran; Luetke, Barbara; McLean, Meigan; Stryker, Deborah (2016).
660:
457:
451:
435:
415:
365:
312:
212:
1818:
896:
671:
Perhaps the closest type of MCE to written English, the Rochester method involves
6255:
Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired
1273:
1266:
Assessing Literacy in Deaf Individuals: Neurocognitive Measurement and Predictors
908:
792:
sign for a 'fly' (insect) may be used in Signed English for the verb (to) 'fly'.
272:, a manually coded system based on the ambient spoken language (such as MCE), or
6017:
6007:
5778:
5548:
804:
781:
549:
528:
431:
407:
208:
35:
1759:
1727:
Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics
1634:
1617:
1261:
1260:
Morere, Donna A.; Roberts, Rachel (2012), Morere, Donna; Allen, Thomas (eds.),
5894:
5533:
4876:
4685:
4094:
3568:
2509:
1794:
1789:
508:
500:
352:
1643:
1559:
1437:
1413:
1319:
1243:
1219:
1196:
1165:
1142:"Simultaneous Communication: The State of the Art & Proposals for Change"
1141:
1111:
1087:
996:
6709:
5419:
5388:
5244:
4680:
1235:
687:
595:
427:
403:
376:
257:
240:
who in the 1790s developed a method using hand-signs to teach a form of the
1774:
1004:
972:
1490:
1445:
1429:
1157:
1119:
1103:
988:
146:
intended to visually represent the exact grammar and morphology of spoken
5599:
5558:
5409:
5163:
1502:
777:
369:
348:
1327:
1303:
1204:
1180:
6114:
6027:
5234:
1699:
Jeanes, Raymond C.; Reynolds, Brian E.; Coleman, Bernadette C. (1989).
1551:
940:
863:
785:
612:
419:
273:
895:
Meier, Richard P.; Cormier, Kearsy; Quinto-Pozos, David (2002-10-24),
207:
In English-speaking countries, some users of Deaf sign languages will
5863:
4948:
2220:
2208:
796:
789:
504:
478:
304:
5563:
1370:
Cued Speech and cued language for deaf and hard of hearing children
1024:
Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research, Volume 2: Psychology
776:
They tend to follow a loose logic of sound rather than the strict
248:, the school he founded, into two categories: "Natural Signs," or
5962:
1048:
Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth, eds. (2015-12-01).
5553:
1833:
1701:
Dictionary of Australasian Signs for communication with the deaf
1622:
DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em LingĂŒĂstica TeĂłrica e Aplicada
225:
6118:
5966:
3882:
1898:
1837:
519:(TC), though the original philosophy of TC is quite different.
303:
as they are in English, these children demonstrated the use of
166:(also referred to as Morphemic Signing System (MSS) or SEE-1),
515:
The terms SSS and SimCom are now often used synonymously with
29:
836:
The Kenyan government uses Kenya Signed English, though the
236:
An early form of this educational method was popularized by
1828:
1823:
1577:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143â166.
663:, and considers it a blend of ASL and other forms of MCE.
639:, LOVE is written using the notation system developed by
351:. As with written versions of spoken language, certain
5820:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
1575:
Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages
901:
Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages
244:
to deaf children. L'Epee distinguished signs used in
27:
Signed communication systems used with spoken English
1412:
Luetke-Stahlman, Barbara; Milburn, Wanda O. (1996).
489:
Sign-supported speech, or simultaneous communication
6742:
6726:
6702:
6695:
6675:
6650:
6590:
6581:
6552:
6519:
6499:
6492:
6476:
6456:
6449:
6433:
6426:
6402:
6395:
6366:
6350:
6334:
6317:
6297:
6290:
6268:
6232:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6178:
6157:
6150:
6093:
6046:
6000:
5843:
5812:
5741:
5718:
5693:
5608:
5574:
5526:
5428:
5366:
5295:
5257:
5222:
5106:
4938:
4648:
4333:
4024:
3889:
3875:
3816:
3372:
3347:
3308:
3291:
3163:
3145:
3117:
3081:
3047:
3019:
2973:
2945:
2908:
2872:
2851:
2830:
2809:
2788:
2754:
2713:
2704:
2674:
2657:
2640:
2601:
2577:
2484:
2399:
2370:
2348:
2313:
2271:
2207:
2177:
2148:
2126:
2084:
2059:
2031:
1905:
1889:
1540:
Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1268:, New York, New York: Springer, pp. 179â189,
1021:Fischer, Susan D.; Siple, Patricia (1991-06-25).
543:Seeing Essential English/Morphemic Signing System
6379:Manila Christian Computer Institute for the Deaf
1497:, Gallaudet University Press, pp. 108â127,
903:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 143â162,
434:. Both one and two-handed alphabets are used in
5835:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1829:SEE Center for the Advancement of Deaf Children
1724:Johnston, Trevor; Schembri, Adam (2007-01-18).
1414:"A History of Seeing Essential English (SEE I)"
1051:The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Language
139:) is an umbrella term referring to a number of
158:Manually coded English (MCE) is the result of
6130:
5978:
5825:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1849:
1590:"Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)"
1181:"The Validity of the Gallaudet Lecture Films"
347:uses different signs for each letters of the
8:
897:"Phonological structure in signed languages"
6441:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris
1703:. Melbourne: Victoria School for the Deaf.
1218:Branson, Jan; Miller, Don (February 1998).
651:Conceptually accurate signed English (CASE)
246:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris
6739:
6699:
6647:
6587:
6549:
6496:
6453:
6430:
6399:
6294:
6209:
6202:
6154:
6137:
6123:
6115:
5985:
5971:
5963:
5582:
3879:
3169:
2710:
2492:
2405:
2354:
2213:
2132:
2090:
2028:
1895:
1856:
1842:
1834:
1594:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1401:. Silver Spring, Maryland: Calliope Press.
1397:Metzger, Melanie; Fleetwood, Earl (1998).
1382:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1344:Sign Language Research: Theoretical Issues
710:British Signed English borrows signs from
390:Note that different regions use different
6683:Schools for the deaf in the United States
1633:
1302:Schembri, Adam; Johnston, Trevor (2007).
643:in describing the linguistic features of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
6663:Montreal Institute for the Deaf and Mute
1372:. San Diego, California. pp. 53â66.
820:, is thought to have been influenced by
200:Another potential issue with MCE is the
6250:Parkash Memorial Deaf & Dumb School
5630:Manually coded language in South Africa
1060:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190241414.001.0001
874:
788:of the English word â for example, the
287:children taught exclusively using MCE,
6544:St John's Catholic School for the Deaf
6484:Antonio Provolo Institute for the Deaf
6260:Vatika High School for Deaf & Dumb
1819:Methods of Communication with the Deaf
1611:
1609:
1375:
473:has largely replaced the earlier name
6635:Sir James Whitney School for the Deaf
6282:Fukui Prefectural School for the Deaf
1529:
1527:
1484:
1482:
1462:Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics
1255:
1253:
966:
964:
962:
960:
935:
933:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
440:Sign language § not speech based
410:, and one-handed systems are used in
384:
216:comprehensively using these systems.
7:
6603:British Columbia School for the Deaf
1657:CRYSTAL, DAVID; CRAIG, ELMA (1978),
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1081:
1079:
1016:
1014:
631:Linguistics of visual English (LOVE)
172:Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
6608:Ernest C. Drury School for the Deaf
2667:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
1776:Negation in Singapore sign language
6507:St Petersburg College for the Deaf
3980:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3594:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
1756:Singapore Association for the Deaf
1671:10.1016/b978-0-12-625150-0.50010-1
25:
6624:Metro Toronto School for the Deaf
6245:Patiala School for the Deaf-blind
1616:Aldersson, Russell (2023-01-27).
590:and educational interpreter, and
561:Signing Exact English (SEE-2/SEE)
456:Rather than being a form of MCE,
6565:Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol
5562:
5353:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1824:National Cued Speech Association
1489:Gustason, Gerilee (2009-10-31),
34:
6325:SMK Pendidikan Khas Persekutuan
5943:
5934:
5912:
5880:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4964:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3586:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
1027:. University of Chicago Press.
45:needs additional citations for
6718:Victorian College for the Deaf
6103:Christian Mission for the Deaf
5701:Bilingualâbicultural education
5021:Western Torres Strait Islander
4095:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
2072:Western Torres Strait Islander
1730:. Cambridge University Press.
1465:. Cambridge University Press.
1347:. Gallaudet University Press.
607:Signed English (SE) â American
364:deaf sign languages, for some
154:Manually coded English systems
1:
6734:Kelston Deaf Education Centre
6410:Singapore School for the Deaf
4773:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3921:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3783:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3532:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3039:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
1140:Maxwell, Madeline M. (1990).
703:Signed English (SE) â British
684:Rochester School for the Deaf
238:Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Epee
6770:List of schools for the deaf
6619:Manitoba School for the Deaf
6220:Lutheran School For The Deaf
3359:Providence Island (Provisle)
3009:North West Frontier Province
1274:10.1007/978-1-4614-5269-0_10
1086:Mitchell, Gordon S. (1982).
909:10.1017/cbo9780511486777.002
726:Sign-supported English (SSE)
678:word. It was originated by
6658:Halifax School for the Deaf
6629:Robarts School for the Deaf
6598:Alberta School for the Deaf
6276:Central School for the Deaf
6240:Patiala School for the Deaf
4959:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
1459:Rosenberg, Sheldon (1987).
1418:American Annals of the Deaf
1224:Journal of Sociolinguistics
1092:American Annals of the Deaf
977:American Annals of the Deaf
6815:
6614:MacKay School for the Deaf
6186:Tabora Deaf-Mute Institute
6038:Simultaneous communication
5830:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
5039:HawaiÊ»an (Haoilona Ê»Ćlelo)
4969:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3755:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3609:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
3029:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
2423:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1635:10.1590/1678-460X202359756
822:Shanghainese Sign Language
772:Signed English â Australia
564:
526:
495:Simultaneous communication
492:
449:
337:
6766:
6342:Naxal School for the Deaf
6170:Kisii School for the Deaf
5908:
5585:
5075:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3514:HawaiÊ»i (Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo)
3324:Ktunaxa (ÊŸa·qanⱥiⱥⱥitnam)
3172:
2731:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2495:
2408:
2357:
2226:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2216:
2135:
2093:
1881:List by number of signers
1871:
1773:Ang, Mary Shu Yi (2017).
1665:, Elsevier, p. 162,
1663:Sign Language of the Deaf
1659:"Contrived Sign Language"
394:to represent English â a
316:language. Additionally,
6641:W. Ross Macdonald School
5640:Paget Gorman Sign System
5094:Samoa and American Samoa
3884:Sign languages by region
3669:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
3395:Albarradas Sign Language
3385:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
3218:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
3070:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
3034:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
2286:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1900:Sign languages by family
1779:(Master of arts thesis).
870:References and resources
741:Paget Gorman Sign System
735:Paget Gorman sign system
250:Old French Sign Language
233:to their hearing peers.
202:rate of information flow
164:Seeing Essential English
69:"Manually coded English"
5885:Monastic sign languages
5733:Television shows (list)
5706:Manually coded language
5539:Hamburg Notation System
3332:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2578:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
2301:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
2238:Northern Ireland (NISL)
1814:Styles of Communication
1800:(subscription required)
1491:"Signing Exact English"
1236:10.1111/1467-9481.00028
859:Manually coded language
818:Singapore Sign Language
6643:(for deafblind people)
6066:Edward Miner Gallaudet
6023:Manually coded English
5856:CHCI chimpanzee center
5625:Manually coded English
5323:Henniker Sign Language
4989:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4974:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3968:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1876:List of sign languages
826:American Sign Language
801:American Sign Language
645:American Sign Language
460:is a blend of a local
231:typically low compared
176:American Sign Language
133:Manually Coded English
18:Sign Supported English
6789:Signed oral languages
6560:Ovingdean Hall School
6464:Claremont Institution
5680:Signing Exact English
5620:Indian Signing System
5343:Plateau Sign Language
4717:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
4294:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3824:Amami Shuwa languages
3497:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
3437:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3416:Caucasian (Harsneren)
3364:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2892:Norwegian (TegnsprÄk)
2864:French Belgian (LSFB)
2296:Swedish (TeckensprÄk)
1430:10.1353/aad.2012.0001
1308:Sign Language Studies
1185:Sign Language Studies
1179:Supalla, Ted (2004).
1158:10.1353/sls.1990.0019
1146:Sign Language Studies
1104:10.1353/aad.2012.1048
989:10.1353/aad.2016.0026
838:University of Nairobi
757:British Sign Language
712:British Sign Language
698:In the United Kingdom
657:Pidgin Signed English
572:Signing Exact English
567:Signing Exact English
168:Signing Exact English
6305:Gwangju Inhwa School
6165:Humble Hearts School
6145:Schools for the deaf
5928:French Sign Language
5635:Manually Coded Malay
5443:British (two-handed)
5379:Bimodal bilingualism
5009:Far North Queensland
4317:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3839:Sri Lankan languages
3770:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3674:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3185:Chaticks si Chaticks
3165:Plains Sign Language
3083:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2585:Indonesian (Bisindo)
2263:South African (SASL)
1986:Far North Queensland
1790:Kenyan Sign Language
1503:10.2307/jj.4350576.9
1495:Manual Communication
1341:Lucas, Ceil (1990).
941:"Hands & Voices"
842:Kenyan Sign Language
832:Kenya Signed English
659:, an older term for
619:, who worked on the
266:bilingual-bicultural
187:Use in communication
54:improve this article
6794:Reordered languages
6534:Jordanstown Schools
3850:Tanzanian languages
3829:Ethiopian languages
3796:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2887:Icelandic (TĂĄknmĂĄl)
2602:Francophone African
2560:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
2418:Swiss-German (DSGS)
2349:Chilean-Paraguayan-
580:teacher of the deaf
517:total communication
475:Pidgin Sign English
424:Irish Sign Language
270:Total Communication
6529:Donaldson's School
6374:Bohol Deaf Academy
5851:Baby sign language
5749:Jabbar Baghtcheban
5230:International Sign
5133:Brazilian (Libras)
5047:New Zealand (NZSL)
4994:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4922:Sandy River Valley
4901:Keresan (Keresign)
4492:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3863:International Sign
3844:Sudanese languages
3467:Navajo/Diné Family
3281:WĂyut'a / WĂblut'e
3119:Original Thai Sign
2897:Danish (Tegnsprog)
2440:Brazilian (Libras)
2253:New Zealand (NZSL)
1588:CDC (2021-06-21).
1552:10.26077/gzdh-rp64
945:handsandvoices.org
759:and the BSL-based
464:and English. This
462:Deaf Sign Language
6776:
6775:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6714:
6691:
6690:
6671:
6670:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6515:
6514:
6472:
6471:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6388:
6387:Deaf-mute program
6313:
6312:
6228:
6227:
6194:
6193:
6112:
6111:
5960:
5959:
5953:extinct languages
5875:Legal recognition
5754:Jeanette Berglind
5714:
5713:
5415:Nonmanual feature
5328:Martha's Vineyard
5253:
5252:
4907:Martha's Vineyard
4402:Faroese (TeknmĂĄl)
4124:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3934:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3871:
3870:
3856:Zimsign languages
3834:Laotian languages
3718:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3477:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
3422:Azerbaijani (AÄ°D)
3343:
3342:
2941:
2940:
2784:
2783:
2700:
2699:
2690:Cypriot (ÎÎÎ/KNG)
2395:
2394:
2323:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
2309:
2308:
2203:
2202:
2173:
2172:
2080:
2079:
1935:Eltye eltyarrenke
1915:
1914:multiple families
1798:(18th ed., 2015)
1737:978-1-139-45963-1
1710:978-0-9598836-5-7
1680:978-0-12-625150-0
1512:978-1-56368-219-3
1472:978-0-521-30027-8
1354:978-0-930323-58-5
1283:978-1-4614-5269-0
1069:978-0-19-024141-4
1034:978-0-226-25152-3
918:978-0-521-80385-4
396:two-handed system
359:elements such as
285:prelingually deaf
160:language planning
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6806:
6799:English language
6750:Van Asch College
6740:
6712:
6700:
6648:
6588:
6550:
6539:Mary Hare School
6497:
6454:
6431:
6400:
6386:
6295:
6210:
6203:
6155:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6116:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5964:
5947:
5938:
5916:
5804:Pierre PĂ©lissier
5789:Thomas Gallaudet
5764:Thomas Braidwood
5595:Initialized sign
5583:
5566:
5051:Papua New Guinea
4954:Australian-Irish
4660:Plains Sign Talk
4540:Northern Ireland
4536:Northern Ireland
4059:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3880:
3659:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3574:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
3390:Albanian (AlbSL)
3170:
2984:Bangalore-Madras
2965:Israeli (Shassi)
2933:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2843:Honduran (LESHO)
2711:
2569:Singapore (SgSL)
2505:Black ASL (BASL)
2493:
2433:Australian-Irish
2406:
2355:
2331:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2291:Portuguese (LGP)
2281:Eritrean (EriSL)
2214:
2133:
2091:
2029:
1913:
1896:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1762:on 2 March 2007.
1758:. Archived from
1748:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1262:"Fingerspelling"
1257:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1018:
1009:
1008:
968:
955:
954:
952:
951:
937:
928:
927:
926:
925:
892:
854:Initialized sign
811:Singapore â SEE2
680:Zenas Westervelt
667:Rochester method
602:
576:Gerilee Gustason
538:In North America
466:contact language
392:manual alphabets
385:Rochester method
318:cognitive delays
194:bound morphology
180:natural language
170:(SEE-2 or SEE),
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6754:
6738:
6722:
6687:
6667:
6646:
6583:
6569:
6548:
6521:
6511:
6488:
6468:
6445:
6414:
6391:
6362:
6358:Ida Rieu School
6346:
6330:
6309:
6286:
6264:
6224:
6190:
6174:
6146:
6143:
6113:
6108:
6095:
6089:
6042:
5996:
5991:
5961:
5956:
5941:
5932:
5910:
5904:
5890:Tactile signing
5839:
5808:
5737:
5710:
5689:
5665:Signed Japanese
5611:
5604:
5577:
5570:
5544:Stokoe notation
5522:
5424:
5384:Phonology (ASL)
5362:
5297:
5291:
5249:
5218:
5117:Argentine (LSA)
5102:
4934:
4757:New Costa Rican
4752:Old Costa Rican
4652:
4650:
4644:
4528:North Macedonia
4329:
4020:
3955:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3885:
3867:
3817:Other groupings
3812:
3664:Old Costa Rican
3639:Burkina (Mossi)
3619:Mauritian (MSL)
3492:Ghardaia (AJSL)
3405:Argentine (LSA)
3368:
3350:
3339:
3304:
3287:
3159:
3141:
3113:
3077:
3043:
3015:
2976:
2969:
2937:
2904:
2874:Danish (Tegnic)
2868:
2847:
2826:
2805:
2780:
2755:Yugoslavic Sign
2750:
2721:Bulgarian (ĐĐĐ)
2706:
2696:
2685:Greek (ÎÎÎ/ENG)
2670:
2660:Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo
2653:
2636:
2623:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2604:(Françafrosign)
2603:
2597:
2573:
2545:Malaysian (BIM)
2487:
2480:
2455:Valencian (LSV)
2391:
2382:Paraguay (LSPY)
2373:
2366:
2350:
2344:
2305:
2267:
2199:
2169:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2086:Arab (Ishaaric)
2076:
2055:
2027:
1940:Iltyeme iltyeme
1911:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1867:
1862:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1752:"Sign Language"
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1683:
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1656:
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1614:
1607:
1598:
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1587:
1586:
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1572:
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1567:
1533:
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1525:
1517:
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1513:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1012:
970:
969:
958:
949:
947:
939:
938:
931:
923:
921:
919:
894:
893:
876:
872:
850:
834:
813:
774:
769:
737:
728:
705:
700:
692:tactile signing
669:
661:contact signing
653:
633:
617:Harry Bornstein
609:
600:
584:Esther Zawolkow
569:
563:
545:
540:
531:
525:
497:
491:
454:
448:
398:is used in the
381:tactile signing
342:
336:
331:
326:
313:culturally Deaf
242:French language
222:
213:contact signing
189:
156:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6812:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6781:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6706:
6704:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:Miriam College
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6013:Fingerspelling
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5994:Deaf education
5992:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5799:William Stokoe
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:Valerie Sutton
5781:
5776:
5774:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5685:Signed Swedish
5682:
5677:
5675:Signed Spanish
5672:
5667:
5662:
5660:Signed Italian
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5503:Serbo-Croatian
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5430:Fingerspelling
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:Western Desert
5013:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4867:American (ASL)
4864:
4861:
4859:Old Salvadoran
4856:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Maritime (MSL)
4704:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4676:American (ASL)
4673:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Central Taurus
4619:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4377:United Kingdom
4375:
4373:French Belgian
4370:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4173:Kazakh-Russian
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4077:Indo-Pakistani
4074:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3689:Peruvian (LSP)
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Miyakubo Shuwa
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Dogon/Douentza
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3294:American (ASL)
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3155:Namibian (NSL)
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:Indo-Pakistani
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2822:Tunisian (TSL)
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2776:Yugoslav (YSL)
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:Croatian (HZJ)
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:Sierra Leonean
2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2556:Filipino (FSL)
2553:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2500:American (ASL)
2496:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2476:Romanian (LSR)
2473:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Algerian (LSA)
2409:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2374:Uruguayan Sign
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2362:Chilean (LSCh)
2358:
2352:
2351:Uruguayan Sign
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Maritime (MSL)
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:Qatari Unified
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2060:Zendath Kesign
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2033:Western Desert
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:Worora Kinship
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:External links
1806:
1804:
1803:
1782:
1765:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1679:
1649:
1605:
1580:
1565:
1523:
1511:
1478:
1471:
1451:
1404:
1389:
1360:
1353:
1333:
1314:(3): 319â347.
1294:
1282:
1249:
1210:
1191:(3): 261â292.
1171:
1152:(1): 333â390.
1125:
1098:(3): 331â336.
1075:
1068:
1040:
1033:
1010:
983:(3): 342â368.
956:
929:
917:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
849:
846:
833:
830:
812:
809:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:Signed English
750:Deaf community
736:
733:
727:
724:
704:
701:
699:
696:
690:settings (see
673:fingerspelling
668:
665:
652:
649:
641:William Stokoe
632:
629:
608:
605:
592:Donna Pfetzing
565:Main article:
562:
559:
554:compound words
544:
541:
539:
536:
527:Main article:
524:
521:
493:Main article:
490:
487:
450:Main article:
447:
444:
379:settings (see
357:paralinguistic
345:Fingerspelling
340:Fingerspelling
338:Main article:
335:
334:Fingerspelling
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
283:In a study of
221:
218:
188:
185:
155:
152:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6811:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6771:
6765:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:United States
6674:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6580:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:Hong Kong SAR
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:organizations
6092:
6085:
6084:Clayton Valli
6082:
6079:
6078:Andrew Foster
6076:
6073:
6072:Sophia Alcorn
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6060:Laurent Clerc
6058:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Sign language
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:Communication
5999:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:Miscellaneous
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:Organisations
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:Laurent Clerc
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:PĂ€r Aron Borg
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Signed Polish
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Signed German
5653:
5651:
5650:Signed French
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Grammar (ASL)
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:International
5221:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:South America
5105:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Rossel Island
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Mount Avejaha
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:Navajo Family
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:United States
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:South African
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Yoruban (YSL)
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Bura (Burasl)
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:West African
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Ugandan (USL)
3763:
3761:
3760:Turkish (TÄ°D)
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Spanish (LSE)
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Rossel Island
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:Qahveh Khaneh
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Mount Avejaha
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Maltese (LSM)
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Atgangmuurniq
3525:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:Guinea-Bissau
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3108:Cepeda Peraza
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:Highland Maya
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3021:Japanese Sign
3018:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Flemish (VGT)
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Mexican (LSM)
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Italian (LIS)
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:Russian (Đ ĐĐŻ)
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Latvian (LSL)
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
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2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:Catalan (LSC)
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
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2398:
2388:
2387:Uruguay (LSU)
2385:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
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2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:British (BSL)
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
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2165:
2162:
2159:
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2138:
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2134:
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2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2051:Ngaatjatjarra
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
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1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
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1904:
1897:
1894:
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1879:
1877:
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1870:
1866:
1865:Sign language
1859:
1854:
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1847:
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1840:
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1653:
1650:
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1628:: 202359756.
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793:
791:
787:
783:
780:structure of
779:
771:
766:
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758:
753:
751:
746:
745:Pierre Gorman
742:
734:
732:
725:
723:
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467:
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459:
453:
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443:
441:
437:
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429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:North America
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
333:
329:Used globally
328:
323:
321:
319:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
275:
271:
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234:
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219:
217:
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210:
205:
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198:
195:
186:
184:
181:
178:, which is a
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6054:Jean Massieu
6022:
5948:
5942:
5933:
5931:
5911:
5728:Films (list)
5645:Signed Dutch
5624:
5590:Contact sign
5035:Hawaii (USA)
4928:
4921:
4906:
4731:
4722:
4614:Swiss-German
4250:Saudi Arabia
3988:South Africa
3722:
3705:
3579:Somali (SSL)
3506:
3414:
3349:Providenciaâ
3328:Nesilextcl'n
3301:Oneida (OSL)
3263:Tickanwaâątic
3251:Schitsu'umsh
3233:NĆłmÄ
ÌkhĆłÌ·ki
3147:Paget Gorman
3068:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3012:Punjab-Sindh
2960:Polish (PJM)
2955:German (DGS)
2831:Mexican Sign
2810:Italian Sign
2714:Russian Sign
2677:French (LSF)
2650:Oneida (OSL)
2564:Quebec (LSQ)
2549:Oneida (OSL)
2466:
2462:French (LSF)
2315:Chinese Sign
2273:Swedish Sign
1997:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1922:
1793:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1760:the original
1755:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1684:, retrieved
1662:
1652:
1625:
1621:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1546:(2): 18â29.
1543:
1539:
1516:, retrieved
1494:
1461:
1454:
1424:(1): 29â33.
1421:
1417:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1369:
1363:
1343:
1336:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1287:, retrieved
1265:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1095:
1091:
1050:
1043:
1023:
980:
976:
948:. Retrieved
944:
922:, retrieved
900:
835:
828:, and SEE2.
814:
794:
775:
754:
738:
729:
719:
715:
709:
706:
675:
670:
654:
634:
610:
570:
546:
532:
514:
498:
483:
474:
471:contact sign
470:
458:contact sign
455:
452:Contact sign
446:Contact sign
436:South Africa
416:ASL alphabet
389:
374:
366:proper nouns
343:
309:
282:
278:
262:
235:
223:
220:In education
206:
199:
190:
157:
144:manual codes
136:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6727:New Zealand
6367:Philippines
6291:South Korea
6018:Lip reading
6008:Cued speech
5870:Open Outcry
5794:Abbé Sicard
5779:Roger Fouts
5610:Signed Oral
5549:SignWriting
5397:Orientation
5367:Linguistics
5348:Pitha Pitha
5043:New Zealand
4979:Manjiljarra
4850:El Salvador
4610:Switzerland
4520:Netherlands
4360:Azerbaijani
4302:Old Bangkok
4242:Philippines
3930:Ivory Coast
3724:Sandy River
3462:Cuban (LSC)
3351:Cayman Sign
3200:Hinono'eino
3191:Coahuilteco
3176:Anishinaabe
3137:Old Bangkok
3058:Old Kentish
2987:Beluchistan
2947:German Sign
2928:Ho Chi Minh
2852:Old Belgian
2796:Dutch (NGT)
2535:Costa Rican
2428:Irish (ISL)
2372:Paraguayan-
2163:Palestinian
2046:Manjiljarra
2041:Kartutjarra
1976:Rdaka rdaka
1970:Pitha Pitha
1230:(1): 3â34.
805:New Zealand
782:Cued Speech
550:zero copula
529:Cued speech
523:Cued speech
432:Philippines
408:New Zealand
209:code-switch
110:August 2018
6783:Categories
6768:See also:
5895:Protactile
5534:ASL-phabet
5518:Portuguese
5420:Sign names
5405:Expression
5333:Old French
5318:Kalkutungu
5287:Name signs
5277:Literature
5214:Venezuelan
5188:Inmaculada
5180:Paraguayan
5172:Ecuadorian
5026:Yir Yoront
4877:Protactile
4854:Salvadoran
4846:Panamanian
4833:Nicaraguan
4810:Albarradas
4781:Guatemalan
4738:Costa Rica
4733:Old Cayman
4686:Protactile
4564:Portuguese
4532:Macedonian
4508:Lithuanian
4356:Azerbaijan
4325:Vietnamese
4282:Tajikistan
4270:Sri Lankan
4169:Kazakhstan
4139:Kafr Qasem
4090:Indonesian
3792:Mofu-Gudur
3730:Salvadoran
3707:Rennellese
3694:Inmaculada
3649:Mozambican
3599:Macedonian
3569:Kata Kolok
3559:Kafr Qasim
3518:Creole HSL
3269:Tsuu T'ina
3230:NiitsĂtapi
3224:Ni Mii Puu
3215:Maagiadawa
3179:ApsĂĄalooke
3105:Trascorral
2789:Dutch Sign
2592:Yogyakarta
2552:Panamanian
2510:Protactile
2468:Old French
2445:Lithuanian
2401:Francosign
2018:Yir Yoront
2005:Warramunga
1953:Kalkutungu
1909:Aboriginal
1907:Australian
1795:Ethnologue
1686:2024-04-27
1599:2024-04-26
1518:2024-04-26
1289:2024-04-26
950:2024-03-25
924:2024-03-18
509:pragmatics
501:vocabulary
361:intonation
353:linguistic
289:S. Supalla
80:newspapers
6710:NextSense
6703:Australia
6396:Singapore
6094:Religious
6086:(b. 1951)
6080:(b. 1925)
6074:(b. 1883)
6068:(b. 1837)
6062:(b. 1785)
6056:(b. 1772)
6047:Educators
5951:indicate
5612:Languages
5513:Ukrainian
5473:Hungarian
5458:Esperanto
5389:Handshape
5358:Warluwara
5298:languages
5282:Profanity
5245:Signalong
5210:Venezuela
5206:Uruguayan
5159:Colombian
5113:Argentina
4984:Warlmanpa
4945:Australia
4883:Blackfeet
4872:Black ASL
4829:Nicaragua
4777:Guatemala
4769:Greenland
4692:Blackfoot
4681:Black ASL
4649:North and
4640:Ukrainian
4598:Valencian
4580:Slovenian
4548:Norwegian
4504:Lithuania
4468:Icelandic
4460:Hungarian
4307:Chiangmai
4278:Taiwanese
4266:Sri Lanka
4262:Singapore
4258:Singapore
4215:Mongolian
4189:Malaysian
4086:Indonesia
4055:Hong Kong
4043:Cambodian
4000:Tanzanian
3876:By region
3432:Bhutanese
3227:NiimĂipuu
3209:Karankawa
3132:Hai Phong
3127:Chiangmai
2918:Hai Phong
2910:Viet-Thai
2772:Slovenian
2741:Mongolian
2707:Hungarian
2643:Hand Talk
2610:Ethiopian
2538:Dominican
2532:Cambodian
2327:Shanghai
2157:Jordanian
2150:Levantine
2129:Levantine
2014:Yan-nhaĆu
1999:Warluwara
1993:Warlmanpa
1959:Miriwoong
1644:0102-4450
1560:2381-2362
1438:1543-0375
1378:cite book
1320:0302-1475
1244:1360-6441
1197:0302-1475
1166:1533-6263
1112:1543-0375
997:1543-0375
767:Elsewhere
688:deafblind
621:Gallaudet
601:butterfly
596:handshape
578:, a deaf
428:Singapore
404:Australia
377:deafblind
370:loanwords
258:Education
6713:multiple
6351:Pakistan
6327:(Penang)
6318:Malaysia
6179:Tanzania
6105:(Africa)
5600:Mouthing
5576:Language
5559:ASLwrite
5483:Japanese
5438:American
5410:Mouthing
5401:Movement
5393:Location
5338:Old Kent
5304:Chilmark
5240:Monastic
5193:Peruvian
5176:Paraguay
5164:Provisle
5155:Colombia
5125:Bolivian
5085:Sinasina
4929:Henniker
4889:Cheyenne
4841:Chiriqui
4802:Honduran
4798:Honduras
4668:Belizean
4576:Slovenia
4560:Portugal
4426:Ghardaia
4410:Estonian
4389:Croatian
4352:Austrian
4344:Armenian
4298:Thailand
4246:Filipino
4238:Nepalese
4223:Ghandruk
4211:Mongolia
4207:Maldives
4203:Maldives
4199:Selangor
4185:Malaysia
4157:Miyakubo
4147:Japanese
4129:Ghardaia
4039:Cambodia
3996:Tanzania
3909:Cameroon
3905:Ghardaia
3900:Algerian
3735:Sinasina
3508:Henniker
3487:Ghandruk
3427:Belizean
3410:Armenian
3373:Isolates
3320:Kalispel
3317:A'aninin
3275:Wazhazhe
3272:Umatilla
3254:Shiwinna
3245:Piipaash
3194:Dane-zaa
3188:Cheyenne
3093:Yucatec
3064:Chilmark
2998:Calcutta
2882:Malagasy
2726:Georgian
2630:Nigerian
2627:Moroccan
2616:Ghanaian
2541:Jamaican
2527:Mandalay
2516:Bolivian
2486:American
2178:Possible
2160:Lebanese
2098:Egyptian
1964:Mudburra
1930:Djingili
1892:families
1890:Language
1328:26190652
1205:26190750
1005:27477041
848:See also
786:homonyms
778:phonetic
430:and the
349:alphabet
141:invented
6696:Oceania
6584:America
6522:Kingdom
6450:Ireland
6278:(Tokyo)
6028:Oralism
5949:Italics
5900:Tic-tac
5742:Persons
5578:contact
5527:Writing
5508:Spanish
5498:Russian
5453:Chilean
5448:Catalan
5313:Jaralde
5296:Extinct
5267:Grammar
5235:Makaton
5202:Uruguay
5168:Ecuador
5151:Chilean
5143:Ka'apor
5121:Bolivia
4939:Oceania
4825:Mexican
4815:Chatino
4794:Haitian
4723:Plateau
4653:America
4651:Central
4636:Ukraine
4632:Turkish
4606:Swedish
4593:Spanish
4588:Catalan
4572:Russian
4516:Russian
4512:Moldova
4500:Latvian
4484:Italian
4472:Ireland
4464:Iceland
4456:Hungary
4440:Germany
4418:Finnish
4414:Finland
4406:Estonia
4393:Denmark
4385:Croatia
4381:British
4368:Flemish
4364:Belgium
4348:Austria
4340:Armenia
4321:Vietnam
4286:Russian
4228:Jhankot
4181:Laotian
4134:Israeli
4116:Kurdish
4103:Persian
4072:Bengali
4051:Chinese
4035:Bengali
4016:Zambian
4008:Ugandan
3972:Senegal
3959:Nigeria
3926:Nanabin
3896:Algeria
3808:Zambian
3684:Persian
3590:Kisindo
3549:Ka'apor
3539:Jhankot
3457:Chatino
3310:Plateau
3292:Mixed,
3284:Wyandot
3278:Wichita
3266:ThĂĄumgĂĄ
3248:PpĂĄâżkka
3236:NÊmÊnÊÊ
3212:Liksiyu
3203:HiraacĂĄ
3182:Arikara
3049:Kentish
2991:Bengali
2901:TeknmĂĄl
2801:Gambian
2769:Serbian
2766:Kosovar
2705:Austro-
2675:Mixed,
2658:Mixed,
2641:Mixed,
2619:Guinean
2613:Chadian
2589:Jakarta
2520:Burmese
2488:(ASLic)
2185:Emirati
2103:Kuwaiti
1946:Jaralde
1446:8901351
1120:7113873
864:Makaton
637:glosses
625:English
613:Siglish
420:Ireland
305:deictic
274:oralism
148:English
94:scholar
6743:Closed
6651:Closed
6591:Canada
6553:Closed
6520:United
6500:Closed
6493:Russia
6457:Closed
6434:France
6427:Europe
6403:Closed
6298:Closed
6151:Africa
5864:Loulis
5860:Washoe
5694:Others
5493:Polish
5488:Korean
5468:German
5463:French
5308:Diyari
5272:Idioms
5129:Brazil
5098:Samoan
5060:Kailge
5004:Umpila
4949:Auslan
4912:Navajo
4896:Oneida
4892:Ojibwa
4837:Panama
4806:Mexico
4747:Brunca
4742:Bribri
4728:Cayman
4712:Quebec
4702:Oneida
4698:Ojibwa
4672:Canada
4664:Belize
4627:Mardin
4618:Turkey
4602:Sweden
4568:Russia
4556:Polish
4552:Poland
4544:Norway
4496:Latvia
4488:Kosovo
4448:Greece
4444:German
4431:French
4422:France
4397:Danish
4334:Europe
4274:Taiwan
4194:Penang
4165:Korean
4152:Koniya
4120:Israel
4067:Alipur
4031:Bengal
4012:Zambia
4004:Uganda
3984:Somali
3942:Kenyan
3913:Maroua
3890:Africa
3846:(~150)
3679:Penang
3624:M'bour
3614:Mardin
3564:Kailge
3554:Kajana
3523:Inuit
3447:Brunca
3442:Bribri
3400:Alipur
3380:Afghan
3336:Sqeliz
3221:Nakota
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