2993:
49:
141:
3524:
optical SNR (OSNR) is used. The OSNR is the ratio between the signal power and the noise power in a given bandwidth. Most commonly a reference bandwidth of 0.1 nm is used. This bandwidth is independent of the modulation format, the frequency and the receiver. For instance an OSNR of 20 dB/0.1 nm could be given, even the signal of 40 GBit
3008:, but can also include external events that affect the measured phenomenon — wind, vibrations, the gravitational attraction of the moon, variations of temperature, variations of humidity, etc., depending on what is measured and of the sensitivity of the device. It is often possible to reduce the noise by controlling the environment.
1381:
1812:
126:
SNR can be calculated using different formulas depending on how the signal and noise are measured and defined. The most common way to express SNR is in decibels, which is a logarithmic scale that makes it easier to compare large or small values. Other definitions of SNR may use different factors or
707:
3895:
system, however, where interest lies in the signal from one arm only, the field of the electromagnetic wave is proportional to the voltage (assuming that the intensity in the second, the reference arm is constant). Therefore the optical power of the measurement arm is directly proportional to the
2074:
so that factor is usually not included while measuring power or energy of a signal. This may cause some confusion among readers, but the resistance factor is not significant for typical operations performed in signal processing, or for computing power ratios. For most cases, the power of a signal
3506:
The dynamic range is much larger than fixed-point but at a cost of a worse signal-to-noise ratio. This makes floating-point preferable in situations where the dynamic range is large or unpredictable. Fixed-point's simpler implementations can be used with no signal quality disadvantage in systems
115:
systems. A high SNR means that the signal is clear and easy to detect or interpret, while a low SNR means that the signal is corrupted or obscured by noise and may be difficult to distinguish or recover. SNR can be improved by various methods, such as increasing the signal strength, reducing the
3523:
and more) that is much higher than the modulation frequency. This way the noise covers a bandwidth that is much wider than the signal itself. The resulting signal influence relies mainly on the filtering of the noise. To describe the signal quality without taking the receiver into account, the
3751:
1830:
and the minimum discernible signal, which for most purposes is the noise level. SNR measures the ratio between an arbitrary signal level (not necessarily the most powerful signal possible) and noise. Measuring signal-to-noise ratios requires the selection of a representative or
1182:
1171:
52:
A gray-scale photography with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The SNR values are given for the rectangular region on the forehead. The plots at the bottom show the signal intensity in the indicated row of the image (red: original signal, blue: with
3360:
1520:
1866:
signal-to-noise ratio, as it is possible that instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios will be considerably different. The concept can be understood as normalizing the noise level to 1 (0 dB) and measuring how far the signal 'stands out'.
3226:
3057:. This noise level is non-linear and signal-dependent; different calculations exist for different signal models. Quantization noise is modeled as an analog error signal summed with the signal before quantization ("additive noise").
2040:
3118:
Assuming a uniform distribution of input signal values, the quantization noise is a uniformly distributed random signal with a peak-to-peak amplitude of one quantization level, making the amplitude ratio 2/1. The formula is then:
1506:
847:
957:
303:
1386:
Substituting the definitions of SNR, signal, and noise in decibels into the above equation results in an important formula for calculating the signal to noise ratio in decibels, when the signal and noise are also in decibels:
550:
2982:
2612:
2758:
1042:
3599:
SNR can also be applied in marketing and how business professionals manage information overload. Managing a healthy signal to noise ratio can help business executives improve their KPIs (Key
Performance Indicators).
412:
2859:
3615:
1953:
509:
2387:
2306:
2188:
1514:
However, when the signal and noise are measured in volts (V) or amperes (A), which are measures of amplitude, they must first be squared to obtain a quantity proportional to power, as shown below:
3501:
2124:
3436:
2237:
is the standard deviation of the noise, or an estimate thereof. Notice that such an alternative definition is only useful for variables that are always non-negative (such as photon counts and
3060:
This theoretical maximum SNR assumes a perfect input signal. If the input signal is already noisy (as is usually the case), the signal's noise may be larger than the quantization noise. Real
119:
SNR also determines the maximum possible amount of data that can be transmitted reliably over a given channel, which depends on its bandwidth and SNR. This relationship is described by the
1376:{\displaystyle 10\log _{10}\left({\frac {P_{\mathrm {signal} }}{P_{\mathrm {noise} }}}\right)=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\mathrm {signal} }\right)-10\log _{10}\left(P_{\mathrm {noise} }\right).}
1053:
1807:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} =10\log _{10}\left=20\log _{10}\left({\frac {A_{\mathrm {signal} }}{A_{\mathrm {noise} }}}\right)={A_{\mathrm {signal,dB} }-A_{\mathrm {noise,dB} }}.}
3255:
2454:) states that an SNR of at least 5 is needed to be able to distinguish image features with certainty. An SNR less than 5 means less than 100% certainty in identifying image details.
3041:
When a measurement is digitized, the number of bits used to represent the measurement determines the maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio. This is because the minimum possible
3064:
also have other sources of noise that further decrease the SNR compared to the theoretical maximum from the idealized quantization noise, including the intentional addition of
3507:
where dynamic range is less than 6.02m. The very large dynamic range of floating-point can be a disadvantage, since it requires more forethought in designing algorithms.
2072:
3950:
3930:
2441:
2235:
2642:
3125:
2421:
2211:
3774:
1961:
1393:
745:
3245:
signal (that is, the quantizer is designed such that it has the same minimum and maximum values as the input signal), the quantization noise approximates a
858:
702:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {P_{\mathrm {signal} }}{P_{\mathrm {noise} }}}=\left({\frac {A_{\mathrm {signal} }}{A_{\mathrm {noise} }}}\right)^{2},}
332:
219:
2870:
2495:
4505:
442:
4412:
2653:
3995:
5249:
5040:
4689:
3835:
3545:
968:
42:
4856:
162:
4446:
4240:
4213:
4186:
4159:
4109:
1511:
In the above formula, P is measured in units of power, such as watts (W) or milliwatts (mW), and the signal-to-noise ratio is a pure number.
3974:
Maximum possible full scale signal can be charged as peak-to-peak or as RMS. Audio uses RMS, Video P-P, which gave +9 dB more SNR for video.
3746:{\displaystyle d={\frac {{\bar {X}}_{1}-{\bar {X}}_{2}}{\text{SD}}}={\frac {{\bar {X}}_{1}-{\bar {X}}_{2}}{\sigma }}={\frac {t}{\sqrt {N}}}}
5193:
3373:
provide a way to trade off signal-to-noise ratio for an increase in dynamic range. For n-bit floating-point numbers, with n-m bits in the
2774:
312:
is average power. Both signal and noise power must be measured at the same or equivalent points in a system, and within the same system
4480:
1897:
1822:
The concepts of signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range are closely related. Dynamic range measures the ratio between the strongest un-
5050:
4932:
4846:
4523:
4372:
4345:
4273:
4005:
2337:
188:
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to reduce the number of false alarms to below unity, we will need a signal whose amplitude is 4–5 times larger than the rms noise.
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4500:
3108:
3050:
717:
35:
5187:
5035:
4886:
4564:
2462:
5244:
3961:
Often special filters are used to weight the noise: DIN-A, DIN-B, DIN-C, DIN-D, CCIR-601; for video, special filters such as
166:
2152:
95:
SNR is an important parameter that affects the performance and quality of systems that process or transmit signals, such as
4720:
313:
3444:
2081:
5254:
5096:
5003:
4117:
3387:
3249:
with peak-to-peak amplitude of one quantization level and uniform distribution. In this case, the SNR is approximately
3000:
device with poor mechanical isolation; the middle of the plot shows lower noise due to reduced human activity at night.
120:
5259:
5229:
4851:
4573:
3569:
3061:
151:
3825:
3541:
3019:
2997:
1166:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} =10\log _{10}\left({\frac {P_{\mathrm {signal} }}{P_{\mathrm {noise} }}}\right).}
4776:
3235:
has a dynamic range of 96 dB". Each extra quantization bit increases the dynamic range by roughly 6 dB.
2327:
Sometimes SNR is defined as the square of the alternative definition above, in which case it is equivalent to the
170:
155:
5146:
4669:
4466:
4295:
3855:
3830:
3790:
3529:
3355:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} \approx 20\log _{10}(2^{n}{\textstyle {\sqrt {3/2}}})\approx 6.02\cdot n+1.761}
77:
3850:
2135:
4501:
Fundamental theorem of analog circuits: a minimum level of power must be dissipated to maintain a level of SNR
4307:
3887:
in an imaging system is linear. This usually means that the SNR of the electrical signal is calculated by the
5234:
5060:
4649:
2473:
2451:
1884:
69:
3018:
When the characteristics of the noise are known and are different from the signal, it is possible to use a
4983:
4918:
4881:
3912:
The exact methods may vary between fields. For example, if the signal data are known to be constant, then
3556:
While SNR is commonly quoted for electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal, for example
3370:
3098:
3086:
4515:
Quantization Noise: Roundoff Error in
Digital Computation, Signal Processing, Control, and Communications
3033:
the measurements. In this case the noise goes down as the square root of the number of averaged samples.
5172:
4861:
3932:
can be calculated using the standard deviation of the signal. If the signal data are not constant, then
3565:
1827:
3805:
2992:
3029:
When the signal is constant or periodic and the noise is random, it is possible to enhance the SNR by
5239:
5081:
4598:
4057:
537:
96:
4841:
4836:
4654:
4557:
4471:
4437:
3012:
2457:
Yet another alternative, very specific, and distinct definition of SNR is employed to characterize
739:
scale. Based upon the definition of decibel, signal and noise may be expressed in decibels (dB) as
4021:
5264:
4897:
4787:
4325:
4073:
4047:
3054:
2321:
2143:
522:
210:
2048:
536:
The signal and the noise must be measured the same way, for example as voltages across the same
3071:
Although noise levels in a digital system can be expressed using SNR, it is more common to use
5111:
5106:
4902:
4726:
4623:
4608:
4588:
4519:
4439:
Taking the
Mystery out of the Infamous Formula,"SNR = 6.02N + 1.76dB," and Why You Should Care
4368:
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4099:
4001:
3516:
3023:
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1836:
4388:
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4230:
3935:
3915:
3221:{\displaystyle \mathrm {DR_{dB}} =\mathrm {SNR_{dB}} =20\log _{10}(2^{n})\approx 6.02\cdot n}
2426:
2220:
1887:) circuits, where voltage and current are in phase, this is equivalent to the product of the
5204:
5177:
4731:
4664:
4628:
4472:
Understand SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR so you don't get lost in the noise floor
4333:
4311:
4065:
3030:
3005:
2309:
1888:
541:
112:
4491:
Learning by simulations – a simulation showing the improvement of the SNR by time averaging
2620:
5182:
5136:
5101:
5091:
4659:
4618:
4490:
4462:
4291:
3892:
3795:
3540:
Signal to noise ratio may be abbreviated as SNR and less commonly as S/N. PSNR stands for
2406:
2196:
1876:
1848:
202:
81:
4542:
4332:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 242. ICMMI. pp. 265–272.
3612:
given by the difference of estimated means divided by the standard deviation of the data
4061:
2035:{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} ={\frac {V_{\mathrm {rms} }^{2}}{R}}=I_{\mathrm {rms} }^{2}R}
48:
5269:
4811:
4756:
4736:
4550:
4534:
Widrow & Kollár
Quantization book page with sample chapters and additional material
4475:
3800:
3759:
3754:
3577:
2469:
2214:
1501:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} ={P_{\mathrm {signal,dB} }-P_{\mathrm {noise,dB} }}.}
842:{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {signal,dB} }=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\mathrm {signal} }\right)}
514:
417:
108:
3896:
electrical power and electrical signals from optical interferometry are following the
952:{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {noise,dB} }=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\mathrm {noise} }\right).}
5223:
5167:
5141:
4876:
4751:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4679:
4603:
4537:
4258:
4077:
4022:
Sensitivity advantage of swept source and
Fourier domain optical coherence tomography
3880:
3860:
3246:
3112:
3026:
can extract a narrow bandwidth signal from broadband noise a million times stronger.
1844:
729:
298:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {P_{\mathrm {signal} }}{P_{\mathrm {noise} }}},}
92:. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.
4485:
4866:
4816:
4746:
4364:
The Music
Internet Untangled: Using Online Services to Expand Your Musical Horizons
3810:
3232:
3011:
Internal electronic noise of measurement systems can be reduced through the use of
104:
100:
3609:
2977:{\displaystyle \mathrm {(SNR)_{O,FM}} ={\frac {A_{c}^{2}k_{f}^{2}P}{2N_{0}W^{3}}}}
2607:{\displaystyle \mathrm {(SNR)_{C,AM}} ={\frac {A_{C}^{2}(1+k_{a}^{2}P)}{2WN_{0}}}}
4495:
4337:
116:
noise level, filtering out unwanted noise, or using error correction techniques.
5198:
4892:
4871:
4806:
4798:
4741:
4674:
4613:
3962:
3897:
3815:
3573:
421:
140:
85:
31:
4531:
4481:
The
Relationship of dynamic range to data word size in digital audio processing
4069:
4793:
4782:
4766:
4761:
4593:
4036:"A battery-resistor analogy for further insights on measurement uncertainties"
3820:
3239:
2753:{\displaystyle \mathrm {(SNR)_{O,AM}} ={\frac {A_{c}^{2}k_{a}^{2}P}{2WN_{0}}}}
2458:
1879:
of an AC signal is defined as the average value of voltage times current; for
1823:
2403:, when assuming that the signal has two states separated by signal amplitude
5086:
4538:
Signal-to-noise ratio online audio demonstrator - Virtual
Communications Lab
3952:
can be calculated from data where the signal is zero or relatively constant.
3581:
3572:. The term is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to the ratio of useful
3374:
3242:
2238:
1880:
1840:
1037:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} =10\log _{10}\left(\mathrm {SNR} \right).}
733:
17:
4035:
3576:
to false or irrelevant data in a conversation or exchange. For example, in
4506:
Interactive webdemo of visualization of SNR in a QAM constellation diagram
4513:
3585:
3561:
3378:
518:
5151:
4020:
Michael A. Choma, Marinko V. Sarunic, Changhuei Yang, Joseph A. Izatt.
3884:
3557:
736:
89:
407:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {\mathrm {E} }{\mathrm {E} }}\,,}
4771:
3845:
3777:
3065:
2045:
But in signal processing and communication, one usually assumes that
206:
73:
4486:
Calculation of signal-to-noise ratio, noise voltage, and noise level
4326:"An Application of Myriad M-Estimator for Robust Weighted Averaging"
4138:(2e). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, p. 280.
2854:{\displaystyle \mathrm {(SNR)_{C,FM}} ={\frac {A_{c}^{2}}{2WN_{0}}}}
4052:
127:
bases for the logarithm, depending on the context and application.
4993:
4969:
4954:
4947:
4644:
3840:
3072:
3046:
3042:
2991:
2313:
47:
1948:{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} =V_{\mathrm {rms} }I_{\mathrm {rms} }}
3525:
2317:
2139:
4546:
4413:"Understanding t-Tests: 1-sample, 2-sample, and Paired t-Tests"
3544:. GSNR stands for geometric signal-to-noise ratio. SINR is the
3107:-bit integers with equal distance between quantization levels (
3089:(MER) is a measure of the SNR in a digitally modulated signal.
504:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {s^{2}}{\mathrm {E} }}\,.}
2382:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {\mu ^{2}}{\sigma ^{2}}}}
1852:
134:
2134:
An alternative definition of SNR is as the reciprocal of the
3004:
All real measurements are disturbed by noise. This includes
2301:{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} \left=\sigma ^{2}+\mu ^{2}}
201:
One definition of signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of the
4518:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008. 778 p.,
4496:
Dynamic
Performance Testing of Digital Audio D/A Converters
4292:
Defining and
Testing Dynamic Parameters in High-Speed ADCs
4034:
Gabriel L. A. de Sousa; George C. Cardoso (18 June 2018).
3528:
would not fit in this bandwidth. OSNR is measured with an
2647:
Output signal-to-noise ratio (of AM receiver) is given by
962:
In a similar manner, SNR may be expressed in decibels as
4508:
Institute of Telecommunicatons, University of Stuttgart
3082:, the energy per bit per noise power spectral density.
4000:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 276.
3313:
2183:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {\mu }{\sigma }}}
30:"Signal-to-noise" redirects here. For statistics, see
4308:
Fixed-Point vs. Floating-Point DSP for Superior Audio
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This relationship is the origin of statements like "
123:, which is a fundamental law of information theory.
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5129:
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4911:
4827:
4713:
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4581:
3496:{\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{dB}} =6.02\cdot (n-m)}
2119:{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} =V_{\mathrm {rms} }^{2}}
27:
Ratio of the desired signal to the background noise
4257:
3944:
3924:
3768:
3745:
3495:
3431:{\displaystyle \mathrm {DR_{dB}} =6.02\cdot 2^{m}}
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3354:
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406:
297:
4148:Rafael C. González, Richard Eugene Woods (2008).
319:The signal-to-noise ratio of a random variable (
2324:of the pixel values over a given neighborhood.
517:of zero, as is common, the denominator is its
209:(meaningful input) to the power of background
4558:
4205:Multi-Sensor Data Fusion: Theory and Practice
4104:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 278.
8:
4512:Bernard Widrow, István Kollár (2008-07-03),
431:If the signal is simply a constant value of
3997:Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound
169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5126:
4565:
4551:
4543:
2768:Channel signal-to-noise ratio is given by
2489:Channel signal-to-noise ratio is given by
2392:This definition is closely related to the
2316:is usually calculated as the ratio of the
4178:Image fusion: algorithms and applications
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2864:Output signal-to-noise ratio is given by
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2241:), and it is only an approximation since
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189:Learn how and when to remove this message
4134:The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging
3608:The signal-to-noise ratio is similar to
2443:does not change between the two states.
732:, signals are often expressed using the
544:can alternatively be used according to:
80:. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal
5041:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
3986:
3872:
3836:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
3546:signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
1176:Using the quotient rule for logarithms
43:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
4857:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
728:Because many signals have a very wide
3994:Charles Sherman; John Butler (2007).
72:that compares the level of a desired
7:
4980:(energy per symbol to noise density)
4127:
4125:
4024:. Optics Express, 11(18). Sept 2003.
3022:to reduce the noise. For example, a
1862:SNR is usually taken to indicate an
1839:, the reference signal is usually a
167:adding citations to reliable sources
2423:, and the noise standard deviation
5051:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
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2788:
2785:
2782:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2248:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2086:
2061:
2018:
2015:
2012:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1966:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1871:Difference from conventional power
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1023:
1020:
1017:
987:
984:
980:
976:
973:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
889:
886:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
779:
776:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
561:
558:
555:
474:
453:
450:
447:
377:
354:
343:
340:
337:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
230:
227:
224:
25:
4965:(energy per bit to noise density)
4933:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
4847:Effective input noise temperature
2075:would be considered to be simply
213:(meaningless or unwanted input):
4576:(physics and telecommunications)
4389:"What Is Signal To Noise Ratio?"
3053:of the signal, sometimes called
718:root mean square (RMS) amplitude
139:
36:Signal-to-noise (disambiguation)
5188:Block-matching and 3D filtering
5036:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
4887:Noise, vibration, and harshness
4452:from the original on 2022-10-09
4181:. Academic Press. p. 471.
2463:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
2328:
437:, this equation simplifies to:
5250:Audio amplifier specifications
4154:. Prentice Hall. p. 354.
3710:
3688:
3657:
3635:
3580:and other online communities,
3490:
3478:
3331:
3299:
3203:
3190:
2888:
2875:
2792:
2779:
2671:
2658:
2580:
2553:
2513:
2500:
2480:Modulation system measurements
491:
478:
394:
381:
371:
358:
1:
4721:Additive white Gaussian noise
4260:Vision – Human and Electronic
4232:The image processing handbook
4046:(5). IOP Publishing: 055001.
2617:where W is the bandwidth and
5097:Interference (communication)
5004:Signal-to-interference ratio
4994:Signal, noise and distortion
4338:10.1007/978-3-319-02309-0_28
3062:analog-to-digital converters
2146:of a signal or measurement:
1047:Using the definition of SNR
720:(for example, RMS voltage).
420:, which in this case is the
4852:Equivalent noise resistance
4367:. Giant Path. p. 128.
3596:of appropriate discussion.
1851:, such as 1 kHz at +4
76:to the level of background
5286:
4330:Man-Machine Interactions 3
3826:Peak signal-to-noise ratio
3542:peak signal-to-noise ratio
3096:
2998:thermogravimetric analysis
2468:Related measures are the "
2067:{\displaystyle R=1\Omega }
40:
29:
5147:Total variation denoising
4467:Maxim Integrated Products
4296:Maxim Integrated Products
4202:Jitendra R. Raol (2009).
4131:Bushberg, J. T., et al.,
3856:Total harmonic distortion
3831:Signal-to-noise statistic
3791:Audio system measurements
3592:that interferes with the
3570:financial trading signals
3530:optical spectrum analyzer
3115:(DR) is also determined.
2308:. It is commonly used in
4264:. Plenum Press. p.
4151:Digital image processing
4098:D. J. Schroeder (1999).
4070:10.1088/1361-6552/aac84b
3851:Subjective video quality
3578:online discussion forums
2461:of imaging systems; see
2136:coefficient of variation
1875:In physics, the average
41:Not to be confused with
5061:Contrast-to-noise ratio
4361:Breeding, Andy (2004).
4175:Tania Stathaki (2008).
3945:{\displaystyle \sigma }
3925:{\displaystyle \sigma }
3879:The connection between
3536:Types and abbreviations
3515:Optical signals have a
2474:contrast-to-noise ratio
2436:{\displaystyle \sigma }
2230:{\displaystyle \sigma }
121:Shannon–Hartley theorem
70:science and engineering
68:) is a measure used in
4984:Modulation error ratio
4919:Carrier-to-noise ratio
4882:Noise spectral density
4324:Tomasz Pander (2013).
3946:
3926:
3770:
3753:and is related to the
3747:
3497:
3432:
3371:Floating-point numbers
3356:
3222:
3099:Fixed-point arithmetic
3087:modulation error ratio
3001:
2978:
2855:
2754:
2638:
2608:
2437:
2417:
2383:
2329:more common definition
2312:, where the SNR of an
2302:
2231:
2213:is the signal mean or
2207:
2184:
2130:Alternative definition
2120:
2068:
2036:
1949:
1808:
1502:
1377:
1167:
1038:
953:
843:
703:
505:
416:where E refers to the
408:
299:
54:
34:. For other uses, see
5245:Electrical parameters
5199:Denoising autoencoder
5173:Anisotropic diffusion
5018:Signal-to-noise ratio
4862:Impulse noise (audio)
4777:Johnson–Nyquist noise
4665:Government regulation
4256:Rose, Albert (1973).
4229:John C. Russ (2007).
3947:
3927:
3771:
3748:
3566:biochemical signaling
3498:
3433:
3357:
3223:
2995:
2979:
2856:
2755:
2639:
2637:{\displaystyle k_{a}}
2609:
2438:
2418:
2384:
2303:
2232:
2208:
2185:
2138:, i.e., the ratio of
2121:
2069:
2037:
1950:
1891:voltage and current:
1809:
1503:
1378:
1168:
1039:
954:
844:
704:
506:
409:
300:
97:communication systems
88:, often expressed in
58:Signal-to-noise ratio
51:
5082:List of noise topics
4463:ADC and DAC Glossary
4298:Application note 728
3936:
3916:
3760:
3616:
3445:
3388:
3256:
3126:
3109:uniform quantization
3013:low-noise amplifiers
2871:
2775:
2764:Frequency modulation
2654:
2644:is modulation index
2621:
2496:
2485:Amplitude modulation
2427:
2416:{\displaystyle \mu }
2407:
2338:
2245:
2221:
2206:{\displaystyle \mu }
2197:
2153:
2082:
2049:
1962:
1898:
1521:
1394:
1183:
1054:
969:
859:
746:
551:
521:, the square of its
443:
333:
220:
163:improve this section
5255:Noise (electronics)
4842:Circuit noise level
4837:Channel noise level
4101:Astronomical optics
4062:2018PhyEd..53e5001D
2942:
2927:
2830:
2725:
2710:
2576:
2552:
2320:pixel value to the
2115:
2028:
1997:
5260:Statistical ratios
5230:Engineering ratios
4898:Pseudorandom noise
4788:Quantization error
4599:Noise cancellation
4532:Quantization Noise
4445:, Analog Devices,
3942:
3922:
3766:
3743:
3568:between cells, or
3493:
3428:
3377:and m bits in the
3352:
3329:
3218:
3055:quantization noise
3002:
2974:
2928:
2913:
2851:
2816:
2750:
2711:
2696:
2634:
2604:
2562:
2538:
2433:
2413:
2379:
2322:standard deviation
2298:
2227:
2203:
2180:
2144:standard deviation
2116:
2093:
2064:
2032:
2006:
1975:
1945:
1843:at a standardized
1804:
1498:
1373:
1163:
1034:
949:
839:
699:
523:standard deviation
501:
404:
323:) to random noise
295:
55:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5152:Wavelet denoising
5112:Thermal radiation
5107:Spectrum analyzer
4903:Statistical noise
4727:Atmospheric noise
4624:Noise temperature
4609:Noise measurement
4589:Acoustic quieting
4314:technical library
4242:978-0-8493-7254-4
4215:978-1-4398-0003-4
4188:978-0-12-372529-5
4161:978-0-13-168728-8
4111:978-0-12-629810-9
4040:Physics Education
3769:{\displaystyle t}
3741:
3740:
3726:
3713:
3691:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3638:
3517:carrier frequency
3327:
3024:lock-in amplifier
2996:Recording from a
2972:
2849:
2748:
2602:
2394:sensitivity index
2377:
2178:
2001:
1837:audio engineering
1718:
1626:
1259:
1154:
684:
621:
542:root mean squares
513:If the noise has
495:
398:
290:
199:
198:
191:
16:(Redirected from
5277:
5205:Deep Image Prior
5194:Shrinkage Fields
5178:Bilateral filter
5127:
4732:Background noise
4629:Phase distortion
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4528:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4321:
4315:
4312:Rane Corporation
4305:
4299:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4145:
4139:
4129:
4120:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3910:
3904:
3877:
3806:Near–far problem
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3604:Similar concepts
3588:are regarded as
3522:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3295:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3202:
3201:
3186:
3185:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3006:electronic noise
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2829:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2351:
2310:image processing
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2089:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1974:
1969:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1905:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1008:
1007:
992:
991:
990:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
941:
940:
939:
910:
909:
894:
893:
892:
848:
846:
845:
840:
838:
834:
833:
832:
800:
799:
784:
783:
782:
715:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
694:
689:
685:
683:
682:
681:
659:
658:
657:
632:
622:
620:
619:
618:
596:
595:
594:
569:
564:
532:
510:
508:
507:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:
477:
471:
470:
461:
456:
435:
427:
413:
411:
410:
405:
399:
397:
393:
392:
380:
374:
370:
369:
357:
351:
346:
326:
322:
311:
304:
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:
288:
287:
265:
264:
263:
238:
233:
194:
187:
183:
180:
174:
143:
135:
113:data acquisition
21:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5209:
5183:Non-local means
5156:
5137:Low-pass filter
5122:
5116:
5102:Noise generator
5092:Colors of noise
5070:
4977:
4973:
4962:
4958:
4907:
4829:
4823:
4803:Coherent noise
4779:(thermal noise)
4709:
4633:
4619:Noise reduction
4577:
4571:
4526:
4511:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4393:www.thruways.co
4387:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3934:
3933:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3893:interferometric
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3796:Generation loss
3786:
3758:
3757:
3703:
3681:
3680:
3650:
3628:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3554:
3538:
3520:
3513:
3511:Optical signals
3455:
3443:
3442:
3418:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3368:
3302:
3286:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3193:
3177:
3157:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3076:
3039:
3037:Digital signals
2990:
2988:Noise reduction
2961:
2951:
2947:
2912:
2887:
2869:
2868:
2838:
2831:
2791:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2737:
2730:
2695:
2670:
2652:
2651:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2591:
2584:
2537:
2512:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2425:
2424:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2367:
2357:
2336:
2335:
2288:
2275:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2080:
2079:
2047:
2046:
1960:
1959:
1927:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1873:
1858:
1849:alignment level
1820:
1767:
1728:
1694:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1602:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1551:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1461:
1422:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1235:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1130:
1103:
1097:
1084:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1012:
999:
979:
967:
966:
918:
914:
901:
862:
857:
856:
808:
804:
791:
749:
744:
743:
726:
713:
660:
633:
627:
626:
597:
570:
549:
548:
531:
525:
481:
472:
462:
441:
440:
433:
425:
384:
375:
361:
352:
331:
330:
324:
320:
309:
266:
239:
218:
217:
195:
184:
178:
175:
160:
144:
133:
109:imaging systems
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Error measures
5232:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5075:Related topics
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5033:
5015:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4930:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4812:Gradient noise
4809:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Gaussian noise
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Brownian noise
4734:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4714:Class of noise
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4700:Transportation
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Analog Devices
4469:
4460:
4431:
4430:External links
4428:
4425:
4424:
4404:
4380:
4373:
4353:
4346:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4274:
4248:
4241:
4221:
4214:
4194:
4187:
4167:
4160:
4140:
4121:
4110:
4090:
4026:
4013:
4006:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3921:
3905:
3891:rule. With an
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Matched filter
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3765:
3755:test statistic
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3677:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3624:
3621:
3605:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3553:
3550:
3537:
3534:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3367:
3366:Floating point
3364:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3094:
3091:
3078:
3074:
3049:caused by the
3038:
3035:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2470:contrast ratio
2448:Rose criterion
2432:
2412:
2390:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2226:
2215:expected value
2202:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
989:
986:
982:
978:
975:
960:
959:
948:
944:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
897:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
865:
850:
849:
837:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
787:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
752:
725:
722:
710:
709:
698:
693:
688:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
663:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
636:
630:
625:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
600:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
573:
567:
563:
560:
557:
529:
515:expected value
500:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
465:
459:
455:
452:
449:
418:expected value
403:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
342:
339:
306:
305:
294:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
269:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
242:
236:
232:
229:
226:
197:
196:
147:
145:
138:
132:
129:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5282:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:Gaussian blur
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Median filter
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Noise shaping
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:(or q. noise)
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Flicker noise
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Sound masking
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Noise control
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4525:9780521886710
4521:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4448:
4441:
4440:
4436:Walt Kester,
4434:
4433:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4374:9781932340020
4370:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4347:9783319023090
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4275:9780306307324
4271:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4235:. CRC Press.
4234:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4208:. CRC Press.
4207:
4206:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4007:9780387331393
4003:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3939:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3881:optical power
3876:
3873:
3867:
3862:
3861:Video quality
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3763:
3756:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3664:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:levels in an
3559:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3441:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:sawtooth wave
3244:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3147:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:dynamic range
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:level is the
3044:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2895:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2799:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2678:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2520:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2450:(named after
2449:
2444:
2430:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2240:
2224:
2216:
2200:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2111:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2029:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1976:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1928:
1910:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1818:Dynamic range
1817:
1801:
1788:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1695:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1603:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1495:
1482:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1423:
1418:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1366:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1236:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1160:
1156:
1131:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1031:
1027:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
965:
964:
963:
946:
942:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
895:
883:
863:
855:
854:
853:
835:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
785:
773:
750:
742:
741:
740:
738:
735:
731:
730:dynamic range
723:
721:
719:
696:
691:
686:
661:
634:
628:
623:
598:
571:
565:
547:
546:
545:
543:
539:
534:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
498:
486:
482:
467:
463:
457:
438:
436:
429:
423:
419:
414:
401:
389:
385:
366:
362:
347:
328:
317:
315:
292:
267:
240:
234:
216:
215:
214:
212:
208:
204:
193:
190:
182:
179:February 2022
172:
168:
164:
158:
157:
153:
148:This section
146:
142:
137:
136:
130:
128:
124:
122:
117:
114:
110:
106:
105:radar systems
102:
101:audio systems
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4968:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4922:
4867:Noise figure
4828:Engineering
4817:Worley noise
4747:Cosmic noise
4670:Human health
4514:
4454:, retrieved
4438:
4416:. Retrieved
4407:
4396:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:
4363:
4356:
4329:
4319:
4303:
4287:
4279:
4259:
4251:
4231:
4224:
4204:
4197:
4177:
4170:
4150:
4143:
4132:
4100:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4043:
4039:
4029:
4016:
3996:
3989:
3970:
3965:may be used.
3963:comb filters
3957:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3875:
3811:Noise margin
3607:
3598:
3555:
3539:
3521:200 THz
3514:
3505:
3369:
3237:
3233:16-bit audio
3230:
3117:
3104:
3102:
3084:
3070:
3059:
3051:quantization
3040:
3028:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2863:
2767:
2646:
2616:
2488:
2467:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2397:
2391:
2326:
2192:
2133:
2044:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1832:
1826:signal on a
1821:
1513:
1510:
1385:
1175:
1046:
961:
851:
727:
711:
535:
526:
512:
439:
432:
430:
415:
329:
318:
307:
200:
185:
176:
161:Please help
149:
125:
118:
94:
65:
61:
57:
56:
18:Signal level
5240:Measurement
4893:Phase noise
4872:Noise floor
4807:Value noise
4799:White noise
4742:Burst noise
4660:Environment
4655:Electronics
4638:Noise in...
4614:Noise power
3816:Omega ratio
3574:information
3238:Assuming a
3093:Fixed point
2472:" and the "
2459:sensitivity
2452:Albert Rose
1835:signal. In
734:logarithmic
422:mean square
86:noise power
32:Effect size
5224:Categories
5161:2D (Image)
4794:Shot noise
4783:Pink noise
4767:Infrasound
4762:Grey noise
4594:Distortion
4456:2019-04-10
4418:2024-08-19
4398:2023-11-09
4053:1611.03425
3981:References
3821:Pareidolia
3584:posts and
3552:Other uses
3240:full-scale
3097:See also:
131:Definition
5265:Acoustics
5087:Acoustics
4650:Buildings
4078:125414987
3940:σ
3920:σ
3724:σ
3711:¯
3701:−
3689:¯
3658:¯
3648:−
3636:¯
3610:Cohen's d
3582:off-topic
3485:−
3476:⋅
3416:⋅
3341:⋅
3335:≈
3297:
3281:≈
3243:sine wave
3213:⋅
3207:≈
3188:
3031:averaging
2431:σ
2411:μ
2369:σ
2359:μ
2290:μ
2277:σ
2252:
2239:luminance
2225:σ
2201:μ
2176:σ
2173:μ
2062:Ω
1881:resistive
1841:sine wave
1833:reference
1824:distorted
1765:−
1659:
1562:
1459:−
1336:
1320:−
1282:
1200:
1095:
1010:
912:
802:
538:impedance
314:bandwidth
150:does not
5121:Denoise
4447:archived
3784:See also
3562:ice core
3379:exponent
3375:mantissa
1885:reactive
1855:(1.228 V
724:Decibels
540:. Their
519:variance
90:decibels
5130:General
5123:methods
5028:,
4582:General
4058:Bibcode
3885:voltage
3776:in the
3558:isotope
3519:(about
1864:average
1845:nominal
1828:channel
737:decibel
171:removed
156:sources
53:noise).
5190:(BM3D)
4912:Ratios
4772:Jitter
4723:(AWGN)
4675:Images
4522:
4371:
4344:
4272:
4239:
4212:
4185:
4158:
4108:
4076:
4004:
3899:20 log
3889:10 log
3846:SINADR
3778:t-test
3594:signal
3111:) the
3066:dither
3020:filter
2193:where
712:where
308:where
207:signal
111:, and
74:signal
5270:Sound
5201:(DAE)
4998:SINAD
4948:dBrnC
4889:(NVH)
4830:terms
4705:Video
4690:Ships
4685:Rooms
4680:Radio
4645:Audio
4574:Noise
4450:(PDF)
4443:(PDF)
4118:p.278
4083:5 May
4074:S2CID
4048:arXiv
3868:Notes
3841:SINAD
3590:noise
3350:1.761
3047:error
3043:noise
2400:'
2314:image
1883:(non-
1877:power
211:noise
205:of a
203:power
82:power
78:noise
5055:SQNR
5045:SINR
4520:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4342:ISBN
4270:ISBN
4237:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4085:2021
4002:ISBN
3901:rule
3883:and
3586:spam
3526:DPSK
3473:6.02
3413:6.02
3338:6.02
3210:6.02
3103:For
3085:The
2446:The
2318:mean
2217:and
2140:mean
852:and
327:is:
154:any
152:cite
5065:CNR
5030:SNR
4988:MER
4334:doi
4066:doi
3288:log
3179:log
2476:".
2396:or
2142:to
1889:rms
1859:).
1857:RMS
1853:dBu
1847:or
1650:log
1553:log
1327:log
1273:log
1191:log
1086:log
1001:log
903:log
793:log
716:is
424:of
165:by
84:to
66:S/N
64:or
62:SNR
5226::
4974:/N
4959:/N
4941:kT
4474:–
4465:–
4391:.
4340:.
4328:.
4310:—
4294:—
4278:.
4268:.
4266:10
4124:^
4116:,
4072:.
4064:.
4056:.
4044:53
4042:.
4038:.
3780:.
3671:SD
3564:,
3548:.
3532:.
3381::
3292:10
3284:20
3183:10
3175:20
3077:/N
3068:.
3015:.
2465:.
2331::
1654:10
1646:20
1557:10
1549:10
1331:10
1323:10
1277:10
1269:10
1195:10
1187:10
1090:10
1082:10
1005:10
997:10
907:10
899:10
797:10
789:10
533:.
428:.
316:.
107:,
103:,
99:,
5067:)
5063:(
5057:)
5053:(
5047:)
5043:(
5032:)
5026:N
5024:/
5022:S
5020:(
5014:)
5012:I
5010:/
5008:S
5006:(
5000:)
4996:(
4990:)
4986:(
4976:0
4972:s
4970:E
4961:0
4957:b
4955:E
4943:)
4939:/
4937:C
4935:(
4929:)
4927:N
4925:/
4923:C
4921:(
4566:e
4559:t
4552:v
4421:.
4401:.
4377:.
4350:.
4336::
4245:.
4218:.
4191:.
4164:.
4136:,
4114:.
4087:.
4068::
4060::
4050::
4010:.
3903:.
3764:t
3738:N
3734:t
3729:=
3718:2
3708:X
3696:1
3686:X
3676:=
3665:2
3655:X
3643:1
3633:X
3623:=
3620:d
3491:)
3488:m
3482:n
3479:(
3470:=
3464:B
3461:d
3457:R
3453:N
3450:S
3424:m
3420:2
3410:=
3404:B
3401:d
3397:R
3393:D
3347:+
3344:n
3332:)
3325:2
3321:/
3317:3
3308:n
3304:2
3300:(
3275:B
3272:d
3268:R
3264:N
3261:S
3216:n
3204:)
3199:n
3195:2
3191:(
3172:=
3166:B
3163:d
3159:R
3155:N
3152:S
3148:=
3142:B
3139:d
3135:R
3131:D
3105:n
3079:o
3075:b
3073:E
2967:3
2963:W
2957:0
2953:N
2949:2
2944:P
2939:2
2934:f
2930:k
2924:2
2919:c
2915:A
2908:=
2902:M
2899:F
2896:,
2893:O
2889:)
2885:R
2882:N
2879:S
2876:(
2844:0
2840:N
2836:W
2833:2
2827:2
2822:c
2818:A
2812:=
2806:M
2803:F
2800:,
2797:C
2793:)
2789:R
2786:N
2783:S
2780:(
2743:0
2739:N
2735:W
2732:2
2727:P
2722:2
2717:a
2713:k
2707:2
2702:c
2698:A
2691:=
2685:M
2682:A
2679:,
2676:O
2672:)
2668:R
2665:N
2662:S
2659:(
2630:a
2626:k
2597:0
2593:N
2589:W
2586:2
2581:)
2578:P
2573:2
2568:a
2564:k
2560:+
2557:1
2554:(
2549:2
2544:C
2540:A
2533:=
2527:M
2524:A
2521:,
2518:C
2514:)
2510:R
2507:N
2504:S
2501:(
2398:d
2373:2
2363:2
2353:=
2349:R
2346:N
2343:S
2294:2
2286:+
2281:2
2273:=
2269:]
2264:2
2260:X
2256:[
2249:E
2168:=
2164:R
2161:N
2158:S
2112:2
2106:s
2103:m
2100:r
2095:V
2091:=
2087:P
2059:1
2056:=
2053:R
2030:R
2025:2
2019:s
2016:m
2013:r
2008:I
2004:=
1999:R
1994:2
1988:s
1985:m
1982:r
1977:V
1971:=
1967:P
1940:s
1937:m
1934:r
1929:I
1922:s
1919:m
1916:r
1911:V
1907:=
1903:P
1802:.
1795:B
1792:d
1789:,
1786:e
1783:s
1780:i
1777:o
1774:n
1769:A
1759:B
1756:d
1753:,
1750:l
1747:a
1744:n
1741:g
1738:i
1735:s
1730:A
1725:=
1721:)
1713:e
1710:s
1707:i
1704:o
1701:n
1696:A
1689:l
1686:a
1683:n
1680:g
1677:i
1674:s
1669:A
1663:(
1643:=
1639:]
1634:2
1629:)
1621:e
1618:s
1615:i
1612:o
1609:n
1604:A
1597:l
1594:a
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1588:g
1585:i
1582:s
1577:A
1571:(
1566:[
1546:=
1540:B
1537:d
1533:R
1529:N
1526:S
1496:.
1489:B
1486:d
1483:,
1480:e
1477:s
1474:i
1471:o
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1463:P
1453:B
1450:d
1447:,
1444:l
1441:a
1438:n
1435:g
1432:i
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1424:P
1419:=
1413:B
1410:d
1406:R
1402:N
1399:S
1371:.
1367:)
1361:e
1358:s
1355:i
1352:o
1349:n
1344:P
1340:(
1316:)
1310:l
1307:a
1304:n
1301:g
1298:i
1295:s
1290:P
1286:(
1266:=
1262:)
1254:e
1251:s
1248:i
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1237:P
1230:l
1227:a
1224:n
1221:g
1218:i
1215:s
1210:P
1204:(
1161:.
1157:)
1149:e
1146:s
1143:i
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1125:l
1122:a
1119:n
1116:g
1113:i
1110:s
1105:P
1099:(
1079:=
1073:B
1070:d
1066:R
1062:N
1059:S
1032:.
1028:)
1024:R
1021:N
1018:S
1014:(
994:=
988:B
985:d
981:R
977:N
974:S
947:.
943:)
937:e
934:s
931:i
928:o
925:n
920:P
916:(
896:=
890:B
887:d
884:,
881:e
878:s
875:i
872:o
869:n
864:P
836:)
830:l
827:a
824:n
821:g
818:i
815:s
810:P
806:(
786:=
780:B
777:d
774:,
771:l
768:a
765:n
762:g
759:i
756:s
751:P
714:A
697:,
692:2
687:)
679:e
676:s
673:i
670:o
667:n
662:A
655:l
652:a
649:n
646:g
643:i
640:s
635:A
629:(
624:=
616:e
613:s
610:i
607:o
604:n
599:P
592:l
589:a
586:n
583:g
580:i
577:s
572:P
566:=
562:R
559:N
556:S
530:N
527:σ
499:.
492:]
487:2
483:N
479:[
475:E
468:2
464:s
458:=
454:R
451:N
448:S
434:s
426:N
402:,
395:]
390:2
386:N
382:[
378:E
372:]
367:2
363:S
359:[
355:E
348:=
344:R
341:N
338:S
325:N
321:S
310:P
293:,
285:e
282:s
279:i
276:o
273:n
268:P
261:l
258:a
255:n
252:g
249:i
246:s
241:P
235:=
231:R
228:N
225:S
192:)
186:(
181:)
177:(
173:.
159:.
60:(
45:.
38:.
20:)
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