2350:
1455:
378:
1633:
1198:
1643:
Although there are cell phone base station tower networks across many nations globally, there are still many areas within those nations that do not have good reception. Some rural areas are unlikely to ever be covered effectively since the cost of erecting a cell tower is too high for only a few
1651:
of the signals from local towers in urban areas, or by the construction materials used in some buildings causing significant attenuation of signal strength. Large buildings such as warehouses, hospitals and factories often have no usable signal further than a few metres from the outside walls.
1250:
210:
2075:
1466:
1019:
1864:
723:
1764:
819:
503:
1450:{\displaystyle E_{\theta }(r)={-jI_{\circ }\sin(\theta ) \over 4\varepsilon _{0}c\,r}\left({L \over \lambda }\right)e^{j\left(\omega t-kr\right)}\,,\quad R_{a}=20\pi ^{2}\left({L \over \lambda }\right)^{2}.}
899:
560:
140:, where the total length L is equal to one half wavelength (λ/2). If constructed from thin conductors, the current distribution is essentially sinusoidal and the radiating electric field is given by
943:
624:
1242:
2252:
974:
436:
373:{\displaystyle E_{\theta }(r)={-jI_{\circ } \over 2\pi \varepsilon _{0}c\,r}{\cos \left(\scriptstyle {\pi \over 2}\cos \theta \right) \over \sin \theta }e^{j\left(\omega t-kr\right)}}
201:
2367:
1011:
405:
1971:
584:
169:
132:
at a specific point can be determined from the power delivered to the transmitting antenna, its geometry and radiation resistance. Consider the case of a center-fed half-wave
2130:
1628:{\displaystyle \vert E_{\pi /2}(r)\vert \,=\,{1 \over \pi \varepsilon _{0}c\,r}{\sqrt {P_{avg} \over 160}}\,=\,{9.48 \over r}{\sqrt {P_{avg}}}\quad (L\ll \lambda /2)\,.}
1193:{\displaystyle \vert E_{\pi /2}(r)\vert \,=\,{1 \over \pi \varepsilon _{0}c\,r}{\sqrt {P_{avg} \over 2R_{a}}}\,=\,{9.91 \over r}{\sqrt {P_{avg}}}\quad (L=\lambda /2)\,.}
1779:
632:
1203:
Therefore, if the average power to a half-wave dipole antenna is 1 mW, then the maximum electric field at 313 m (1027 ft) is 1 mV/m (60 dBμ).
1685:
734:
2414:
2386:
441:
2393:
144:
2303:
2400:
2478:
2313:
2433:
2382:
137:
830:
1644:
customers. Even in areas with high signal strength, basements and the interiors of large buildings often have poor reception.
508:
2371:
907:
2333:
2257:
Specialized calculation models exist to plan the location of a new cell tower, taking into account local conditions and
589:
39:
119:
40 dBμ or 0.1 mV/m: the minimum strength at which a station can be received with acceptable quality on most receivers
1209:
2524:
2519:
2407:
2360:
2266:
28:
2158:
1244:) the current distribution is nearly triangular. In this case, the electric field and radiation resistance are
1648:
948:
410:
174:
47:
2070:{\displaystyle \mathrm {dBm_{e}} =\mathrm {dBm} _{0}-10.0\ \gamma \ \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{r_{0}}}\right)}
979:
386:
2132:
would give an estimate of the number of decades, which coincides with an average path loss of 40 dB/decade.
2298:
565:
150:
2308:
2088:
1660:
1460:
Using a procedure similar to that above, the maximum electric field for a center-fed short dipole is
2328:
35:
2474:
2288:
1859:{\displaystyle \mathrm {dBm_{e}} =-43.0-10.0\ \gamma \ \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{R}}\right)}
2278:
2262:
2258:
1943:
945:
is the center-fed half-wave antenna's radiation resistance. Substituting the formula for
2504:
Crowd sourced map of cell and wifi signals. Data release under the Open
Database License.
718:{\displaystyle \vert E_{\pi /2}(r)\vert ={I_{\circ } \over 2\pi \varepsilon _{0}c\,r}\,.}
1659:
since these are attenuated more by intervening obstacles, although they are able to use
133:
129:
2513:
113:
51:
1759:{\displaystyle \mathrm {dBm_{e}} =-43.0-40.0\ \log _{10}\left({\frac {r}{R}}\right)}
2293:
2283:
143:
67:
55:
586:
is the distance to the antenna in meters. When the antenna is viewed broadside (
2349:
1664:
814:{\displaystyle I_{\circ }=2\pi \varepsilon _{0}c\,r\vert E_{\pi /2}(r)\vert \,.}
83:
50:
as received by a reference antenna at a distance from the transmitting antenna.
407:
is the angle between the antenna axis and the vector to the observation point,
17:
1947:
106:
2471:
Mobile
Positioning and Tracking: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques
1939:
1770:
1656:
498:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\varepsilon _{0}\,=\,8.85\times 10^{-12}\,F/m}}
75:
63:
1676:
2499:
Global map of cell phone signal by network. Based on crowdsourced data.
2318:
91:
79:
71:
59:
2323:
1655:
This is particularly true for the networks which operate at higher
2498:
2343:
87:
2455:
90:). In broadcasting terminology, 1 mV/m is 1000 μV/m or 60
894:{\displaystyle {P_{avg}={1 \over 2}R_{a}\,I_{\circ }^{2}}}
66:
per metre (dBmV/m). For very low-power systems, such as
27:"Signal strength" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2152:
pairs, we can estimate the mean cell radius as follows:
555:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {c\,=\,3\times 10^{8}\,m/s}}
112:
60 dBμ or 1.0 mV/m: frequently considered the edge of a
2503:
1213:
983:
952:
911:
593:
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512:
445:
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390:
296:
178:
154:
2161:
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1974:
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1212:
1022:
982:
951:
910:
833:
737:
635:
592:
568:
511:
444:
413:
389:
213:
177:
153:
1675:
The estimated received signal strength in an active
2374:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
938:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {R_{a}=73.13\,\Omega }}
2246:
2124:
2069:
1858:
1758:
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1192:
1013:and solving for the maximum electric field yields
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618:
578:
554:
497:
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195:
163:
1902:Average path loss per decade for mobile networks
728:Solving this formula for the peak current yields
619:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\theta \,=\,\pi /2}}
1237:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {L\ll \lambda /2}}
626:) the electric field is maximum and given by
8:
1886:Estimated received power in active RFID tag
1500:
1470:
1053:
1023:
804:
774:
666:
636:
1647:Weak signal strength can also be caused by
2469:Figueiras, João; Frattasi, Simone (2010).
2261:parameters, as well as consideration that
2247:{\displaystyle R_{e}=\operatorname {avg} }
147:Current distribution on antenna of length
70:, signal strength is usually expressed in
2434:Learn how and when to remove this message
2228:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2166:
2160:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2055:
2046:
2033:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1973:
1842:
1829:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1742:
1729:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1621:
1610:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1481:
1477:
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1413:
1397:
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1357:
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1319:
1289:
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1252:
1224:
1214:
1211:
1186:
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1131:
1127:
1117:
1097:
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1021:
989:
984:
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969:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {I_{\circ }}}
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431:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {I_{\circ }}}
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196:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\lambda /2}}
183:
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155:
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1868:
142:
109:interference may occur on some receivers
2447:
2383:"Signal strength in telecommunications"
438:is the peak current at the feed-point,
1006:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {P_{avg}}}
400:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\theta }}
124:Relationship to average radiated power
562:is the speed of light in vacuum, and
54:transmissions, such as those used in
7:
2372:adding citations to reliable sources
1912:Distance mobile device - cell tower
824:The average power to the antenna is
2304:Dipole field strength in free space
505:is the permittivity of free-space,
2456:"Localiser un numéro de téléphone"
2314:Received signal strength indicator
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1953:Actually, one could use any known
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1671:Estimated received signal strength
930:
116:'s protected area in North America
25:
2348:
1950:, and environmental conditions.
579:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {r}}
164:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {L}}
2359:needs additional citations for
2125:{\displaystyle \log _{10}(R/r)}
1597:
1392:
1162:
82:above a reference level of one
2241:
2225:
2198:
2181:
2141:When we measure cell distance
2119:
2105:
1922:Mean radius of the cell tower
1618:
1598:
1497:
1491:
1307:
1301:
1270:
1264:
1183:
1163:
1050:
1044:
801:
795:
663:
657:
230:
224:
171:equal to one half wavelength (
1:
1769:In general, you can take the
1679:can be estimated as follows:
2269:, unless reflection occurs.
40:radio frequency engineering
2541:
26:
2473:. John Wiley & Sons.
2267:line-of-sight propagation
1667:to circumvent obstacles.
78:per metre (dBμV/m) or in
29:Signal strength (physics)
2137:Estimate the cell radius
1649:destructive interference
48:transmitter power output
1894:Minimum received power
2299:Dead zone (cell phone)
2248:
2126:
2071:
1860:
1760:
1629:
1451:
1238:
1194:
1007:
970:
939:
895:
815:
719:
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556:
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374:
204:
197:
165:
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2127:
2072:
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1008:
971:
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621:
581:
557:
500:
433:
402:
375:
198:
166:
146:
105:100 dBμ or 100 mV/m:
94:(often written dBu).
2368:improve this article
2309:Field strength meter
2263:mobile radio signals
2159:
2089:
1972:
1780:
1686:
1467:
1251:
1210:
1206:For a short dipole (
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2329:Mobile phone signal
2145:and received power
1932:Path loss exponent
889:
58:, are expressed in
2244:
2122:
2067:
1856:
1771:path loss exponent
1756:
1625:
1447:
1234:
1233:
1190:
1003:
1002:
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965:
935:
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891:
875:
811:
715:
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370:
316:
205:
193:
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38:, particularly in
36:telecommunications
2525:Mobile technology
2520:Radio electronics
2444:
2443:
2436:
2418:
2289:Cellular repeater
2240:
2192:
2186:
2081:Number of decades
2061:
2028:
2022:
1961:at any distance r
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1935:
1850:
1824:
1818:
1750:
1724:
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1575:
1560:
1559:
1535:
1432:
1347:
1333:
1160:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1088:
976:into the one for
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709:
333:
305:
281:
16:(Redirected from
2532:
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2279:Cellular network
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2216:
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2128:
2123:
2115:
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2100:
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2068:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2020:
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2012:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1965:as a reference:
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1909:
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1706:
1705:
1704:
1634:
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1626:
1614:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1539:
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1509:
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1425:
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1401:
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1310:
1294:
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1199:
1197:
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2440:
2429:
2423:
2420:
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2365:
2353:
2342:
2334:Mobile coverage
2275:
2259:radio equipment
2208:
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44:signal strength
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18:Signal strength
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2492:External links
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2480:978-1119957560
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1938:The effective
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134:dipole antenna
130:field strength
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46:refers to the
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128:The electric
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114:radio station
111:
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68:mobile phones
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2424:January 2017
2421:
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2378:
2366:Please help
2361:verification
2358:
2294:Dropped call
2284:Mobile phone
2256:
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1955:signal power
1954:
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1875:Description
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56:broadcasting
52:High-powered
43:
33:
1942:depends on
1665:diffraction
2514:Categories
2394:newspapers
2340:References
1948:topography
1661:reflection
1639:RF signals
138:free space
107:blanketing
76:microvolts
64:millivolts
2179:
2103:
2040:
2024:γ
2015:−
1944:frequency
1940:path loss
1891:−43
1872:Parameter
1836:
1820:γ
1811:−
1805:−
1736:
1717:−
1711:−
1657:frequency
1608:λ
1605:≪
1519:ε
1515:π
1479:π
1430:λ
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1373:−
1367:ω
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1291:∘
1280:−
1260:θ
1222:λ
1219:≪
1173:λ
1072:ε
1068:π
1032:π
960:∘
931:Ω
881:∘
783:π
759:ε
755:π
744:∘
693:ε
689:π
680:∘
645:π
604:π
596:θ
526:×
474:−
466:×
449:ε
422:∘
393:θ
355:−
349:ω
330:θ
327:
314:θ
311:
300:π
290:
265:ε
261:π
251:∘
240:−
220:θ
181:λ
84:milliwatt
2273:See also
1677:RFID tag
98:Examples
80:decibels
2408:scholar
2319:S meter
2477:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2324:Signal
2239:
2191:
2185:
2027:
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1928:γ
1823:
1817:
1723:
904:where
383:where
2415:JSTOR
2401:books
2265:have
927:73.13
2475:ISBN
2387:news
2234:40.0
2223:43.0
2018:10.0
1814:10.0
1808:43.0
1720:40.0
1714:43.0
1663:and
1570:9.48
1135:9.91
463:8.85
2370:by
2176:avg
2147:dBm
2094:log
2031:log
1957:dBm
1880:dBm
1827:log
1727:log
1557:160
1296:sin
324:sin
308:cos
287:cos
136:in
92:dBμ
88:dBm
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