Signals intelligence - Knowledge (XXG)

670: 469:(GC&CS) was the first peace-time codebreaking agency, with a public function "to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision", but also with a secret directive to "study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers". GC&CS officially formed on 1 November 1919, and produced its first decrypt on 19 October. By 1940, GC&CS was working on the diplomatic codes and ciphers of 26 countries, tackling over 150 diplomatic cryptosystems. 165: 899:.) Knowing the compass bearing, from a single point, to the transmitter does not locate it. Where the bearings from multiple points, using goniometry, are plotted on a map, the transmitter will be located at the point where the bearings intersect. This is the simplest case; a target may try to confuse listeners by having multiple transmitters, giving the same signal from different locations, switching on and off in a pattern known to their user but apparently random to the listener. 790:

announcements in the stadium. If, however, an anti-terrorist organization believed that a small group would be trying to coordinate their efforts using short-range unlicensed radios at the event, SIGINT targeting of radios of that type would be reasonable. Targeting would not know where in the stadium the radios might be located or the exact frequency they are using; those are the functions of subsequent steps such as signal detection and direction finding.

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unencrypted radio network, or simply one that is not authorized for the type of information being given. If immediately calling attention to the violation would not create an even greater security risk, the monitor will call out one of the BEADWINDOW codes used by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations working under their procedures. Standard BEADWINDOW codes (e.g., "BEADWINDOW 2") include:

825: 1055: 1320:"Friendly or enemy electronic warfare (EW) or emanations control (EMCON) intentions, progress, or results. Intention to employ electronic countermeasures (ECM); results of friendly or enemy ECM; ECM objectives; results of friendly or enemy electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM); results of electronic support measures/tactical SIGINT (ESM); present or intended EMCON policy; equipment affected by EMCON policy." 142: 857: 45: 2740: 741:, the target's transmission schedule and antenna characteristics, and other factors create uncertainty that a given signal intercept sensor will be able to "hear" the signal of interest, even with a geographically fixed target and an opponent making no attempt to evade interception. Basic countermeasures against interception include frequent changing of 622: 390:, to infer from the routes they chose where defensive minefields had been placed and where it was safe for ships to operate. Whenever a change to the normal pattern was seen, it immediately signalled that some operation was about to take place, and a warning could be given. Detailed information about submarine movements was also available. 1608: 644: 497: 1335:"Friendly or enemy COMSEC breaches. Linkage of codes or codewords with plain language; compromise of changing frequencies or linkage with line number/circuit designators; linkage of changing call signs with previous call signs or units; compromise of encrypted/classified call signs; incorrect authentication procedure." 1643:

emanating from a direction other than that in which the main antenna is aimed. The RADINT (radar intelligence) discipline involves learning to recognize a radar both by its primary signal, captured by ELINT, and its sidelobes, perhaps captured by the main ELINT sensor, or, more likely, a sensor aimed

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For example, if a certain type of radio is known to be used only by tank units, even if the position is not precisely determined by direction finding, it may be assumed that a tank unit is in the general area of the signal. The owner of the transmitter can assume someone is listening, so might set up

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elligence) is a sub-category of signals intelligence that engages in dealing with messages or voice information derived from the interception of foreign communications. COMINT is commonly referred to as SIGINT, which can cause confusion when talking about the broader intelligence disciplines. The US

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Separation of the intercepted spectrum and the signals intercepted from each sensor must take place in an extremely small period of time, in order to separate the different signals to different transmitters in the battlefield. The complexity of the separation process depends on the complexity of the

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Even if a signal is human communications (e.g., a radio), the intelligence collection specialists have to know it exists. If the targeting function described above learns that a country has a radar that operates in a certain frequency range, the first step is to use a sensitive receiver, with one or

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Signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are closely, and sometimes confusingly, related. The signals intelligence disciplines of communications and electronic intelligence focus on the information in those signals themselves, as with COMINT detecting the speech in a

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than true intelligence collection, SIGINT units still may have the responsibility of monitoring one's own communications or other electronic emissions, to avoid providing intelligence to the enemy. For example, a security monitor may hear an individual transmitting inappropriate information over an

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A given digital communications link can carry thousands or millions of voice communications, especially in developed countries. Without addressing the legality of such actions, the problem of identifying which channel contains which conversation becomes much simpler when the first thing intercepted

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If operators know the probable frequencies of transmissions of interest, they may use a set of receivers, preset to the frequencies of interest. These are the frequency (horizontal axis) versus power (vertical axis) produced at the transmitter, before any filtering of signals that do not add to the

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Before the detailed process of targeting begins, someone has to decide there is a value in collecting information about something. While it would be possible to direct signals intelligence collection at a major sports event, the systems would capture a great deal of noise, news signals, and perhaps

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Since the invention of the radio, the international consensus has been that the radio-waves are no one's property, and thus the interception itself is not illegal. There can, however, be national laws on who is allowed to collect, store, and process radio traffic, and for what purposes. Monitoring

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units may jam radars or send them deceptive signals. Confusing a radar electronically is called a "soft kill", but military units will also send specialized missiles at radars, or bomb them, to get a "hard kill". Some modern air-to-air missiles also have radar homing guidance systems, particularly

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This sequence shows that there are two units in the battlefield, unit 1 is mobile, while unit 2 is in a higher hierarchical level, perhaps a command post. One can also understand that unit 1 moved from one point to another which are distant from each 20 minutes with a vehicle. If these are regular

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array technique. In this method, several concentric rings of antenna elements simultaneously receive the signal, so that the best bearing will ideally be clearly on a single antenna or a small set. Wullenweber arrays for high-frequency signals are enormous, referred to as "elephant cages" by their

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Modern SIGINT systems, therefore, have substantial communications among intercept platforms. Even if some platforms are clandestine, there is still a broadcast of information telling them where and how to look for signals. A United States targeting system under development in the late 1990s, PSTS,

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The British in particular, built up great expertise in the newly emerging field of signals intelligence and codebreaking (synonymous with cryptanalysis). On the declaration of war, Britain cut all German undersea cables. This forced the Germans to communicate exclusively via either (A) a telegraph

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Combining other sources of information and ELINT allows traffic analysis to be performed on electronic emissions which contain human encoded messages. The method of analysis differs from SIGINT in that any human encoded message which is in the electronic transmission is not analyzed during ELINT.

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further narrows the problem of what types of equipment might be in use. An intelligence aircraft flying well outside the borders of another country will listen for long-range search radars, not short-range fire control radars that would be used by a mobile air defense. Soldiers scouting the front

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MASINT also works with collected signals, but is more of an analysis discipline. There are, however, unique MASINT sensors, typically working in different regions or domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared or magnetic fields. While NSA and other agencies have MASINT groups, the

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The addresses, if the signal is not a general broadcast and if addresses are retrievable from the message. These stations may also be COMINT (e.g., a confirmation of the message or a response message), ELINT (e.g., a navigation beacon being activated) or both. Rather than, or in addition to, an

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Data fusion correlates data samples from different frequencies from the same sensor, "same" being confirmed by direction finding or radiofrequency MASINT. If an emitter is mobile, direction finding, other than discovering a repetitive pattern of movement, is of limited value in determining if a

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For example, several voice transmitters might be identified as the command net (i.e., top commander and direct reports) in a tank battalion or tank-heavy task force. Another set of transmitters might identify the logistic net for that same unit. An inventory of ELINT sources might identify the

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As early as 1900 in the Boer War, the Royal Navy in South Africa appears to have used wireless sets inherited from the Royal Engineers to signal from the neutral port of Lourenco Marques 'information relative to the enemy' albeit in violation of international law. This first use of radio for

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MASINT associated with COMINT might involve the detection of common background sounds expected with human voice communications. For example, if a given radio signal comes from a radio used in a tank, if the interceptor does not hear engine noise or higher voice frequency than the voice

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When locations are known, usage patterns may emerge, from which inferences may be drawn. Traffic analysis is the discipline of drawing patterns from information flow among a set of senders and receivers, whether those senders and receivers are designated by location determined through

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in 1915. By May 1915, the Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea. Some of these stations also acted as 'Y' stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports.

1341:"Inappropriate transmission. Information requested, transmitted or about to be transmitted which should not be passed on the subject circuit because it either requires greater security protection or it is not appropriate to the purpose for which the circuit is provided." 764:

methods, require multiple receiving points at different locations. These receivers send location-relevant information to a central point, or perhaps to a distributed system in which all participate, such that the information can be correlated and a location computed.

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Patterns do emerge. A radio signal with certain characteristics, originating from a fixed headquarters, may strongly suggest that a particular unit will soon move out of its regular base. The contents of the message need not be known to infer the movement.

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information being transmitted. Received energy on a particular frequency may start a recorder, and alert a human to listen to the signals if they are intelligible (i.e., COMINT). If the frequency is not known, the operators may look for power on primary or

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TACDB: platform lists, sorted by nomenclature, which contain links to the C-E equipment complement of each platform, with links to the parametric data for each piece of equipment, military unit lists and their subordinate units with equipment used by each

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With the importance of interception and decryption firmly established by the wartime experience, countries established permanent agencies dedicated to this task in the interwar period. In 1919, the British Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, chaired by

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Signal identification is performed by analyzing the collected parameters of a specific signal, and either matching it to known criteria, or recording it as a possible new emitter. ELINT data are usually highly classified, and are protected as such.

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system is and its type means that air raids can be plotted to avoid the most heavily defended areas and to fly on a flight profile which will give the aircraft the best chance of evading ground fire and fighter patrols. It also allows for the

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intelligence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff define it as "Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources."

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If the transmission is encrypted or not, and if it can be decrypted. If it is possible to intercept either an originally transmitted cleartext or obtain it through cryptanalysis, the language of the communication and a translation (when

728:"2. An established intelligence need, validated against the appropriate allocation of intelligence resources (as a requirement) to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of an intelligence consumer." 1077:

Using the COMINT gathering method enables the intelligence officer to produce an electronic order of battle by traffic analysis and content analysis among several enemy units. For example, if the following messages were intercepted:

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Traffic analysis need not focus on human communications. For example, a sequence of a radar signal, followed by an exchange of targeting data and a confirmation, followed by observation of artillery fire, may identify an automated

1017:(EOB) requires identifying SIGINT emitters in an area of interest, determining their geographic location or range of mobility, characterizing their signals, and, where possible, determining their role in the broader organizational 1235:, which would be understood by few people, even in the U.S. Even within these uncommon languages, the code talkers used specialized codes, so a "butterfly" might be a specific Japanese aircraft. British forces made limited use of 786:, are completely under ground direction. GUARDRAIL aircraft are fairly small and usually work in units of three to cover a tactical SIGINT requirement, whereas the larger aircraft tend to be assigned strategic/national missions. 1314:"Friendly or enemy operation – intentions progress, or results. Operational or logistic intentions; mission participants flying programmes; mission situation reports; results of friendly or enemy operations; assault objectives." 1215:

A basic COMINT technique is to listen for voice communications, usually over radio but possibly "leaking" from telephones or from wiretaps. If the voice communications are encrypted, traffic analysis may still give information.

1394:), intermittently using it, or using it and expecting to avoid defenses. ELINT can be collected from ground stations near the opponent's territory, ships off their coast, aircraft near or in their airspace, or by satellite. 5609: 5439: 864:

Real-world transmitters and receivers usually are directional. In the figure to the left, assume that each display is connected to a spectrum analyzer connected to a directional antenna aimed in the indicated direction.

300: 5233: 1302:(e.g., disclosing, in an insecure or inappropriate way), "Friendly or enemy position, movement or intended movement, position, course, speed, altitude or destination or any air, sea or ground element, unit or force." 385:

The German fleet was in the habit each day of wirelessing the exact position of each ship and giving regular position reports when at sea. It was possible to build up a precise picture of the normal operation of the

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captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital transmissions. Since the British were the only people transmitting at the time, the British did not need special interpretation of the signals that they were.

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A very common area of ELINT is intercepting radars and learning their locations and operating procedures. Attacking forces may be able to avoid the coverage of certain radars, or, knowing their characteristics,

429:. The system was so successful that by the end of the war, over 80 million words, comprising the totality of German wireless transmission over the course of the war, had been intercepted by the operators of the 532:

should have been virtually unbreakable, but flaws in German cryptographic procedures, and poor discipline among the personnel carrying them out, created vulnerabilities which made Bletchley's attacks feasible.

1690: 4651: 1308:"Friendly or enemy capabilities or limitations. Force compositions or significant casualties to special equipment, weapons systems, sensors, units or personnel. Percentages of fuel or ammunition remaining." 1242:

While modern electronic encryption does away with the need for armies to use obscure languages, it is likely that some groups might use rare dialects that few outside their ethnic group would understand.

4567: 3894: 6151: 853:. Information from the spectrum analyzer is then used to tune receivers to signals of interest. For example, in this simplified spectrum, the actual information is at 800 kHz and 1.2 MHz. 800:. National intelligence services keep libraries of devices manufactured by their own country and others, and then use a variety of techniques to learn what equipment is acquired by a given country. 4949: 5315: 6044: 6010: 1680:

traffic in cables (i.e. telephone and Internet) is far more controversial, since it most of the time requires physical access to the cable and thereby violating ownership and expected privacy.

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techniques for "fingerprinting" transmitters or operators. Message content other than the sender and receiver is not necessary to do traffic analysis, although more information can be helpful.

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Individual directional antennas have to be manually or automatically turned to find the signal direction, which may be too slow when the signal is of short duration. One alternative is the

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Where COMINT and ELINT focus on the intentionally transmitted part of the signal, MASINT focuses on unintentionally transmitted information. For example, a given radar antenna will have

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is the combined intelligence and electronic warfare of learning the characteristics of enemy navigation aids, such as radio beacons, and retransmitting them with incorrect information.

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By gathering and clustering data from each sensor, the measurements of the direction of signals can be optimized and get much more accurate than the basic measurements of a standard

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intelligence purposes depended, of course, on the inability of others to intercept the signals, but in 1900, only the British in that part of the world had any wireless capability.

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systems, aircraft, etc. ELINT can be used to detect ships and aircraft by their radar and other electromagnetic radiation; commanders have to make choices between not using radar (

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was won in no small part due to the intercepts that allowed the Navy to position its ships in the right place. It played a vital role in subsequent naval clashes, including at the

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Signals intelligence units will identify changes in the EOB, which might indicate enemy unit movement, changes in command relationships, and increases or decreases in capability.

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more antennas that listen in every direction, to find an area where such a radar is operating. Once the radar is known to be in the area, the next step is to find its location.

3493: 1760: 982:, to make the German defense think that the main invasion was to come at another location. In like manner, fake radio transmissions from Japanese aircraft carriers, before the 4625: 4495: 4184: 3822: 606:

argued that Ultra shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.

6426: 877:(ECCM) technique to defeat looking for particular frequencies. Spectrum analysis can be used in a different ECCM way to identify frequencies not being jammed or not in use. 5241: 5986: 5552: 5473: 4346: 1151:, or analysis of emitters (communication transmitters) in a target region over a sufficient period of time, enables creation of the communications flows of a battlefield. 6257: 5153: 1145:

sensor is unique. MASINT then becomes more informative, as individual transmitters and antennas may have unique side lobes, unintentional radiation, pulse timing, etc.

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telegraphy is now obsolete in the western world, although possibly used by special operations forces. Such forces, however, now have portable cryptographic equipment.

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sensor. By calculating larger samples of the sensor's output data in near real-time, together with historical information of signals, better results are achieved.

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system. A radio signal that triggers navigational beacons could be a radio landing aid for an airstrip or helicopter pad that is intended to be low-profile.

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as the British fleet was sent out to intercept them. The direction-finding capability allowed for the tracking and location of German ships, submarines, and

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A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and

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or a similar method to have precise time synchronization. Receivers can be on ground stations, ships, aircraft, or satellites, giving great flexibility.

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constantly sends out information that helps the interceptors properly aim their antennas and tune their receivers. Larger intercept aircraft, such as the

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Knowing what interception equipment to use becomes easier when a target country buys its radars and radios from known manufacturers, or is given them as

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A collection system has to know to look for a particular signal. "System", in this context, has several nuances. Targeting is the process of developing

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Being a broad field, SIGINT has many sub-disciplines. The two main ones are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).

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line that connected through the British network and thus could be tapped; or (B) through radio which the British could then intercept. Rear Admiral

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In WWII, for example, the Japanese Navy, by poor practice, identified a key person's movement over a low-security cryptosystem. This made possible

1326:"Movement or identity of friendly or enemy officers, visitors, commanders; movement of key maintenance personnel indicating equipment limitations." 6559: 6320: 5959: 5045: 4537: 4394: 4358: 4136: 4106: 3715: 1776: 323: 6032: 602:, at the end of the war, described Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory. Official historian of British Intelligence in World War II 5005: 4274: 5998: 5838: 5177: 5055: 4955: 4723: 4641: 4543: 4422: 4310: 4238: 4172: 4100: 3992: 3870: 3798: 3518: 3488: 3233: 3128: 3084: 1602: 466: 247: 6239: 6062: 5597: 5445: 5339: 4743: 4525: 4244: 4142: 4070: 3942: 3671: 2691: 2618: 2120: 2095: 1725: 1479:

are not totally undetectable and need to know which areas to avoid. Similarly, conventional aircraft need to know where fixed or semi-mobile

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wrote that were it not for Ultra, "Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo". Ultra decrypts featured prominently in the story of

5895: 318:, a new method of signals intelligence reached maturity. Russia’s failure to properly protect its communications fatally compromised the 6532: 6519: 6269: 5871: 5621: 5615: 5455: 5261: 5251: 5183: 5067: 4731: 4483: 4465: 4022: 3918: 3786: 3756: 2834: 682: 233:—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis. 1382:

The data gathered are typically pertinent to the electronics of an opponent's defense network, especially the electronic parts such as

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usually uses, even though the voice conversation is meaningful, MASINT might suggest it is a deception, not coming from a real tank.

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The use of radio-receiving equipment to pinpoint the location of any single transmitter was also developed during the war. Captain

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defines it as "Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients".

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Room 40 played an important role in several naval engagements during the war, notably in detecting major German sorties into the

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There is an art as well as science of traffic analysis. Expert analysts develop a sense for what is real and what is deceptive.

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Hypothetical displays from four spectrum analyzers connected to directional antennas. The transmitter is at bearing 090 degrees.

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until British forces tightened their communications discipline and Australian raiders destroyed his principle SIGINT Company.

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At a lower level, German cryptanalysis, direction finding, and traffic analysis were vital to Rommel's early successes in the

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intercepted Russian naval wireless signals being sent out for the mobilization of the fleet, for the first time in history.

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Dynamic Database: Efficiently Convert Massive Quantities of Sensor Data into Actionable Information for Tactical Commanders

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that carries information to set up telephone calls. In civilian and many military use, this channel will carry messages in

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can home in on and attack transmitters; military antennas are rarely a safe distance from the user of the transmitter.

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lines of another army know that the other side will be using radios that must be portable and not have huge antennas.

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Once the decision to target is made, the various interception points need to cooperate, since resources are limited.

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Where they are located, and, if the transmitter is moving, the report may give a plot of the signal against location

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for a discussion of SIGINT-captured information with a MASINT flavor, such as determining the frequency to which a

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address or other identifier, there may be information on the location and signal characteristics of the responder.

55: 6542: 5663: 5433: 4837: 4591: 2625: 2564:"Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook: Section 2, Intelligence Collection Activities and Disciplines" 1664: 77: 5217: 4889: 4783: 3998: 1536:, such as understanding a spoofing or jamming mode so one can change one's radar characteristics to avoid them. 5947: 5911: 5844: 5740: 5417: 5405: 5387: 4961: 4907: 4789: 4767: 4519: 4112: 3594: 3325: 1740: 1668: 833: 5643: 3986: 1434:

was able to use this information to plot courses which took convoys away from high concentrations of U-boats.

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In the Second World War, for security the United States used Native American volunteer communicators known as

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stations, grew rapidly to the point where the British could intercept almost all official German messages.

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Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer

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COMINT, which is defined to be communications among people, will reveal some or all of the following:

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Smith, Michael (2001). "GC&CS and the First Cold War". In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph (eds.).

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What is of interest is the type of electronic transmission and its location. For example, during the

971: 895:, so that a line can be drawn from the receiver through the position of the signal of interest. (See 746: 599: 549: 513: 449: 335: 986:, were made from Japanese local waters, while the attacking ships moved under strict radio silence. 5649: 3739: 3684: 3558: 3375: 3202: 3106: 1349: 991: 837: 438: 375: 331: 303: 1002: 102: 6477: 3656: 3641: 3533: 3508: 3446: 3397: 3382: 3091: 3058: 3032: 3010: 3005: 2975: 2960: 2820: 2744: 2585: 2158: 1985: 1878: 1870: 1786: 1771: 1472: 1451: 1437:

Other ELINT disciplines include intercepting and analyzing enemy weapons control signals, or the

1279: 1272: 359: 277: 962:

tank radios in an area where he wants the other side to believe he has actual tanks. As part of

782:, have the on-board capability to do some target analysis and planning, but others, such as the 2145: 6514: 6467: 5832: 5748: 3982: 3498: 3207: 2876: 2687: 2668: 2636: 2614: 2397: 2234: 2166: 2116: 2091: 2068: 2017: 1862: 1791: 1735: 1521: 1138: 951: 886: 850: 829: 587: 577: 561: 501: 488:

closed the US Cipher Bureau in 1929 with the words "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."

422: 402: 280:

of 1904–1905. As the Russian fleet prepared for conflict with Japan in 1904, the British ship

891:

The earliest, and still common, means of direction finding is to use directional antennas as

580:

on D-Day in June 1944, the Allies knew the locations of all but two of Germany's fifty-eight

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responses from transponders in aircraft used to distinguish enemy craft from friendly ones.

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Specialists scan radio frequencies for character sequences (e.g., electronic mail) and fax.

979: 944: 485: 327: 281: 230: 145: 2381: 824: 6547: 6462: 6450: 5907: 5728: 4220: 3441: 3370: 3192: 3167: 3101: 3063: 3000: 2769: 2757: 2510: 2266:"Joint Publication 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" 1468: 1224: 1018: 915: 761: 742: 696:

Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals.

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National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Signals Intelligence > Overview

1097:

reports over a period of time, they might reveal a patrol pattern. Direction-finding and

974:, radio transmissions simulated the headquarters and subordinate units of the fictitious 1195:

The time and duration of transmission, and the schedule if it is a periodic transmission

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radio direction finding (RDF) systems so critically important during the World War II

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Part I of IV Articles On Evolution of Army Signal Corps COMINT and SIGINT into NSA

2148:– László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013 856: 598:, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!" Supreme Allied Commander, 3707: 2798: 2790: 2750: 2541:

Field Manual 23–33, Communications Techniques: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures

2380:. Joint Spectrum Center, (US) Defense Information Services Agency. Archived from 1569:(TELINT), tracking systems, and video data links. TELINT is an important part of 6502: 3353: 3187: 3053: 2899: 1220: 903: 663: 462: 44: 2346: 2305: 2036:

Livesey, Anthony, Historical Atlas of World War One, Holt; New York, 1994 p. 64

1905: 3426: 3182: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3042: 2721: 1858: 1695: 1649: 1252: 892: 446: 430: 394: 371: 288: 257: 222: 2640: 1866: 1475:). Good electronic intelligence can be very important to stealth operations; 1344:

Other codes as appropriate for the situation may be defined by the commander.

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Body of Secrets: How America's NSA and Britain's GCHQ Eavesdrop on the World

2046: 1616: 1566: 1544: 967: 625: 591: 414: 338:. In 1918, French intercept personnel captured a message written in the new 1589:

campaign. It may be informative to compare and contrast counter-ELINT with

465:, recommended that a peace-time codebreaking agency should be created. The 3225: 2739: 2626:"The Tallinn Cables: A Glimpse into Tallinn's Secret History of Espionage" 1968:

Winkler, Jonathan Reed (July 2009). "Information Warfare in World War I".

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Biyd, J. A.; Harris, D. B.; King, D. D. Jr.; Welch, H. W., eds. (1979) .

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Still at the research level are techniques that can only be described as

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The frequencies and other technical characteristics of their transmission

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such as jamming, or directional bearings (compass angle) to a target in

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supplements this location database with five more technical databases:

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Second, locating the transmitter's position is usually part of SIGINT.

738: 621: 398: 379: 367: 307: 261: 153: 2644: 2537:"Chapter 4: Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference Reporting" 1352:, the interception and death of the Combined Fleet commander, Admiral 5393: 5159: 4034: 1582: 1420: 1025:

maintains an EOB by location. The Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) of the

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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008

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Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology

276:

The birth of signals intelligence in a modern sense dates from the

3762: 1766: 1656: 1606: 1391: 1383: 1053: 954:, by addressee and sender identifications in the message, or even 896: 855: 823: 668: 642: 620: 495: 298: 269: 163: 140: 2477:

Combined Communications-Electronics Board (CCEB) (January 1987).

205:) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication ( 5631: 1843:"British Use of 'Dirty Tricks' in External Policy Prior to 1914" 1586: 1483:

systems are so that they can shut them down or fly around them.

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The SIGINT Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1900 to Today

252:

Electronic interceptions appeared as early as 1900, during the

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Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond

2135:

David Alvarez, GC&CS and American Diplomatic Cryptanalysis

1936:, 28 January 1904, Naval library, Ministry of Defence, London. 919: 38: 2812: 1934:

Report from HMS Diana on Russian Signals intercepted at Suez

1159:"COMINT" redirects here. For the The Americans episode, see 433:

and decrypted. However, its most astonishing success was in

2428:. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from 1626:

frequency, pulse repetition rate, and other characteristics

1278:

Retrospective analysis of telephone calls can be made from

1084:

U1 to U2, requesting permission to proceed to checkpoint X.

362:

to establish an interception and decryption service at the

725:

and other intelligence needs of a commander, or an agency.

445:

from the German Foreign Office sent via Washington to its

346:. This gave the Allies advance warning of the German 1918 2807:

Maritime SIGINT Architecture Technical Standards Handbook

2376:

743d Military Intelligence (MI) Battalion (August 1999).

1756:

Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries

1528:

systems and comparable airborne units. EA is also called

476:

was established in 1919 and achieved some success at the

1370:

by use of electronic sensors. Its primary focus lies on

1192:

If known, the organizational function of the transmitter

326:

and led to their disastrous defeat by the Germans under

3697:

Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations

508:

The use of SIGINT had even greater implications during

1101:

could help confirm that the traffic is not deception.

1251:

Morse code interception was once very important, but

1761:

Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation

655: 6397: 6364: 6296: 6160: 5968: 5853: 5567: 5087: 4437: 3746: 3670: 3612: 3572: 3517: 3474: 3339: 3301: 3272: 3263: 3072: 3041: 2951: 2928: 2850: 2562:Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) (May 1996). 2304:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from 168:A German message intercepted by the British during 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1948:"A Guide to the History of Intelligence 1800–1918" 1366:Electronic signals intelligence (ELINT) refers to 552:. In 1941, Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the 2165:, New York: Harper & Row, pp. 154, 191, 1104:The EOB buildup process is divided as following: 27:Intelligence-gathering by interception of signals 2703:"Disturbing Soviet Transmissions in August 1991" 685:has defined the term "signals intelligence" as: 594:: "It is thanks to the secret weapon of General 536:Bletchley's work was essential to defeating the 264:on board their ships in the late 1890s, and the 2113:Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I 225:, signals intelligence may necessarily involve 2191:The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War 2144:Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke and András Zboray, 2014:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918 1819:. HOME > SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE > OVERVIEW 1663:is tuned, from detecting the frequency of the 1458:Knowing where each surface-to-air missile and 3723: 3241: 2828: 1087:U2 to U1, approved. please report at arrival. 172:, signaling Germany's unconditional surrender 30:"Sigint" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 1563:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence 1557:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence 1551:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence 691:foreign instrumentation signals intelligence 544:, and to the British naval victories in the 2402:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2239:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1624:voice communication or ELINT measuring the 268:used some limited wireless signalling. The 3730: 3716: 3708: 3278: 3269: 3248: 3234: 3226: 2835: 2821: 2813: 2684:Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret 2347:"The Silent War against the Japanese Navy" 2298:"Precision SIGINT Targeting System (PSTS)" 2065:The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939 2058: 2056: 2016:. Long Acre, London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 1899:"Radio Spies – Episodes in the Ether Wars" 1731:List of intelligence gathering disciplines 1534:electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) 1071:counter-artillery radars in a given area. 576:behind Allied lines in 1942. Prior to the 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 1615:reconnaissance satellite inside a Soviet 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 2775:USAF Pamphlet on sources of intelligence 2220:Friends of the Intelligence Corps Museum 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1813:"Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Overview" 1571:national means of technical verification 1415:COMINT was not always available because 1021:. EOB covers both COMINT and ELINT. The 918:of the signal at multiple points, using 733:Need for multiple, coordinated receivers 260:had installed wireless sets produced by 3662:Scientific & Technical intelligence 2705:. Museum of Occupations. Archived from 2378:"Warfighter Guide to Intelligence 2000" 2047:"Code Breaking and Wireless Intercepts" 1804: 1777:US signals intelligence in the Cold War 1455:for use against large airborne radars. 1038:BEI: Background Environment Information 970:plan for the invasion of Europe at the 3085:Chinese espionage in the United States 2395: 2232: 2216:"German SIGINT in the Desert Campaign" 1603:Measurement and signature intelligence 1532:. ESM provides information needed for 1035:FRRS: Frequency Resource Record System 704:Disciplines shared across the branches 673:Satellite ground station of the Dutch 658:(Electronic signals intelligence) and 401:, began carrying out experiments with 248:Signals intelligence in modern history 1726:Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces) 1044:EC/S: Equipment Characteristics/Space 873:Spread-spectrum communications is an 7: 3484:By alliances, nations and industries 3080:Chinese intelligence activity abroad 2586:"Radio Regulations Board of the ITU" 1955:Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies 1471:of the enemy's defense network (see 1398:Complementary relationship to COMINT 556:against German forces under General 67:adding citations to reliable sources 6520:Surveillance issues in smart cities 3146:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence 1644:at the sides of the radio antenna. 1500:are ELINT techniques using various 683:United States Department of Defense 370:. An interception service known as 6601:Intelligence gathering disciplines 4942:South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, 2419:"SIGINT Change Detection Approach" 1286:Monitoring friendly communications 1282:(CDR) used for billing the calls. 1041:SCS: Spectrum Certification System 1027:Defense Information Systems Agency 875:electronic counter-countermeasures 480:in 1921, through cryptanalysis by 25: 2981:Computer and network surveillance 2786:Intelligence Programs and Systems 1530:electronic counter-measures (ECM) 1494:Electronic support measures (ESM) 723:essential elements of information 518:Government Code and Cypher School 467:Government Code and Cypher School 5158:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 4566:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 3893:Congo (Democratic Republic of): 3016:Short-range agent communications 2738: 2728:(William Morrow, New York, 1988) 2090:. Bantam Press. pp. 16–17. 1632:Central MASINT Office is in the 1498:electronic surveillance measures 1428:high-frequency direction finding 1419:was not always able to read the 1324:Friendly or enemy key personnel: 43: 3632:Words of estimative probability 3494:Operational platforms by nation 2792:The U.S. Intelligence Community 2345:Whitlock, Duane (Autumn 1995). 1970:The Journal of Military History 1502:electronic surveillance systems 1362:Electronic signals intelligence 869:Countermeasures to interception 737:First, atmospheric conditions, 590:was reported to have told King 54:needs additional citations for 2624:Bolton, Matt (December 2011). 1763:for current collection systems 1716:Human intelligence (espionage) 1262:Signaling channel interception 1239:speakers for the same reason. 976:First United States Army Group 693:(FISINT), however transmitted. 630:the Israeli Intelligence Corps 1: 6411:List of intelligence agencies 5350:Republic of North Macedonia: 4824:Republic of North Macedonia: 4183:Republic of North Macedonia: 2302:Intelligence Research Program 1439:identification, friend or foe 1223:, who used languages such as 1132:time-division multiple access 554:North African desert campaign 342:, which was cryptanalyzed by 2667:. Los Altos, CA: Peninsula. 2484:. ACP 224(D). Archived from 1746:Radio Reconnaissance Platoon 1126:transmission methods (e.g., 925:A more accurate approach is 675:Nationale SIGINT Organisatie 524:. Properly used, the German 324:advance early in World War I 229:(to decipher the messages). 6264:Crime Intelligence Division 5154:CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau 3680:Intelligence cycle security 1634:Defense Intelligence Agency 1585:, which would be part of a 1155:Communications intelligence 1023:Defense Intelligence Agency 910:A more advance approach is 478:Washington Naval Conference 199:communications intelligence 6622: 6508:Turbulence (NSA programme) 6444:Mass surveillance in China 2686:. London: Atlantic Books. 2665:Electronic Countermeasures 1600: 1554: 1372:non-communications signals 1158: 1015:electronic order of battle 1009:Electronic order of battle 942: 884: 295:Development in World War I 256:of 1899–1902. The British 245: 183:) is the act and field of 29: 6528: 3281: 2780:German WWII SIGINT/COMINT 1859:10.1191/0968344502wh244oa 1665:beat frequency oscillator 1113:Measurements optimization 1058:EOB and related data flow 4506:Bosnia and Herzegovina: 3833:Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2763:NSA's overview of SIGINT 2613:(Century, London, 2001) 2351:Naval War College Review 2262:US Department of Defense 2115:. Ian Allan Publishing. 2012:Beesly, Patrick (1982). 1841:Chapman, J.W.M. (2002). 1741:Open-source intelligence 1669:superheterodyne receiver 1318:Electronic warfare (EW): 6439:Great Firewall of China 3647:Intelligence assessment 3637:All-source intelligence 3257:Intelligence management 2966:Covert listening device 2936:Intelligence assessment 2794:by Jeffrey T. Richelson 2756:3 February 2014 at the 1711:Geospatial intelligence 1460:anti-aircraft artillery 1331:Communications security 1292:communications security 933:anti-radiation missiles 756:and more sophisticated 715:collection requirements 611:Western Desert Campaign 314:Over the course of the 207:electronic intelligence 32:Sigint (disambiguation) 6548:Law enforcement agency 6422:Diplomatic cable leaks 5890:Air Intelligence Group 4399:United Arab Emirates: 3331:Operational techniques 3286:Special reconnaissance 2682:Gannon, Paul (2007) . 2633:Lonely Planet Magazine 2214:P9-J (8 August 2015). 2063:Johnson, John (1997). 1620: 1518:Battle of the Atlantic 1506:electronic attack (EA) 1405:Battle of the Atlantic 1388:surface-to-air missile 1368:intelligence-gathering 1161:COMINT (The Americans) 1099:radio frequency MASINT 1059: 984:Battle of Pearl Harbor 978:(FUSAG), commanded by 861: 841: 809:electronic engineering 678: 666: 640: 546:Battle of Cape Matapan 542:Battle of the Atlantic 505: 311: 185:intelligence-gathering 173: 161: 148:, a large site in the 78:"Signals intelligence" 6606:Military intelligence 3740:intelligence agencies 3215:Targeted surveillance 2802:by Matthew Aid et al. 2768:1 August 2016 at the 2111:Gannon, Paul (2011). 1610: 1177:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1057: 964:Operation Quicksilver 859: 827: 672: 646: 624: 617:Technical definitions 499: 456:Postwar consolidation 419:battle of Dogger Bank 302: 219:sensitive information 167: 144: 6581:Signals intelligence 3652:Medical intelligence 3622:Competing hypotheses 3432:Industrial espionage 3417:Denial and deception 3141:Industrial espionage 2941:competing hypotheses 2747:at Wikimedia Commons 2435:on 27 February 2008. 2067:. HMSO. p. 44. 1946:Douglas L. Wheeler. 1721:Imagery intelligence 1611:A model of a German 1597:SIGINT versus MASINT 912:Amplitude comparison 849:frequencies using a 769:Intercept management 760:techniques, such as 628:(the SIGINT unit of 600:Dwight D. Eisenhower 550:Battle of North Cape 450:Heinrich von Eckardt 405:radio equipment for 374:, together with the 336:Battle of Tannenberg 177:Signals intelligence 63:improve this article 18:Signals-intelligence 6586:Command and control 6560:Intelligence agency 3685:Counterintelligence 3600:Technical (TECHINT) 3595:Open-source (OSINT) 3585:Geospatial (GEOINT) 3559:Casualty estimation 2709:on 14 November 2011 2650:on 13 November 2013 2491:on 1 September 2007 2458:on 26 November 2007 2159:Winterbotham, F. W. 1911:on 27 February 2008 1540:ELINT for meaconing 1445:Role in air warfare 1350:Operation Vengeance 1186:Who is transmitting 992:counterbattery fire 838:amplitude modulated 484:. Secretary of War 439:Zimmermann Telegram 304:Zimmermann Telegram 187:by interception of 6478:Call detail record 5024:Security Service ( 4207:Papua New Guinea: 3657:Military geography 3642:Basic intelligence 3580:Financial (FININT) 3521:signature (MASINT) 3447:One-way voice link 3383:Concealment device 3092:Cold War espionage 3059:Front organization 3033:Surveillance tools 3011:Phone surveillance 3006:One-way voice link 2961:Concealment device 2446:Terry, I. (2003). 2278:on 8 November 2009 2186:Hinsley, Sir Harry 1982:10.1353/jmh.0.0324 1897:Lee, Bartholomew. 1621: 1573:for arms control. 1473:electronic warfare 1452:electronic warfare 1280:Call detail record 1273:Signaling System 7 1211:Voice interception 1060: 972:Battle of Normandy 862: 842: 679: 667: 641: 572:'s mission across 506: 407:the army in France 312: 278:Russo-Japanese War 174: 162: 6568: 6567: 6515:National security 5833:Derzhspetszviazok 3705: 3704: 3608: 3607: 3499:Direction finding 3489:In modern history 3470: 3469: 3223: 3222: 2877:Agent provocateur 2743:Media related to 2693:978-1-84354-331-2 2619:978-0-7126-7598-7 2384:on 14 August 2007 2122:978-0-7110-3408-2 2097:978-0-593-04910-5 1792:Vulkan files leak 1736:Listening station 1510:signals intercept 1269:signaling channel 1247:Text interception 1139:direction finding 1119:Networks build-up 1110:Signal separation 952:direction finding 887:Direction finding 881:Direction-finding 851:spectrum analyzer 830:spectrum analyzer 604:Sir Harry Hinsley 588:Winston Churchill 578:Normandy landings 562:Claude Auchinleck 502:Colossus computer 423:Battle of Jutland 403:direction-finding 287:stationed in the 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 6613: 6286:United Kingdom: 6209:Baintelkam Polri 6134:United Kingdom: 6108:Rosfinmonitoring 5952:United Kingdom: 5930:Air Intelligence 5837:United Kingdom: 5522:United Kingdom: 5176:Czech Republic: 5022:United Kingdom: 4670:Baintelkam Polri 4578:Czech Republic: 4405:United Kingdom: 3911:Czech Republic: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3504:Traffic analysis 3476:Signals (SIGINT) 3311:Asset recruiting 3279: 3270: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3227: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2814: 2742: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2697: 2678: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2643:. Archived from 2630: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2566:. IOSS Section 2 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2535:(17 July 1990). 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2513:. 1 January 1999 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2454:. Archived from 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2308:on 14 March 2016 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2271:. Archived from 2270: 2264:(12 July 2007). 2258: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2163:The Ultra Secret 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2009: 1994: 1993: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1904:. Archived from 1903: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1809: 1787:Zircon satellite 1751:RAF Intelligence 1477:stealth aircraft 1354:Isoroku Yamamoto 1149:Network build-up 980:George S. Patton 945:Traffic analysis 939:Traffic analysis 834:superheterodyned 816:Signal detection 516:", managed from 486:Henry L. Stimson 474:US Cipher Bureau 360:Sir Alfred Ewing 348:Spring Offensive 306:, as decoded by 231:Traffic analysis 209:—abbreviated to 201:—abbreviated to 197:between people ( 146:RAF Menwith Hill 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6524: 6463:Security agency 6451:Law enforcement 6399: 6393: 6366: 6360: 6298: 6292: 6163: 6156: 6140:United States: 5971: 5964: 5958:United States: 5856: 5849: 5843:United States: 5570: 5563: 5528:United States: 5090: 5083: 5044:United States: 4439: 4433: 4415:United States: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3706: 3701: 3666: 3604: 3590:Imagery (IMINT) 3568: 3529:Electro-optical 3520: 3519:Measurement and 3513: 3466: 3442:Numbers station 3371:Black operation 3335: 3297: 3259: 3254: 3224: 3219: 3193:Sting operation 3102:Black operation 3068: 3064:Limited hangout 3046: 3037: 3001:Numbers station 2953: 2947: 2924: 2864: 2846: 2841: 2770:Wayback Machine 2758:Wayback Machine 2735: 2712: 2710: 2701:Jõgiaas, Aadu. 2700: 2694: 2681: 2675: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2628: 2623: 2603: 2601:Further reading 2598: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2421: 2417:Kessler, Otto. 2416: 2415: 2411: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2146:Operation SALAM 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2011: 2010: 1997: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1686: 1677: 1605: 1599: 1579: 1559: 1553: 1542: 1512:such as in the 1491: 1447: 1400: 1364: 1290:More a part of 1288: 1264: 1249: 1213: 1164: 1157: 1019:order of battle 1011: 947: 941: 927:Interferometer. 916:time of arrival 889: 883: 871: 818: 784:RC-12 GUARDRAIL 771: 762:time of arrival 743:radio frequency 735: 711: 706: 619: 566:Operation SALAM 494: 482:Herbert Yardley 458: 388:High Seas Fleet 344:Georges Painvin 316:First World War 297: 250: 244: 239: 158:UKUSA Agreement 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6414: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6351:United Kingdom 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6266: 6262:South Africa: 6260: 6254: 6236: 6226: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6148: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6116: 6112:Saudi Arabia: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5789:South Africa: 5787: 5783:Saudi Arabia: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5656: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5486: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5448: 5444:South Africa: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5414: 5410:Saudi Arabia: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5380: 5374: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5254: 5244: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5042: 5020: 5014: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4936:South Africa: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4912:Saudi Arabia: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4878: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4694: 4680: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4644: 4638: 4628: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4381:Turkmenistan: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4291:South Africa: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4261:Sierra Leone: 4259: 4253: 4249:Saudi Arabia: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3627:Target-centric 3624: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3551: 3549:Radiofrequency 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3345: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3274:Human (HUMINT) 3267: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2954:communications 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2880: 2873: 2871:Agent handling 2867: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2734: 2733:External links 2731: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2698: 2692: 2679: 2673: 2660: 2621: 2607:Bamford, James 2602: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2577: 2554: 2524: 2502: 2469: 2438: 2409: 2368: 2337: 2319: 2289: 2246: 2206: 2177: 2171: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2103: 2096: 2078: 2052: 2038: 2029: 2022: 1995: 1976:(3): 845–867. 1960: 1938: 1926: 1888: 1847:War in History 1833: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1601:Main article: 1598: 1595: 1578: 1575: 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1541: 1538: 1490: 1487: 1446: 1443: 1417:Bletchley Park 1399: 1396: 1363: 1360: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339:Wrong circuit: 1336: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1287: 1284: 1263: 1260: 1248: 1245: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1156: 1153: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1013:Generating an 1010: 1007: 966:, part of the 943:Main article: 940: 937: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 870: 867: 817: 814: 770: 767: 758:radio location 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 710: 707: 705: 702: 698: 697: 694: 660:reconnaissance 618: 615: 560:. General Sir 530:Lorenz ciphers 522:Bletchley Park 493: 490: 457: 454: 397:, working for 296: 293: 246:Main article: 243: 240: 238: 235: 195:communications 150:United Kingdom 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6618: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Club de Berne 6372: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6356:United States 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228:Philippines: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6080:Netherlands: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5934:Philippines: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5900:New Zealand: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5807:Switzerland: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5709:North Korea: 5708: 5706: 5703:New Zealand: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5693:Netherlands: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5512:GENKUR İ.D.B. 5509: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5478:Switzerland: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5450:South Korea: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5376:Philippines: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344:North Korea: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5332:New Zealand: 5331: 5329: 5326:Netherlands: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5230:General Staff 5227: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4966:Switzerland: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870:Philippines: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4818:North Korea: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806:New Zealand: 4805: 4803: 4800:Netherlands: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4482:Azerbaijan: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4327:Switzerland: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4297:South Korea: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4213:Philippines: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4197:Palace Office 4194: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4177:North Korea: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4165:New Zealand: 4164: 4162: 4159:Netherlands: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4045:Ivory Coast: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3755:Afghanistan: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3690:organizations 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3672:Dissemination 3669: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457:Steganography 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Interrogation 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422:Eavesdropping 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3326:Direct action 3324: 3322: 3321:Covert action 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3291:organizations 3289: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151:interrogation 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119:Eavesdropping 3117: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021:Steganography 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2996:Invisible ink 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915:Sleeper agent 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2674:0-932146-00-7 2670: 2666: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2172:0-06-014678-8 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2023:0-241-10864-0 2019: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:counter-ELINT 1577:Counter-ELINT 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489:ELINT and ESM 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426:traffic. But 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1306:Capabilities: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1004: 999: 995: 993: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 953: 946: 938: 936: 934: 929: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 908: 905: 900: 898: 894: 888: 880: 878: 876: 868: 866: 858: 854: 852: 848: 839: 835: 831: 826: 822: 815: 813: 810: 806: 803:Knowledge of 801: 799: 794: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 768: 766: 763: 759: 755: 754:Triangulation 750: 748: 744: 740: 732: 727: 724: 720: 719: 718: 716: 708: 703: 701: 695: 692: 688: 687: 686: 684: 676: 671: 665: 662:ship, of the 661: 657: 654: 650: 645: 639: 638:Golan Heights 635: 631: 627: 623: 616: 614: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 583: 582:Western Front 579: 575: 571: 570:László Almásy 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 503: 498: 491: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 455: 453: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340:ADFGVX cipher 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 309: 305: 301: 294: 292: 290: 286: 285: 279: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 249: 241: 236: 234: 232: 228: 227:cryptanalysis 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 178: 171: 166: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6596:Cyberwarfare 6591:Cryptography 6533:Border guard 6468:Surveillance 6389:Egmont Group 6365:Intelligence 6297:Intelligence 6183:Bangladesh: 6164:intelligence 5997:Bangladesh: 5991:Azerbaijan: 5972:intelligence 5857:intelligence 5777: 5687:Kazakhstan: 5584:Bangladesh: 5571:intelligence 5568: 5290:Kazakhstan: 5122:Bangladesh: 5091:intelligence 5054:Uzbekistan: 5025: 4776:Luxembourg: 4736:Kazakhstan: 4488:Bangladesh: 4440:intelligence 4421:Uzbekistan: 4408: 4345:Tajikistan: 4153:Mozambique: 4141:Montenegro: 4075:Kyrgyzstan: 4063:Kazakhstan: 3815:Bangladesh: 3803:Azerbaijan: 3749:intelligence 3475: 3462:Surveillance 3452:Resident spy 3393:Cryptography 3198:Surveillance 3123: 2986:Cyber spying 2971:Cryptography 2910:Resident spy 2895:Double agent 2875: 2799: 2791: 2725: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2683: 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2645:the original 2632: 2610: 2589: 2580: 2568:. Retrieved 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2540: 2527: 2517:27 September 2515:. Retrieved 2505: 2493:. Retrieved 2486:the original 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2456:the original 2451: 2441: 2430:the original 2425: 2412: 2386:. Retrieved 2382:the original 2371: 2361:30 September 2359:. Retrieved 2354: 2350: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2310:. Retrieved 2306:the original 2301: 2292: 2280:. Retrieved 2273:the original 2223:. Retrieved 2219: 2209: 2198:, retrieved 2190: 2180: 2162: 2153: 2140: 2131: 2112: 2106: 2087: 2081: 2064: 2041: 2032: 2013: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1954: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1913:. Retrieved 1906:the original 1891: 1853:(1): 60–81. 1850: 1846: 1836: 1828: 1821:. Retrieved 1816: 1807: 1678: 1660: 1654: 1646: 1638: 1630: 1628:of a radar. 1622: 1580: 1560: 1543: 1533: 1529: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1457: 1448: 1436: 1409:World War II 1401: 1381: 1377: 1365: 1358: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1289: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1257: 1250: 1241: 1221:code talkers 1218: 1214: 1181: 1171: 1170:munications 1167: 1165: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1124: 1103: 1095: 1076: 1073: 1061: 1014: 1012: 1003:Harry Kidder 1000: 996: 988: 960: 948: 930: 924: 909: 901: 890: 872: 863: 843: 819: 802: 798:military aid 795: 792: 788: 772: 751: 747:polarization 736: 714: 712: 699: 680: 677:(NSO) (2012) 648: 634:Mount Avital 608: 586: 558:Erwin Rommel 535: 510:World War II 507: 492:World War II 471: 459: 412: 392: 384: 356:Henry Oliver 352: 320:Russian Army 313: 283: 275: 266:British Army 251: 210: 206: 202: 198: 188: 180: 176: 175: 170:World War II 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 6538:Coast guard 6503:Stone Ghost 6473:Big Brother 6336:New Zealand 6207:Indonesia: 6177:Australia: 6171:Argentina: 6061:Lithuania ( 6043:Indonesia: 5985:Australia: 5979:Argentina: 5882:Indonesia: 5864:Australia: 5658:Indonesia: 5578:Australia: 5551:Venezuela: 5466:Sri Lanka: 5426:Singapore: 5358:E-tjenesten 5296:Lithuania: 5256:Indonesia: 5242:SAHEFAVEDJA 5110:Australia: 5060:Venezuela: 4954:Sri Lanka: 4924:Singapore: 4852:Palestine: 4760:Lithuania: 4668:Indonesia: 4646:Hong Kong: 4470:Australia: 4458:Argentina: 4309:Sri Lanka: 4267:Singapore: 4191:E-tjenesten 4099:Lithuania: 4009:Indonesia: 3797:Australia: 3779:Argentina: 3534:Geophysical 3316:Cell system 3303:Clandestine 3188:Stay-behind 3097:Recruitment 3054:Canary trap 2952:Devices and 2900:Field agent 2722:West, Nigel 2590:www.itu.int 1481:air defense 1312:Operations: 1275:protocols. 1116:Data fusion 904:Wullenweber 893:goniometers 832:display of 828:Simplified 664:German Navy 584:divisions. 463:Lord Curzon 452:in Mexico. 376:post office 372:'Y' service 221:is usually 6575:Categories 6311:Bangladesh 6195:Finland: 5940:Portugal: 5928:Pakistan: 5894:Malaysia: 5778:Spetssvyaz 5721:Pakistan: 5614:Ethiopia: 5592:2ª Sch/EMD 5504:Thailand: 5438:Slovenia: 5432:Slovakia: 5392:Portugal: 5362:Pakistan: 5308:Maldives: 5302:Malaysia: 5262:Pusintelad 5077:Zimbabwe: 4984:Thailand: 4894:Portugal: 4858:Paraguay: 4842:Pakistan: 4788:Malaysia: 4560:Colombia: 4530:Bulgaria: 4512:Botswana: 4357:Thailand: 4351:Tanzania: 4279:Slovenia: 4273:Slovakia: 4225:Portugal: 4201:Pakistan: 4135:Mongolia: 4117:Malaysia: 3947:Ethiopia: 3937:Mukhabarat 3923:Djibouti: 3863:Cameroon: 3857:Bulgaria: 3839:Botswana: 3563:earthquake 3427:False flag 3265:Collection 3183:Sexpionage 3163:COINTELPRO 3156:safe house 3136:False flag 3073:Operations 3047:techniques 3043:Tradecraft 2543:. FM 23–33 2511:"AN/WLR-1" 2462:26 October 2452:NRL Review 2388:26 October 2357:(4): 43–52 2312:29 October 2225:5 December 2073:B002ALSXTC 1823:3 December 1799:References 1696:COINTELPRO 1650:modulation 1253:Morse code 1069:long-range 653:Oste class 632:) base on 574:the desert 447:ambassador 435:decrypting 431:Y-stations 395:H.J. Round 358:appointed 332:Hindenburg 328:Ludendorff 289:Suez Canal 258:Royal Navy 215:classified 193:, whether 152:, part of 89:newspapers 6483:Carnivore 6432:CIA leaks 6427:NSA leaks 6407:Espionage 6384:Maximator 6379:Five Eyes 6367:alliances 6306:Australia 6299:community 6256:Romania: 6240:BWiIK KGP 6150:Vatican: 6049:Ireland: 6031:Iceland: 5970:Financial 5948:TsVTI GRU 5902:GEOINT NZ 5870:Finland: 5831:Ukraine: 5769:Romania: 5669:Ireland: 5636:Germany: 5620:Finland: 5608:Croatia: 5557:Vietnam: 5516:Ukraine: 5398:Romania: 5338:Nigeria: 5320:Myanmar: 5314:Morocco: 5266:Ireland: 5222:Hungary: 5210:Germany: 5196:PE TIEDOS 5194:Finland: 5182:Denmark: 5164:Croatia: 5136:ADIV/SGRS 5134:Belgium: 5130:GRU MO RB 5128:Belarus: 5116:Austria: 5098:Algeria: 5066:Vietnam: 5016:Ukraine: 4930:Somalia: 4900:Romania: 4812:Nigeria: 4794:Moldova: 4766:Lebanon: 4696:Ireland: 4656:Hungary: 4620:Germany: 4614:Georgia: 4602:Finland: 4596:Estonia: 4584:Denmark: 4572:Croatia: 4536:Burundi: 4500:Belgium: 4494:Belarus: 4476:Austria: 4464:Armenia: 4446:Algeria: 4427:Vietnam: 4393:Ukraine: 4369:Tunisia: 4285:Somalia: 4237:Romania: 4171:Nigeria: 4147:Morocco: 4129:Moldova: 4105:Lebanon: 4093:Liberia: 4027:Ireland: 3997:Hungary: 3971:Germany: 3965:Georgia: 3941:Estonia: 3929:Ecuador: 3917:Denmark: 3899:Croatia: 3829:ADIV/SGRS 3827:Belgium: 3821:Belarus: 3809:Bahrain: 3791:Austria: 3785:Armenia: 3767:Algeria: 3761:Albania: 3738:National 3554:Materials 3408:Defection 3403:Dead drop 3376:black bag 3341:Espionage 3107:black bag 2991:Dead drop 2920:Spymaster 2844:Espionage 2641:1758-6526 2570:3 October 2547:1 October 2495:2 October 2282:1 October 2188:(1996) , 1990:201749182 1915:8 October 1895:Compare: 1883:159777408 1867:0968-3445 1641:sidelobes 1617:Cosmos-3M 1567:telemetry 1545:Meaconing 1514:huff-duff 1432:Admiralty 1333:(COMSEC): 1300:Position: 1134:(TDMA)). 968:deception 709:Targeting 626:Unit 8200 592:George VI 500:A Mark 2 427:Zeppelins 415:North Sea 364:Admiralty 223:encrypted 119:June 2024 6488:Dishfire 6456:Interpol 6341:Pakistan 6248:ZOŚ KGSG 6238:Poland: 6189:Canada: 6162:Criminal 6128:Turkey: 6106:Russia: 6086:Poland: 6074:Mexico: 6021:France: 6009:Canada: 6003:Brazil: 5946:Russia: 5906:Poland: 5888:Israel: 5819:Turkey: 5801:Sweden: 5775:Russia: 5749:gOR 3.FO 5727:Poland: 5715:Norway: 5675:Israel: 5626:France: 5596:Canada: 5590:Brazil: 5510:Turkey: 5498:Taiwan: 5472:Sweden: 5446:SANDF-ID 5416:Serbia: 5404:Russia: 5382:Poland: 5356:Norway: 5322:Sa Ya Pa 5272:Israel: 5258:BAIS TNI 5238:SAHEFASA 5234:SAHEFAJA 5200:France: 5148:CFINTCOM 5146:Canada: 5140:Brazil: 5104:Angola: 5089:Military 5010:Uganda: 5000:Turkey: 4978:Taiwan: 4960:Sweden: 4918:Serbia: 4914:Mabahith 4906:Russia: 4880:Poland: 4830:Norway: 4754:Latvia: 4748:Kosovo: 4728:TMPD PSB 4712:Shin Bet 4710:Israel: 4640:Greece: 4608:France: 4542:Canada: 4524:Brunei: 4518:Brazil: 4452:Angola: 4438:Domestic 4387:Uganda: 4375:Turkey: 4339:Taiwan: 4321:Sweden: 4255:Serbia: 4243:Russia: 4219:Poland: 4189:Norway: 4123:Mexico: 4087:Latvia: 4081:Kuwait: 4057:Jordan: 4033:Israel: 3991:Greece: 3959:Gambia: 3953:France: 3869:Canada: 3851:Brunei: 3845:Brazil: 3773:Angola: 3614:Analysis 3412:Turncoat 3359:handling 3173:SHAMROCK 3026:microdot 2929:Analysis 2766:Archived 2754:Archived 2398:cite web 2235:cite web 2161:(1974), 1875:26014122 1684:See also 1675:Legality 1661:receiver 1613:SAR-Lupe 1561:FISINT ( 1526:AN/WLR-6 1522:AN/WLR-1 1469:spoofing 1229:Comanche 1202:needed). 1166:COMINT ( 847:sideband 840:signals. 739:sunspots 548:and the 443:telegram 254:Boer War 156:and the 6543:Customs 6493:ECHELON 6398:Related 6316:Croatia 6268:Spain: 6252:ZK KGŻW 6218:Italy: 6201:India: 6124:SEPBLAC 6118:Spain: 6100:Qatar: 6068:Malta: 6055:Italy: 6037:India: 6023:Tracfin 6011:FINTRAC 5987:AUSTRAC 5920:12.BBSP 5876:India: 5872:PVTIEDL 5855:Imagery 5821:MİT-SİB 5813:Syria: 5795:Spain: 5753:CRiWWRE 5681:Japan: 5648:India: 5642:Ghana: 5622:PVTIEDL 5602:China: 5569:Signals 5488:Syria: 5460:Spain: 5284:Japan: 5278:Italy: 5246:India: 5216:Ghana: 5188:Egypt: 5152:China: 5046:I&A 4972:Syria: 4948:Spain: 4782:Macau: 4742:Kenya: 4722:Japan: 4716:Italy: 4662:India: 4630:Ghana: 4590:Egypt: 4554:China: 4548:Chile: 4333:Syria: 4315:Sudan: 4303:Spain: 4231:Qatar: 4111:Libya: 4069:Kenya: 4051:Japan: 4039:Italy: 4003:India: 3977:Ghana: 3935:Egypt: 3887:China: 3881:Chile: 3835:OSA-OBA 3747:Foreign 3561: ( 3539:Nuclear 3509:TEMPEST 3168:MINARET 3112:wetwork 2713:25 June 2654:25 June 2533:US Army 2332:nsa.gov 2328:"About" 2200:23 July 1817:nsa.gov 1772:TEMPEST 1701:ECHELON 1667:of the 1636:(DIA). 1619:rocket. 1465:jamming 1267:is the 1233:Choctaw 1128:hopping 931:Modern 907:users. 805:physics 596:Menzies 540:in the 538:U-boats 399:Marconi 380:Marconi 368:Room 40 334:at the 310:in 1917 308:Room 40 262:Marconi 242:Origins 237:History 190:signals 160:in 2005 154:ECHELON 103:scholar 6400:topics 6346:Russia 6326:Israel 6321:France 6234:PNP-IG 6146:FinCEN 6015:Fiji: 5942:CIGeoE 5936:NMARSC 5924:JW NIL 5896:MaCGDI 5765:JW NIL 5761:6.ORel 5757:2.ORel 5604:SIGINT 5518:HUR MO 5394:CISMIL 5228:Iran: 5170:Cuba: 5160:DEMIAP 5032:NDEDIU 4994:Togo: 4864:Peru: 4836:Oman: 4682:Iran: 4652:CPGNSO 4496:KGB RB 4363:Togo: 4195:Oman: 4065:Syrbar 4035:Mossad 4021:Iraq: 4015:Iran: 3931:SENAIN 3905:Cuba: 3875:Chad: 3823:KGB RB 3398:Cutout 3349:Agents 3203:Global 3129:MASINT 3124:SIGINT 2976:Cutout 2860:Assets 2855:Agents 2745:SIGINT 2690: 2671: 2639: 2617: 2169: 2119: 2094: 2071: 2020: 1988: 1881: 1873: 1865: 1782:Venona 1424:Enigma 1421:U-boat 1384:radars 1225:Navajo 1067:- and 1065:medium 956:MASINT 780:RC-135 526:Enigma 417:. The 213:). As 203:COMINT 181:SIGINT 105: 98: 91: 84: 76: 6553:Types 6498:PRISM 6417:Leaks 6331:Italy 6224:DIGOS 6130:MASAK 6114:GDOFI 6051:GNECB 6045:PPATK 6027:DNRED 5954:DGIFC 5825:UAE: 5553:DGCIM 5545:USAFI 5462:CIFAS 5412:AFISC 5378:ISAFP 5224:KNBSZ 5190:DMISR 5062:SEBIN 4950:CITCO 4808:NZSIS 4502:VS/SE 4454:SINSE 4407:SIS ( 4167:NZSIS 4125:CISEN 3763:SHISH 3573:Other 3544:Radar 3388:Cover 3366:Asset 3354:field 2888:Agent 2883:Cover 2809:(PDF) 2782:(PDF) 2648:(PDF) 2629:(PDF) 2489:(PDF) 2482:(PDF) 2433:(PDF) 2422:(PDF) 2276:(PDF) 2269:(PDF) 2195:(PDF) 1986:S2CID 1951:(PDF) 1909:(PDF) 1902:(PDF) 1879:S2CID 1871:JSTOR 1767:SOT-A 1657:HF/DF 1413:Ultra 1392:EMCON 1237:Welsh 1048:unit. 897:HF/DF 656:ELINT 651:, an 514:Ultra 284:Diana 270:Boers 211:ELINT 110:JSTOR 96:books 6278:CGPJ 6274:SIGC 6258:DGPI 6244:CBŚP 6191:CISC 6179:ACIC 6173:DNIC 6152:ASIF 6088:GIIF 6082:FIOD 6070:FIAU 6063:FNTT 6039:CEIB 6005:COAF 5839:GCHQ 5745:NCBC 5723:JSIB 5705:GCSB 5699:JSCU 5677:8200 5660:BSSN 5654:NTRO 5632:DRSD 5628:DGSE 5616:INSA 5586:NTMC 5506:AFSC 5494:AFID 5484:LWND 5474:MUST 5400:DGIA 5352:MSSI 5334:DDIS 5328:MIVD 5316:DGED 5310:MNDF 5298:AOTD 5274:Aman 5206:DGSE 5172:DCIM 5166:VSOA 5124:DGFI 5118:HNaA 5100:DCSA 5040:NBIS 4986:ISOC 4980:MJIB 4962:SÄPO 4944:KNPA 4932:NISA 4876:NICA 4866:DINI 4802:NCTV 4778:SREL 4732:PSIA 4718:AISI 4692:PAVA 4688:IRGC 4684:VAJA 4616:SSSG 4610:DGSI 4604:SUPO 4598:KAPO 4544:CSIS 4532:DANS 4508:SIPA 4472:ASIO 4460:SIDE 4395:SZRU 4353:TISS 4347:GKNB 4287:NISA 4281:SOVA 4263:CISU 4227:SIED 4215:NICA 4161:AIVD 4155:SISE 4149:DGST 4119:MEIO 4107:GDGS 4077:UKMK 4053:CIRO 4041:AISE 4023:INIS 4017:VAJA 3955:DGSE 3949:NISS 3943:EFIS 3925:BSRG 3913:ÚZSI 3871:CSIS 3847:ABIN 3799:ASIS 3781:SIDE 3208:Mass 3178:FVEY 2905:Mole 2715:2013 2688:ISBN 2669:ISBN 2656:2013 2637:ISSN 2615:ISBN 2572:2007 2549:2007 2519:2015 2497:2007 2464:2007 2404:link 2390:2007 2363:2007 2314:2015 2284:2007 2241:link 2227:2023 2202:2012 2167:ISBN 2117:ISBN 2092:ISBN 2069:ASIN 2018:ISBN 1917:2007 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