1935:
feast of all the provinces of Sweden. From attendance at this festival no one is exempted. Kings and people all and singly send their gifts to
Uppsala and, what is more distressing than any kind of punishment, those who have already adopted Christianity redeem themselves through these ceremonies. The sacrifice is of this nature: of every living thing that is male, they offer nine heads, with the blood of which it is customary to placate gods of this sort. The bodies they hang in the sacred grove that adjoins the temple. Now this grove is so sacred in the eyes of the heathen that each and every tree in it is believed divine because of the death or putrefaction of the victims. Even dogs and horses hang there with men... Furthermore, the incantations customarily chanted in the ritual of a sacrifice of this kind are manifold and unseemly; therefore, it is better to keep silence about them.
1929:
quam videlicet sollempnitatem nulli praestatur immunitas. Reges et populi, omnes et singuli sua dona tramsmittunt ad
Ubsolam, et quod omni poena crudelius est, illi qui iam induerunt christianitatem, ab illis se redimunt cerimoniis. Sacriticium itaque tale est. Ex omni animante, quod masculinum est, novem capita offeruntur, quorum sanguine deos placari mos est. Corpora autem suspenduntur in lucum, oui proximus est templo. Is enim lucus tam sacer est gentilibus, ut singulae arbores eius ex morte vel tabo immolatorum divinae credantur. Ibi etiam canes et equi pendent cum hominibus... Ceterum neniae, quae in eiusmodi ritu libationis fieri solent, multiplices et inhonestae ideoque melius reticendae.
2283:
687:
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1856:
appearance of the Lord , they all convene here and offer their gods a burnt offering of ninety-nine human beings and as many horses, along with dogs and cocks – the latter being used in place of hawks. As I have said, they were convinced that these would do service for them with those who dwell beneath the earth and ensure their forgiveness for any misdeeds. Our king did well when he forbade them to practise such an execrable rite.
5003:
2070:("who sacrifice to demons"). In this context, "demons" would likely have been used to refer to heathen gods and other beings connected to the cult, given that these were commonly equated in Christian thought. The penitential further prohibits the eating of food offered in sacrifices to the recipient being. Similar prohibitions are seen throughout later law codes in England such as the laws of
644:. Both of these sites had a significant enrichment of skulls relative to other bones. It has been proposed that there was a widespread practice to offer the heads to the gods, whilst cooking the meat for the feast that followed. It has also been suggested that the number of skulls that a hall displayed would act as a status signal, indicating the size of the feast that could be hosted within.
1949:
could have been the source of certain details such as it recurring every nine years, although the possibility does remain that similar sacrifices were held at both religious sites. Despite this, he argues there that the account is still informed by reliable sources and notable details are not found in sources that he would have had access to, such as the hanging of the sacrificed in trees.
1358:
40:
1968:
1849:
Sed quia ego de hostiis eorundem antiquis mira audivi , haec indiscussa praeterire nolo. Eit unus in his partibus locus, caput istius regni, Lederun nomine, in pago qui Selon dicitur, ubi post VIIII, annos mense
Ianuario post hoc tempus, quo nos theophaniam domini celebramus, omnes convenerunt et ibi
660:
describe the sacrificing of captive enemies to Óðinn. In depositions of remains found near
Uppland, most of the human bodies are of young males with healed bone trauma, a possible congruence with the sacrificed captives of war mentioned in the written corpus. In almost all instances, human sacrifices
931:
have been put forward by scholars. It has been put forward that the violence used to kill the animals found at Hofstaðir may have acted as a way to remove tensions in the community. Olof
Sundqvist instead proposes that the blood was used in a performative setting, creating a feeling of spectacle and
125:
were routinely made punishable offences, as seen in early
Germanic legal codes, with the recipients of the worship and sacrifice often equated with demons. Despite this, some aspects of the practice were likely incorporated into local Christian culture and continued into the modern period. Conscious
1868:
were still being performed at the end of the 10th century in Lejre. It has been further noted that
Thietmar was determined to show the heathen Danes as being as ferocious and backwards as possible, using large numbers to show their barbarity. He further potentially based his description on existing
720:("altars" or "platforms"), the walls of the hof (both inside and outside) and the people who were present there. It is possible that this description was influenced by the ecclesiastical ceremonies of the medieval church in which holy water was sprinkled over the congregation, or the account in the
647:
The written sources speak of sacrifices made of prisoners of war; Roman descriptions of
Germanic tribes sacrificing their defeated enemies to Mars or Mercury have a similarity with customs related to the cult of Óðinn in Old Norse religion. The Icelandic skáld Helgi Trausti mentions his killing an
1948:
to
Scandinavia would be successful, while also emphasising the urgency as the heathens were still supposedly performing what he perceived as evil practices, such as performing blood sacrifices to idols. He proposes that he likely drew on accounts such as Thietmar of Merseburg's chronicle and this
1928:
Omnibus itaque diis suis attributos habent sacerdotes, qui sacrificia populi offerant. Si pestis et famis imminet, Tbor ydolo lybatur, si bellum, Wodani, si nuptiae celebrandae sunt, Fricconi. Solet quoque post novem annos communis omnium
Sueoniae provintiarum sollempnitas in Ubsola celebrari. Ad
1934:
For all their gods there are appointed priests to offer sacrifices for the people. If plague and famine threaten, a libation is poured to the idol Thor; if war, to Wotan; if marriages are to be celebrated, to Frikko. It is customary also to solemnize in Uppsala, at nine-year intervals, a general
467:, religious organisation drastically changed, with rulers gaining enough power to centralise sacrifices and ceremonies to their own homes rather than in outdoor spaces such as bogs and lakes, as had been done before. These indoor cultic buildings are referred to in Old Norse soures variously as
1855:
Because I have heard marvellous things about their ancient sacrifices, I will not allow these to pass by unmentioned. In those parts, the centre of the kingdom is a place called Leire, in the region of Seeland. Every nine years, in the month of January, after the day on which we celebrate the
1850:
diis suismet LXXXX et VIIII. homines et totidem equos, cum canibus et gallis pro accipitribus oblatis immolant, pro certo, ut praedixi, putantes, hos eisdem apud inseros fervituros et commissa crimina apud eosdem placaturos. Quam bene Rex noster fecit, qui eos a tam execrando ritu prolhibuit!
1348:
and has been proposed to have been a central practice in building loyalty to the king and strengthening authority. Displaying of heads of eaten animals may have created a degree of competition between communities and played into the wider strategy of rulership in Viking Age Iceland.
1377:
supporting the idea that there was no professional priesthood and that rulers instead held this role. While this remains debated by scholars, there is no strong evidence for formal training into religious role whilst the organisation of sanctuaries and
3950:
Magnell, Ola (2019). "Animals of Sacrifice: Animals and the Blót in the Old Norse Sources and Ritual Depositions of Animals of Sacrifice". In Wikström af Edholm, Klas; Rova, Peter Jackson; Nordberg, Andreas; Sundqvist, Olof; Zachrisson, Torun (eds.).
623:
analysis of the bones shows that the animals were killed with blows to the neck by axe or sword. This method was perhaps intended to produce the spectacle of a shower of arterial blood. Similar observations have been made at other sites such as the
4304:
2366:
rituals celebrated in a contemporary context since the 1970s. In these practices, animal sacrifice is usually replaced with offerings of food or drink, although there remains a large focus on sharing food and strengthening relationships.
4322:
1255:Þórólfr Mostrarskeggi prepared a great sacrifice and enquired of Thór, his beloved friend, whether he should be reconciled with the king or leave the country to seek a new destiny for himself; and the answer directed Þórólfr to Iceland.
791:
has taken this argument further, arguing that the sprinkling of sacrificial blood had no influence from heathen Germanic culture and was derived wholly from other sources such as the Old Testament, this has been challenged. The word
2016:. Following this, Óláfr explains that these demons can bring good harvests but are also harmful. After his death, bad harvests occur and the people ignore his requests and worship him, calling him "Geirstaðaálfr" ("the
932:
that the event was strongly separate from usual daily life. If true, those participating in the ceremony would likely have become emotionally engaged in the ritual drama. He further suggests, consistent with ideas by
5919:
4255:
Wikström af Edholm, Klas (2019). "Finitude: Human and Animal Sacrifice in a Norse Setting: Response". In Wikström af Edholm, Klas; Rova, Peter Jackson; Nordberg, Andreas; Sundqvist, Olof; Zachrisson, Torun (eds.).
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1248:Þórólfr Mostrarskegg fekk at blóti miklu ok gekk til fréttar við Þór, ástvin sinn, hvárt hann skyldi sættast við konung eða fara af landi brott ok leita sér annarra forlaga, en fréttin vísaði Þórólfi til Íslandi.
1188:
than before and soon a period of prosperity followed, with a greater grain harvest and abundance of herring. This has been argued to show an ideology that a legitimate ruler must protect holy places and uphold
5909:
1999:
as harmful practices that, whilst effective in bringing benefits to the community that performs them, function by empowering evil spirits that pose as the helpful beings in which the heathens believe.
1802:, after having his fleet destroyed in a storm began sacrificing dark-coloured victims to Frey to regain his favourof the gods. The sacrifice was repeated yearly, being called by the Swedes the Frøblot
1219:
sacrifice"). This is not accepted universally by scholars, with Düwel arguing the link is only seen in Snorri's works. The link has been proposed to be seen elsewhere though, such as the compound word
2164:, along with those who follow heathen customs more widely. It further specifies that it is forbidden to make invocations with food or drink if they are not following Christian customs. In Sweden, the
762:
to mean "sacrificial blood", "sacrificial twig" and "sacrificial bowl" respectively does not accurately reflect their use in pre-Christian times. This is partly based on the absence of the terms from
112:
was often in order to ensure the fertility of the land, a good harvest and peace, although they are also recorded as being performed for divination or to achieve desired results in legal matters.
84:
that centred on the killing and offering of an animal to a particular being, typically followed by the communal cooking and eating of its meat. Old Norse sources present it as a central ritual in
1533:, this is consistent with a wider Germanic context of some women playing central roles in ceremonies, the holding of feasts and running of the farm. This is attestedin written sources such as
7330:
6904:
5914:
2169:
506:
2318:
by church officials, the giving of food and drink to beings believed to inhabit the landscape continued as part of local folk practices. This includes the offering to house spirits such as
2225:...abolished pagan feasts and sacrifices, in place of which, as a favour to the people, he ordained the holiday feasts Yule and Easter, St John's Mass ale, and an autumn-ale at Michaelmas.
559:("sacrificial fen/bog/well/spring" or "fen near the heathen temple") into which sacrifices were thrown during sacrifical feasts. This idea is also reflected in Icelandic placenames such as
1008:) had a prominent place in the ancient religious practices of the Scandinavians, and were part of the seasonal festivals attended by large numbers of people. Family rituals such as the
100:
were central to the legitimacy of rulers and Christian rulers refusing to hold them were at times replaced by more willing alternatives and driven out of the land. Smaller, household
661:
occurring in the context of the Old Norse texts are related to Óðinn. Criminals and slaves are the humans being sacrificed in the majority of cases which has been compared to modern
2041:
and explains that the constant offerings to the carving of Freyr have given the devil the ability to speak through it so as to strengthen their belief in Freyr. Later in the tale,
5889:
1403:("the most ardent heathen worshipper") and is described as having maintained all the sacrificial feasts in Trøndelag on behalf of the king. This concept is also attested on the
950:, which acted as its mythic counterpart. In this context, the bloodshed may have signalled a renewal of the world, in which conditions would improve for those who performed the
798:(corresponding to one of the places sprinkled with blood in Snorri's account), likely did have a meaning related to sacrifice in pre-Christian Scandinavian contexts. The phrase
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5061:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5879:
5874:
5869:
2026:, the evil spirits that were receiving the gifts become angered. It has been proposed that this tale is the result of the author imperfectly trying to combine the ideas of
1332:
and associated feasts were an opportunity for rulers to demonstrate their wealth and generosity and praise of these traits is recorded in sources such as the skaldic poem
2348:
that rears pigs would slaughter one sow on the 17th of December which was known as Sow Day. A similar practice is recorded in the 19th century in which each household on
2111:, listing it an offence for which the punishment is a fine, penance and if this is not followed, expulsion from the land. This is built upon in the ecclesiastical Law of
2045:
spiritually helps a Norwegian named Gunnar in defeating the devil, driving it out of the wooden carving. Gunnar then pretends to be Freyr, putting on the clothes of the
4400:
4366:
650:
1094:
has also been suggested to have been the site of ritual cooking of meat from sacrificed animals. One large pit measuring around 6 m by 3 m has been interpreted as a
5039:
4506:
1605:Þorgrímr Þorsteinsson sacrifices to Freyr during the feast. This time has been suggested to have marked the beginning of the new year and may be the same as the
4026:
1302:
That winter Ingólfr prepared a great sacrifice and sought omens for his destiny, but Hjorleifr would never sacrifice. The answer directed Ingólfr to Iceland.
1090:
where many cooking pits, mainly dating to between 900 and 1300 CE, were found containing bones of domesticated animals. The hearths in hall-room C at Borg in
5864:
4234:
Sundqvist, Olof (27 November 2015). "An Arena for Higher Powers: Ceremonial Buildings and Religious Strategies for Rulership in Late Iron Age Scandinavia".
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1314:
which Ingólf attributed to his refusal to uphold heathen customs. The book later states that no one dared live where Hjörleif had settled for fear of the
5859:
5353:
5283:
94:
are often described as taking place in halls, organised by the rulers of the region who were expected to carry out the practice on behalf of the people.
1862:
It has been noted that at the time of Thietmar's writing, Denmark had been nominally Christian for nearly 50 years and it is unlikely that large scale
6924:
4952:
1906:
633:
7396:
2615:, pp. 96, 163, Chapter 4. Ceremonial Buildings and Sanctuaries, chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system.
2247:'s toast, while other sources record it being used in a Christian context. Den ældre Gulathings-Lov, for example, states that the beer drunk during
2084:
are explicitly forbidden along with other practices deemed heathen such as idol-worship, with those caught performing them being made to pay 5 half-
116:
2218:...felldi blót ok blótdrykkjur, ok lét í stað koma í vild við lýðinn hátíðardrykkjur jól ok páskar, Jóansmessu mungát, ok haustöl at Mikjálsmessu.
804:("sacred stand") is found in Skaldic poetry and there are attestations of blood being smeared on holy objects elsewhere in Western Scandinavia. In
2886:, pp. 311–313, 321, Chapter 8. Sacred Sites, Ritual Restrictions and Religious Strategies, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
830:, is reddened with blood from a sacrificial horse. It is unclear if this is meant to be interpreted as a literal tree or as a platform or altar (
2704:, pp. 260, 348, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism, chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
1295:Þenna vetr fekk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, en Hjörleifr vildi aldri blóta. Fréttin vísaði Ingólfi til Íslands.
1079:, the Icelandic sagas, and on rune stones. The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stones, either indoors or outdoors, and ale or
5759:
4789:
983:
6322:
4275:
4245:
4143:
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commonly sacrificed humans. Such sources would have allowed him to further dehumanise the Danish heathen population and depict them as evil.
690:
Detail from Stora Hammars I showing a man lying on his belly with another man using a weapon on his back. This has been proposed to depict a
2282:
6196:
5443:
2202:
5032:
669:'s account of the sacrifices at Uppsala, for example, the author likely exaggerated about the sacrifices of humans in order to demonise
6017:
6012:
1168:
are also often described as being performed in order to achieve good harvests, with some texts explicitly recording that they are held
7427:
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7096:
6836:
6718:
4983:
4499:
3902:
2359:
5741:
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2233:
This process of incorporating pre-existing heathen traditions into Christian traditions is likely also seen with the ritual formula
3776:
3625:
872:
but it does emphasise that the ground was reddened with blood. It has been suggested that the pouring of blood on the ground below
1337:
3989:
615:
notes that only the heads were offered. This practice is possibly supported by the archaeological record. At the temple-hall of
7127:
5025:
3551:
2355:
2006:
gives an account of Óláfr digrbeinn, a king who the author says predicted his own death and warned his people not to perform
7366:
6266:
7422:
5006:
4492:
1756:
2034:
106:
were sometimes recorded as being led by women. Beyond strengthening legitimacy for the ruling elites, the performance of
821:
2097:, making it a punishable offence. The Older Gulaþing Law, dating to around the mid 11th century CE, bans performing of
335:. The dative case is more typically used for the object being sacrificed. The verb is often followed by the aim of the
7442:
6879:
4897:
4882:
2049:
and accepting offerings of valuable gifts from the worshippers of the god, who stop sacrificing animals from then on.
1453:
1065:
1045:
910:. The practice of collecting sacrificial blood and pouring it on altars is well attested in other cultures such as in
596:
5433:
5343:
3914:"Veitstu hvé blóta skal? The Old Norse blót in the Light of Osteological Remains from Frösö Church, Jämtland, Sweden"
3913:
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6144:
6044:
5551:
5313:
4912:
4465:
3821:
3101:
3099:
2295:
2075:
1598:
673:. Similarly, the accuracy of the account of human sacrifice in Kjalnesinga saga has been doubted by some scholars.
619:
in northern Iceland, oxen were decapitated in seasonal rituals for many years and the heads displayed at the hall.
6276:
1018:
701:
587:
The written sources and the archaeological record indicate that in Old Norse religious practice, the sacrifice of
7437:
6201:
4165:
605:. Closer in conception to a gift, it usually involved killing animals, and sometimes humans, in ritual fashion.
2726:
2724:
2722:
7231:
6069:
5070:
4857:
2003:
243:
178:
6599:
6181:
6154:
6149:
6089:
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5263:
276:) or metaphorically to mean "cursing" or "swearing" in Christian times due to the negative view of heathenry.
1706:
was celebrated in the middle of winter and had a diversity of religious components such as the performing of
1641:
are performed each night in the autumn to the preserved penis of a horse that had been previously killed. An
7262:
6981:
2804:
2802:
2741:
2739:
2061:
1394:
1179:
3609:. Translated by Peel, Christine. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, Univ. College London. 2009.
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were allowed for a short time, as long as they were performed in private, with the punishment being lesser
404:("calf worshipped with sacrifices"). Items with religious function can also include it as a prefix such as
5851:
5769:
2112:
915:
911:
6804:
6736:
6726:
2207:
2042:
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so as to maintain a good relationship with the gods, in turn leading to the good fortunes of the people.
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4730:
2260:
2038:
1976:
1815:
1480:, refused to uphold the old customs due to him being Christian and was thus driven away by the Svear to
1021:
in an early 11th-century poem, were usually performed on farm homesteads. Feasts and ritual drinking at
919:
885:
820:("altar") for her, faced with stone that was turned to glass and reddened with ox blood. Similarly, the
33:
7112:
6293:
6084:
1972:
1373:
Scholars have debated the concept of religious leaders in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, with some such as
1162:
Bulls have been noted to have been often sacrificed when seeking help from the gods in legal matters.
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1053:
686:
7267:
7041:
6398:
5175:
4515:
4257:
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in Sweden which is recorded throughout history such as in medieval criticisms by individuals such as
2071:
2027:
1667:
452:
207:
170:
2145:
if they were observed publicly. This exception was soon repealed and the practice was fully banned.
1628:
1510:
1174:("for a good harvest and peace"). The rituals are suggested to be effective by some sources such as
970:
771:
303:("priest"), although it has been argued that the validity of this is dependent on the exact root of
7432:
6206:
5940:
5799:
5293:
4778:
4758:
3573:
2973:, pp. 164–172, Chapter 5. The Religious Leadership of the Sanctuaries and the Economic system.
1579:
1333:
447:
362:
is found in many compound words relating to worship or sacrifice. These include adjectives such as
166:
85:
6894:
6094:
5711:
5696:
1481:
7391:
7282:
7205:
6614:
5636:
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4071:
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3797:
3649:
3584:"Íslendingabók & Kristni Saga - The book of the Icelanders & The story of the conversion"
3583:
1671:
1542:
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sprinkles blood on his people. Snorri in his description explicitly notes the similarity between
355:
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150:
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6629:
6624:
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5536:
5145:
5100:
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and is potentially also represented in the archaeological record in high status female burials.
1524:
1476:. The U-version of this saga further tells how Blótsveinn became king after his brother-in-law,
641:
3747:
1265:
1064:. In Iceland, an exception was made for eating horsemeat in private for a short time after the
1052:
by a number of medieval Scandinavian laws made after the adoption of Christianity, such as the
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4907:
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he was asked to partake in them as his father had done and he was later strongly pressured to
1277:
907:
670:
81:
6342:
6211:
4427:
1281:, a man named Ingólf prepared to settle in Iceland with his brother Hjörleif by performing a
7195:
6821:
6534:
6079:
6034:
5794:
5651:
5476:
5233:
5075:
4932:
4796:
4687:
4662:
4408:
4263:
4212:
4055:
3958:
3928:
3687:
3631:
2627:, pp. 260–261, Chapter 6. The Ritual Structure of the Sanctuaries and Cosmic Symbolism.
2345:
2319:
2305:
2277:
1791:
1404:
1061:
705:
588:
546:
464:
228:("sacrifice; worship"). A Proto-Germanic form of the noun can be similarly reconstructed as
44:
6669:
6191:
1993:, short stories concerned with reconciling Christian doctrine and heathen beliefs, present
1032:
805:
566:
7277:
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tells how the Christian King Hákon came to Trøndelag and did not want to take part in the
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328:
251:
158:
133:
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5581:
4166:"En blekingsk blotinskrift : en nytolkning av inledningsraderna på Stentoftenstenen"
2197:
1717:
1635:, describes a family in Northern Norway at the beginning of the 11th century CE in which
1632:
1120:("boiling companions") as they cooked their meals made from sacrificed animals together.
925:
Along with having a role in divination, other suggestions for the importance of blood in
7350:
7173:
7168:
6945:
6940:
6809:
6692:
6687:
6644:
6574:
6569:
6489:
6378:
6352:
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5829:
5691:
5526:
5215:
4621:
4200:
1888:
1642:
1606:
1574:
1520:
1477:
1374:
1234:, Þórólf Mostrarskeggi made preparations for his settlement of Iceland by performing a
1230:
1057:
1010:
889:
788:
763:
666:
608:
294:
186:
32:
This article is about the religious practice in Germanic paganism. For other uses, see
5358:
3844:
3799:Ágrip Af Nóregskonungasqgum: A Twelfth-century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway
1944:
has argued that Adam of Bremen had a strong motive in his work to present both that a
1071:
The ritual killing of animals was followed by feasts on the meat, as described in the
7416:
7371:
6909:
6889:
6874:
6816:
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6609:
6579:
6544:
6514:
6479:
6347:
6286:
6261:
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6164:
6074:
6022:
5935:
5556:
5396:
5348:
4957:
4783:
4484:
4285:
4075:
3980:
3942:
3653:
2836:
Das Heilige Fest: Rituale des traditionellen germanischen Heidentums in heutiger Zeit
2165:
2020:
of Geirstad"). Shortly after this, the harvests improve though when they stop their
1869:
literature available to him, which formed part of a long tradition of supposing that
1819:
1795:
1770:
1618:
1614:
1463:
1449:
1315:
1216:
1154:
was central to all the ritual activities that took place in Norse sacral structures.
933:
849:
721:
612:
516:
368:("rich in sacrifices") and terms for individuals also include it is a prefix such as
5546:
5491:
5130:
4235:
3805:. Vol. x (2nd ed.). Viking Society for Northern Research. pp. 30–33.
7310:
6731:
6059:
5017:
4177:
2327:
1941:
1729:
1421:("chieftains") are often recorded as leading public religious activities including
947:
665:. Scholars doubt the reliability of some claims of human sacrifice. In the case of
7241:
6634:
6594:
6474:
6459:
6099:
5980:
5814:
5804:
5576:
5501:
5428:
5210:
5150:
4059:
2240:
1990:
1739:
1699:
629:
4446:
3887:
3728:
936:, that there may have been a perceived connection between the killing during the
533:
as a prefix, suggesting them as sites where these ceremonies took place, such as
270:
can also be used to mean "idol-worship" in general, an "idol" (often in the form
7315:
6960:
6899:
6869:
6779:
6746:
6619:
6589:
6549:
6529:
6509:
6484:
6413:
6403:
6308:
5945:
5631:
5541:
5506:
5496:
5461:
4802:
4772:
4692:
4565:
3691:
2985:, pp. 325, 328, 330–331, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2058:
1485:
1271:
1101:
1072:
975:
903:
863:
767:
741:
637:
616:
550:
470:
416:("garments worn at sacrifices"), and it can refer to religious concepts such as
332:
69:
3021:, pp. 363–371, 373–375, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2997:, pp. 325–327, 344–348, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2862:, pp. 345–347, 349–350, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
1430:
Sources further describe how in both Norway and Svetjud, taking part in public
1357:
39:
7340:
7066:
6786:
6682:
6674:
6554:
6499:
6454:
6449:
6434:
6251:
5950:
5591:
5516:
5511:
5466:
4812:
4807:
4744:
4737:
3681:
2193:
2046:
1748:
every year at this time but it is more likely it got its name from the month.
1538:
1366:
1341:
1175:
1086:
Sites suggesting religious feasting have been found in Scandinavia such as in
1028:
853:
781:
662:
625:
497:
6171:
5686:
5135:
4226:
4067:
3680:
Warner, David A. (1 January 2013). "The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg".
3546:. Translated by Tschan, Francis Joseph. New York: Columbia university press.
3033:, pp. 286–287, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images.
7021:
6826:
6794:
6704:
6659:
6559:
6408:
6393:
6134:
5997:
5616:
5566:
5561:
5481:
4988:
4902:
4616:
4156:
Power and Conversion. A Comparative Study of Christianization in Scandinavia
2376:
2252:
2155:
1627:
are attested as having taken place in Scandinavia, each in a single source.
1105:
987:
899:
620:
318:
65:
7246:
7026:
6699:
6388:
6281:
5789:
5779:
5749:
5726:
5298:
5185:
5079:
4677:
4540:
4217:
3069:, pp. 365–366, 370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2668:, pp. 340–341, 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2239:("for good harvest and peace"). In Hákonar saga góða it is used as part of
2108:
2030:
and "the noble heathen", who is meant to maintain his dignity after death.
1967:
1783:("sacrifice for victory"), which was to take place at the start of summer.
1591:
taking place at the beginning of winter in Norway and Iceland to celebrate
1466:
took part in a horse sacrifice and ate horsemeat when becoming king of the
576:
3826:
Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches
3778:
Under the Cloak: A Pagan Ritual Turning Point in the Conversion of Iceland
3635:
1182:
restored the holy sites that had been damaged by Christians and made more
714:("sacrificial twigs") being used like sprinklers to spread blood over the
7325:
7320:
7210:
7158:
7071:
7056:
7006:
6991:
6884:
6654:
6539:
6504:
6469:
6383:
6298:
6256:
6159:
6129:
6109:
6029:
5764:
5701:
5681:
5676:
5601:
5596:
5531:
5413:
5333:
5328:
5273:
5258:
5170:
5140:
5125:
5115:
4947:
4942:
4877:
4862:
3933:
3709:
3108:, pp. 320, Chapter 7. The Relation between Rulers and Cultic Images.
2388:
2287:
2142:
1870:
1721:
1675:
1416:
1049:
815:
744:"). Building on this, it has been proposed that the use of terms such as
434:
which is used to mean both "sacrificing to heathen gods" and "idolatry".
392:("heathen chief"). Other compounds include recipients of worship such as
17:
7016:
6604:
6524:
6494:
6439:
6357:
6234:
6114:
6104:
5970:
5965:
5784:
5754:
5456:
5451:
5408:
5268:
5225:
5205:
5160:
5120:
5092:
4892:
4818:
4751:
4713:
4636:
4530:
4091:
2291:
2104:
1799:
1766:
1646:
1602:
1534:
1407:
which records that a man named HaþuwulfR, likely a local ruler, held a
1362:
1345:
1091:
979:
456:
3462:, pp. 356–357, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
3009:, pp. 365–370, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2961:, pp. 359–360, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2772:, pp. 331–343, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2760:, pp. 331–334, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2733:, pp. 317–318, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2716:, pp. 334–335, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2656:, pp. 340–341, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
132:
has also been revived in the modern period as part of the practice of
7215:
7190:
6464:
6429:
6139:
6049:
6039:
5992:
5834:
5774:
5486:
5423:
5386:
5338:
5253:
4922:
4652:
4631:
4606:
4550:
4201:"The Sanctuaries in Uppsala and Lejre and their Literary Antecedents"
4044:"Tomte Stories in Swedish Hälsingland: Place and Vernacular Religion"
3990:"The (Re)conversion of the "Spirits of the Land" in Medieval Iceland"
2341:
2256:
1902:
1818:
wrote in his chronicle, dated to the early 11th century CE, that the
1311:
1087:
965:
892:. Religious objects are recorded as being reddened with blood during
809:
299:
88:
that was intimately connected with many wider aspects of life. Large
53:
of nine he-goats and nine male horses bringing fertility to the land.
7306:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
7236:
6860:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
5975:
5819:
5621:
5368:
5363:
5303:
5195:
4575:
2431:
which have been translated as "dough-" and "clay-idol" respectively.
2382:
856:
is sacrificed in order to make their crops grow and they redden the
4375:
4014:
3781:(2nd, extended ed.). University of Iceland Press. p. 16.
2196:
with the incoming traditions, as recorded in the late 12th-century
317:
In the context of "to worship" or "to worship with sacrifice", the
7185:
7180:
7061:
7051:
7011:
7001:
6996:
6919:
6444:
6271:
6216:
6124:
6119:
6054:
6002:
5955:
5839:
5824:
5721:
5671:
5661:
5641:
5626:
5611:
5606:
5571:
5521:
5471:
5418:
5401:
5391:
5378:
5323:
5308:
5248:
5243:
5165:
5110:
5105:
4937:
4927:
4867:
4697:
4611:
4560:
4545:
4535:
4341:
4154:
2281:
2244:
2158:, the legal code for Gotland, imposes fines for those who perform
2135:. When Christianity was adopted as the main religion of Iceland,
2122:
2013:
1966:
1915:
1836:
1827:
1610:
1467:
1356:
1076:
1015:
969:
866:, the poem upon which this narrative is built, does not reference
725:
685:
524:
520:
446:
4267:
3962:
3408:, p. 355, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2811:, p. 347, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2796:, p. 353, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2748:, p. 337, Chapter 9. Ceremonial Feasts as Ritual Strategies.
2012:
to him after he dies, claiming that doing so turns the dead into
1488:
who was also driven out for refusing to uphold the performing of
1027:
are also mirrored in a mythological context in the depictions of
286:("to blow; to bloom; to blossom"), which is further connected to
6986:
6965:
6799:
6772:
6229:
6224:
5960:
5809:
5731:
5646:
5288:
5278:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5155:
4967:
4962:
4917:
4842:
4765:
4590:
4570:
2337:
2079:
1830:
and gathered there every nine years and held a large sacrifice:
1774:
1703:
1657:
1080:
943:
215:
74:
7116:
5021:
4488:
2186:
Upon adoption of Christianity by the elite, ritual drinking at
1692:
are also recorded as having taken place in winter, such as the
6007:
5318:
5238:
4667:
2918:
2916:
2352:
slaughtered a sheep known as the Yule sheep on Christmas Eve.
2212:
2017:
1484:. This closely resembles Adam of Bremen's description of king
1289:
1242:
592:
1436:
was required for the ruler to be accepted by their subjects.
1100:(a cooking pit intended for ritual preparation of meat). The
3775:
Aðalsteinsson, Jón Hnefill (1999). Jónsson, Jakob S. (ed.).
3661:
Thorpe, Benjamin (2012). "Law of the Northumbrian priests".
3443:
3441:
2419:
being used to mean "idol" is seen in compound nouns such as
1597:("winter-nights") are recorded in multiple sources, such as
279:
The shared Germanic root has been proposed to be related to
1777:
instituted three festivals in Sweden, one of which was the
1462:("sacrificial feast") in Mære. Similarly, the heathen king
509:, hofs and waterfalls being described as the recipients of
347:("for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind").
2584:
2582:
2091:
Early Norwegian law codes explicitly forbid performing of
1387:
Certain elites are highlighted for their participation in
3845:"The Search for Identity: A Problem after the Conversion"
3416:
3414:
189:
form of the verb can be reconstructed as the strong verb
2446:
results from it being unclear whether the root word was
2330:
and folktales as late as the 20th century. Further, the
1527:. Whilst absent from detailed accounts such as those in
1365:
leading the people in sacrificing to an idol of Thor by
5910:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
2637:
2635:
2633:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2498:
2496:
4135:
The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism
3213:
47:, bearing a runic inscription that likely describes a
3624:
Simensen, Erik (6 April 2021). Simensen, Erik (ed.).
2934:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2344:
recorded in the 18th century by which each family in
1448:, upsetting the local farmers and chieftains. At the
293:("blood"). A connection has been further proposed to
235:. A similar and related form can be reconstructed as
2385:, an Old English word derived from a term for ritual
1209:
and is recorded in Ynglinga saga in connection to a
878:
may be related to the taking of soil from below the
780:
formerly had the meaning of "lot" in the context of
327:
is typically used with that being worshipped in the
287:
280:
236:
229:
197:
190:
7384:
7359:
7298:
7291:
7255:
7224:
7151:
7084:
6974:
6933:
6852:
6845:
6755:
6717:
6422:
6371:
6330:
6321:
5928:
5850:
5740:
5442:
5377:
5224:
5091:
5068:
4976:
4835:
4722:
4706:
4645:
4599:
4523:
3865:"The religion of the Vikings: Rituals and Worship"
2677:
4114:Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings
2569:
2567:
1203:Divination is suggested to have occurred at some
812:says about how one of her worshippers has made a
640:, and a site of a possible cult-house in Borg in
169:); to worship"; to honour (through sacrifice)"),
3686:. Manchester University Press. pp. 65–385.
3665:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–303.
2839:(in German). Edition Roter Drache. p. 134.
2379:, a Christian rite involving eating and drinking
2065:
1926:
1847:
4380:Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online
4346:Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online
4324:Statistical Account, County of Orkney, Vol. XVI
2426:
2420:
2414:
2331:
2313:
2299:
2263:
2234:
2187:
2173:
2159:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2116:
2098:
2092:
2021:
2007:
1994:
1980:
1958:
1892:
1863:
1778:
1760:
1743:
1733:
1707:
1693:
1687:
1645:is recorded as having taken place in autumn in
1636:
1622:
1592:
1586:
1550:
1528:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1471:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1384:by elites is well attested in Old Norse texts.
1379:
1327:
1282:
1235:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1190:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1149:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1095:
1039:
1022:
1003:
951:
937:
926:
893:
879:
873:
867:
857:
843:
837:
831:
825:
813:
799:
793:
775:
757:
751:
745:
735:
729:
715:
709:
696:(platform used in specific religious contexts).
691:
678:
600:
570:
560:
554:
540:
534:
528:
510:
500:
488:
482:
476:
468:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
342:
336:
322:
271:
265:
127:
120:
107:
101:
95:
89:
58:
48:
4432:Cleasby & Vigfusson - Old Norse Dictionary
4413:Cleasby & Vigfusson - Old Norse Dictionary
4306:Statistical Account, County of Orkney, Vol. XV
3889:The Swine in Old Nordic Religion and Worldview
3273:
3261:
3042:
7128:
5033:
4500:
2922:
1340:, is well attested in Germanic texts such as
1014:in western Sweden mentioned by the Norwegian
884:by Þórólfr from Norway to Iceland during the
651:Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana
8:
4399:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4365:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3544:History of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen
1048:was made an offence punishable by fines and
1038:Horses are often recorded as being eaten in
549:describes how there was a site near a large
505:taking place a diverse range of sites, with
259:
6762:
5062:Mythological Norse people, items and places
3957:. Stockholm University Press. p. 303.
3507:
3483:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2441:
628:birch stump found underneath the church at
309:which cannot be determined with certainty.
304:
7295:
7135:
7121:
7113:
6849:
6327:
5088:
5040:
5026:
5018:
4507:
4493:
4485:
3495:
2907:
80:(Old English) are religious ceremonies in
5860:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
4216:
4042:Nygaard, Mathias Ephraim (3 April 2019).
4015:"Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning"
3932:
3904:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
3564:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
3519:
3459:
3405:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3105:
3090:
3066:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2883:
2859:
2808:
2793:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2730:
2713:
2701:
2665:
2653:
2624:
2612:
2487:
1907:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
344:til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar
7397:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
3867:. In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.).
3447:
3381:
3297:
3177:
3129:
3117:
2871:
2781:
2064:imposes 1-10 years of penance for those
1567:
824:tells how a holy tree, referred to as a
38:
3471:
3420:
3369:
3345:
3165:
2946:
2820:
2588:
2502:
2480:
2406:
2033:Similarly in another conversion þáttr,
1108:, which describes those who partook in
451:A reconstructed Viking Age hall at the
27:Religious practice in Germanic paganism
4790:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
4392:
4358:
3828:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
3663:Ancient Laws and Institutes of England
3357:
3225:
2539:
1909:, written in the mid 11th century CE:
1720:was held at midwinter in the month of
984:Swedish Museum of National Antiquities
4447:"Old Icelandic Dictionary - Sigrblót"
4296:A concise dictionary of old Icelandic
4184:. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6.
4019:Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi
3432:
3285:
3249:
3237:
3201:
3189:
3141:
3078:
3054:
2895:
2641:
2600:
2558:
2340:may be the origin of the practice in
1336:. Giving of gifts at feasts, such as
1104:cognate term is found as a prefix in
463:It has been proposed that during the
7:
4259:Myth, Materiality and Lived Religion
4090:Orel, Vladimir (11 September 2003).
3954:Myth, Materiality and Lived Religion
3591:Viking society for northern research
2689:
2527:
2182:Incorporation into Christian culture
1413:to give a good harvest. In Iceland,
946:during the creation account told in
7143:Religious practices and worship in
5920:named weapons, armour and treasures
3820:Gunnell, Terry (19 November 2018).
3607:Guta lag: the law of the Gotlanders
3593:. Translated by Grønlie, Siân. 2006
3393:
2573:
2037:, the author equates Freyr and the
1148:More than just a simple sacrifice,
599:, played a significant part in the
583:Killing of humans and other animals
539:("sacrificial mound or cairn") and
7402:Heathenry (new religious movement)
7097:Heathenry (new religious movement)
4205:Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift
4182:A Dictionary of Northern Mythology
4029:from the original on 14 March 2023
3912:Magnell, Ola; Iregren, E. (2010).
25:
3994:Revue de l'histoire des religions
2395:Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)
2088:to the Church and 5 to the king.
1897:being performed every 9 years at
1670:which roughly corresponds to the
1519:who is also mentioned as holding
1310:Hjörleif was later killed by his
5760:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
5002:
5001:
4299:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
4093:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
3796:Driscoll, Matthew James (2008).
3153:
2440:The uncertainty in etymology of
1953:Reception by medieval Christians
527:. Some nouns for places include
4199:Simek, Rudolf (25 March 2022).
3871:. Routledge. pp. 215–216.
3822:"Part I: 6 Performance Studies"
3572:Thietmar von Merseburg (1807).
2255:should be consecrated to thank
2172:and stones, and sacrificing to
1503:being led by women such as the
648:enemy as a sacrifice to Óðinn;
6197:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
4262:. Stockholm University Press.
2360:contemporary Germanic paganism
1822:had their main cult centre on
575:("fen/spring of the gods") at
545:("heathen house of worship").
157:("to worship; to sacrifice"),
1:
4428:"Old Norse Dictionary - Blót"
4409:"Old Norse Dictionary - Blót"
4374:Tichy, Martin Rocek, Ondrej.
4340:Tichy, Martin Rocek, Ondrej.
4132:Rabinovitch, Shelley (2004).
4060:10.1080/0015587X.2018.1556980
3567:. Hannoverae : Hahniani.
2391:, ritual slaughter in Judaism
2362:have developed traditions of
2125:, and is consistent with the
1911:
1832:
1738:got its name from the son of
1662:are recorded as occurring in
1225:("chip used in divination").
1066:establishment of Christianity
117:establishment of Christianity
4164:Santesson, Lillemor (1989).
4159:. The University of Uppsala.
3748:"Landnámabók - Fyrsti hluti"
3729:"King Olaf Trygvason's saga"
3312:, pp. 47–49, 50, 54–56.
2268:("For property and peace").
1353:Religious and cultic leaders
1287:in a similar way to Þórólf:
611:'s account of the temple at
515:, along with beings such as
331:, and rarely with it in the
6267:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
4153:Sanmark, Alexandra (2004).
3921:Current Swedish Archaeology
3692:10.7765/9781526112774.00008
3214:Thietmar von Merseburg 1807
1765:("midsummer sacrifice") at
1653:, written around 1020 CE.
1132:are likely both related to
1083:was drunk in the ceremony.
7459:
6934:Festivals and holy periods
4237:An Arena for Higher Powers
4013:Nordberg, Andreas (2006).
3435:, 4. Concerning sacrifice.
3043:Magnell & Iregren 2010
2296:Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige
2275:
1963:strengthening evil spirits
1880:
1702:recorded in Heimskringla.
1137:
963:
822:U-version of Hervarar saga
438:Components of the practice
255:
162:
31:
7428:Germanic animal sacrifice
6202:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
5915:named animals and plants
5059:
4997:
3988:Meyland, Nicolas (2013).
3863:Hultgärd, Anders (2008).
2935:Landnámabók, Fyrsti hluti
2833:Steinbock, Fritz (2014).
2216:
2004:Óláfs þáttr Geirstaðaálfs
1920:
1914:
1841:
1835:
1656:In Anglo-Saxon contexts,
1617:as having taken place in
1473:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks
1293:
1246:
1068:but was later repealed.
410:("sacrificial bowl") and
206:The noun form is seen in
203:meaning "to sacrifice".
149:The verb form is seen in
6023:Black elves (Svartálfar)
4858:Early Germanic calendars
4451:Old Icelandic Dictionary
3886:Kovárová, Lenka (2011).
3843:Heinrichs, Anne (1994).
3240:, pp. 224, 227–228.
2115:, which further forbids
1985:as a punishable offence.
1322:Legitimisation of rulers
1058:Den ældre Gulathings-Lov
886:settlement of the island
496:Sources do still record
7331:Sacred trees and groves
6905:Sacred trees and groves
6145:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
6018:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
4524:Gods and divine figures
3627:The Older Gulathing Law
3561:Adam of Bremen (1876).
3542:Adam of Bremen (2002).
2678:Wikström_af_Edholm 2019
2427:
2421:
2415:
2332:
2314:
2300:
2264:
2235:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2150:
2137:
2131:
2117:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2076:Norðhymbra preosta lagu
2062:Penitential of Theodore
2053:Banning and suppression
2022:
2008:
1995:
1981:
1959:
1893:
1864:
1779:
1761:
1757:Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar
1744:
1734:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1658:
1637:
1623:
1613:, which is recorded in
1593:
1587:
1551:
1529:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1328:
1283:
1240:before he left Norway:
1236:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1191:
1184:
1170:
1164:
1150:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1096:
1040:
1023:
1004:
999:
974:A drinking scene on an
952:
938:
927:
894:
880:
874:
868:
858:
844:
838:
832:
826:
814:
800:
794:
776:
774:supports the idea that
758:
752:
746:
736:
730:
716:
710:
692:
679:
601:
571:
561:
555:
541:
535:
529:
511:
501:
489:
483:
477:
469:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
359:
343:
337:
323:
289:
282:
272:
266:
264:("worshipper of God").
260:
247:
238:
231:
225:
216:
211:
199:
192:
182:
174:
154:
128:
121:
108:
102:
96:
90:
75:
59:
49:
6763:
6013:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
5662:Narfi (father of Nott)
4466:"Religions: Heathenry"
4218:10.7146/rt.v74i.132104
3901:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
3384:, pp. 8–9, 36–37.
3057:, pp. 60–61, 320.
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2309:
2265:til árs. oc til friðar
2223:
2067:qui immolant demonibus
2066:
1986:
1979:, which lists holding
1927:
1848:
1583:
1370:
1300:
1253:
991:
920:Jewish burnt offerings
697:
460:
305:
298:
54:
7367:Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
6155:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
5434:Sister-wife of Njörðr
4745:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
4731:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3636:10.4324/9781003134459
3578:. Norimberg, Lechner.
3228:, Book 1, chapter 17.
2312:After the banning of
2285:
2002:The conversion þáttr
1970:
1816:Thietmar of Merseburg
1580:August Malmström
1571:
1497:There is evidence of
1360:
973:
960:Feasting and drinking
689:
450:
177:("to sacrifice") and
140:Etymology and meaning
42:
7423:Anglo-Saxon paganism
6925:Wetlands and islands
6045:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
4977:Modern pagan revival
4953:Wetlands and islands
4803:Old English language
4516:Anglo-Saxon paganism
4293:Zoëga, Geir (1910).
4111:Price, Neil (2020).
3934:10.37718/CSA.2010.14
3288:, pp. 225, 228.
2198:history of the kings
2170:veneration of groves
2129:which likewise bans
2072:King Wihtred of Kent
2035:Ögmundar þáttr dytts
2028:Christian demonology
1668:Old English calendar
1599:Gísla saga Súrssonar
994:Sacrificial feasts (
453:Lofotr Viking Museum
398:("heathen god") and
386:("heathen priest"),
6207:Narfi (son of Loki)
5354:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
4836:Society and culture
4779:Finnesburg Fragment
4759:De temporum ratione
4327:. 1795. p. 460
4309:. 1845. p. 110
3510:, pp. 126–127.
3360:, pp. 296–299.
3348:, pp. 150–151.
3276:, pp. 207–208.
3274:Adam of Bremen 2002
3262:Adam of Bremen 1876
3120:, pp. 155–156.
2874:, pp. 190–194.
2784:, pp. 215–216.
2113:Sverrir Sigurðarson
1989:Several conversion
1921:Tschan translation
1871:heathens in general
1842:Warner translation
1564:Beginning of winter
1178:, which notes that
1046:eating of horsemeat
942:and the killing of
220:("sacrifice"), and
86:Old Nordic religion
7443:Spiritual practice
7392:Germanic mythology
6853:Religious practice
6827:Old Norse language
6294:Váli (son of Loki)
6182:Líf and Lífthrasir
6090:Árvakr and Alsviðr
6085:Horses of the Æsir
6065:Hati Hróðvitnisson
5206:Váli (son of Odin)
5049:Old Norse religion
2923:Aðalsteinsson 1999
2310:
1987:
1977:Codex Rantzovianus
1973:Older Gulaþing Law
1584:
1543:Hassmyra Runestone
1400:inn mesti blótmaðr
1371:
1158:Help from the gods
992:
888:, as described in
698:
677:Role of blood and
461:
428:("idolatry"), and
250:("sacrifice") and
55:
7410:
7409:
7380:
7379:
7336:Temple at Uppsala
7145:Germanic paganism
7110:
7109:
7102:Nordic Bronze Age
7092:Germanic paganism
7080:
7079:
6951:Germanic calendar
6915:Temple at Uppsala
6713:
6712:
6317:
6316:
6277:Þjálfi and Röskva
6221:Personifications
5084:and other figures
5015:
5014:
4873:Germanic paganism
4627:Hengist and Horsa
4586:Wayland the Smith
4277:978-91-7635-097-3
4247:978-90-04-30748-3
4145:978-0-8065-2407-8
4138:. Citadel Press.
4124:978-0-465-09699-2
4103:978-90-04-12875-0
3972:978-91-7635-097-3
3878:978-1-134-31826-1
3835:978-3-11-043136-0
3812:978-0-903521-27-7
3788:978-9979-54-380-0
3701:978-1-5261-1277-4
3645:978-1-003-13445-9
3616:978-0-903521-79-6
3450:, pp. 30–33.
3336:, pp. 54–56.
3324:, pp. 47–49.
3300:, pp. 36–37.
3264:, pp. 73–74.
3216:, pp. 12–13.
3192:, pp. 89–90.
2846:978-3-944180-52-6
2603:, pp. 60–61.
2591:, pp. 70–71.
2530:, pp. 50–51.
2356:Reconstructionist
2236:til árs ok friðar
2231:
2230:
2103:to heathen gods,
1946:Christian mission
1939:
1938:
1899:Temple at Uppsala
1883:Temple at Uppsala
1860:
1859:
1666:, a month in the
1582: (1829–1902)
1530:Hákonar saga góða
1513:and possibly the
1509:("housewife") in
1439:Hákonar saga góða
1395:Sigurðr Hlaðajarl
1308:
1307:
1263:According to the
1261:
1260:
1180:Hákon Sigurðarson
1171:til árs ok friðar
1019:Sigvatr Þórðarson
902:according to the
702:Hákonar saga góða
671:Germanic religion
258:, a component of
82:Germanic paganism
16:(Redirected from
7450:
7438:Viking practices
7296:
7196:Merseburg charms
7137:
7130:
7123:
7114:
6850:
6768:
6535:Grove of fetters
6328:
6035:Fjalar (rooster)
5795:Fjalar and Galar
5089:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5019:
5005:
5004:
4797:Nine Herbs Charm
4509:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4300:
4289:
4251:
4230:
4220:
4195:
4173:
4160:
4149:
4128:
4107:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3984:
3946:
3936:
3918:
3908:
3897:
3882:
3869:The Viking World
3859:
3849:
3839:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3733:sacred-texts.com
3724:
3722:
3720:
3710:"Eyrbyggja saga"
3705:
3683:Ottonian Germany
3676:
3657:
3620:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3579:
3568:
3557:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3508:Rabinovitch 2004
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2335:
2317:
2303:
2278:Heathen holidays
2267:
2238:
2213:
2208:Óláfr Tryggvason
2191:
2177:
2163:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2083:
2069:
2043:Óláfr Tryggvason
2025:
2011:
1998:
1984:
1962:
1931:
1912:
1896:
1891:has described a
1867:
1852:
1833:
1806:Every nine years
1792:Saxo Grammaticus
1782:
1764:
1747:
1737:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1661:
1640:
1626:
1609:, named for the
1596:
1590:
1554:
1532:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1475:
1461:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1405:Stentoften stone
1402:
1392:
1383:
1361:A painting of a
1331:
1290:
1286:
1243:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1099:
1062:Frostathings-Lov
1054:Borgarthings-Lov
1043:
1026:
1007:
955:
941:
930:
897:
883:
877:
871:
862:with his blood;
861:
847:
841:
835:
829:
819:
803:
797:
779:
761:
755:
749:
739:
733:
719:
713:
706:Snorri Sturluson
695:
682:
604:
574:
564:
558:
547:Kjalnesinga saga
544:
538:
532:
514:
504:
492:
486:
480:
474:
465:Migration Period
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
346:
340:
326:
308:
292:
285:
275:
269:
263:
257:
241:
234:
219:
202:
195:
164:
131:
124:
111:
105:
99:
93:
78:
62:
52:
45:Stentoften Stone
21:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7376:
7355:
7287:
7251:
7220:
7147:
7141:
7111:
7106:
7076:
7032:Norse cosmology
6970:
6929:
6841:
6837:Later influence
6751:
6709:
6423:Other locations
6418:
6367:
6313:
6240:Sumarr and Vetr
5924:
5846:
5736:
5537:Gjálp and Greip
5438:
5373:
5220:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5016:
5011:
4993:
4972:
4898:Metrical charms
4831:
4718:
4702:
4641:
4595:
4519:
4513:
4483:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4312:
4310:
4303:
4292:
4278:
4254:
4248:
4233:
4211:(74): 217–230.
4198:
4192:
4176:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4117:. Basic Books.
4110:
4104:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3987:
3973:
3949:
3916:
3911:
3900:
3894:Háskóla Íslands
3885:
3879:
3862:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3752:heimskringla.no
3746:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3714:heimskringla.no
3708:
3702:
3679:
3673:
3660:
3646:
3623:
3617:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3484:Orkney, Vol.XVI
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3168:, pp. 110.
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:, pp. 7–8.
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2439:
2435:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2373:
2350:North Ronaldsay
2324:heliga Birgitta
2280:
2274:
2249:All Saint's Day
2227:
2220:
2184:
2055:
1965:
1955:
1887:The chronicler
1885:
1879:
1813:
1808:
1789:
1769:. Furthermore,
1754:
1732:story that the
1726:Orkneyinga saga
1714:heitstrengingar
1684:
1682:Later in winter
1631:, preserved in
1601:, in which the
1566:
1561:
1556:
1525:Austrfararvísur
1454:eat horse liver
1355:
1326:The holding of
1324:
1304:
1297:
1257:
1250:
1201:
1160:
1146:
1140:("sacrifice").
968:
962:
684:
657:Orkneyinga saga
591:, particularly
585:
445:
440:
353:
329:accusative case
315:
244:Old High German
179:Old High German
147:
142:
134:modern heathens
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7456:
7454:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7385:Related topics
7382:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7346:Uppåkra temple
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7117:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6727:Æsir–Vanir War
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6565:Hoddmímis holt
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:Körmt and Örmt
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:Sons of Ivaldi
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:Móði and Magni
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Dwarf (Dweorh)
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4600:Heroic figures
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4462:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4371:
4337:
4319:
4301:
4290:
4276:
4252:
4246:
4231:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4161:
4150:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4087:
4054:(2): 153–174.
4039:
4010:
3985:
3971:
3947:
3909:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3817:
3811:
3793:
3787:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3744:
3725:
3706:
3700:
3677:
3671:
3658:
3644:
3621:
3615:
3603:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3552:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3496:Orkney, Vol.XV
3488:
3476:
3464:
3460:Sundqvist 2015
3452:
3437:
3425:
3423:, p. 159.
3410:
3406:Sundqvist 2015
3398:
3386:
3374:
3372:, p. 158.
3362:
3350:
3338:
3334:Heinrichs 1994
3326:
3322:Heinrichs 1994
3314:
3310:Heinrichs 1994
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3252:, p. 218.
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3204:, p. 223.
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3144:, p. 327.
3134:
3132:, p. 195.
3122:
3110:
3106:Sundqvist 2015
3095:
3083:
3071:
3067:Sundqvist 2015
3059:
3047:
3045:, p. 241.
3035:
3031:Sundqvist 2015
3023:
3019:Sundqvist 2015
3011:
3007:Sundqvist 2015
2999:
2995:Sundqvist 2015
2987:
2983:Sundqvist 2015
2975:
2971:Sundqvist 2015
2963:
2959:Sundqvist 2015
2951:
2939:
2927:
2912:
2908:Eyrbyggja saga
2900:
2888:
2884:Sundqvist 2015
2876:
2864:
2860:Sundqvist 2015
2852:
2845:
2825:
2823:, p. 303.
2813:
2809:Sundqvist 2015
2798:
2794:Sundqvist 2015
2786:
2774:
2770:Sundqvist 2015
2762:
2758:Sundqvist 2015
2750:
2746:Sundqvist 2015
2735:
2731:Sundqvist 2015
2718:
2714:Sundqvist 2015
2706:
2702:Sundqvist 2015
2694:
2682:
2680:, p. 265.
2670:
2666:Sundqvist 2015
2658:
2654:Sundqvist 2015
2646:
2644:, p. 212.
2629:
2625:Sundqvist 2015
2617:
2613:Sundqvist 2015
2605:
2593:
2578:
2563:
2544:
2532:
2507:
2492:
2490:, p. 221.
2488:Santesson 1989
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2433:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2304:at the annual
2298:hallowing the
2273:
2270:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2192:was sometimes
2183:
2180:
2127:Frostaþing law
2054:
2051:
1971:A page of the
1964:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1889:Adam of Bremen
1881:Main article:
1878:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1788:
1785:
1773:describes how
1753:
1750:
1695:miðsvetrarblót
1683:
1680:
1651:Austrfaravísur
1621:. Two further
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1397:who is called
1354:
1351:
1323:
1320:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1231:Eyrbyggja saga
1200:
1197:
1159:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1077:Scaldic poetry
961:
958:
890:Eyrbyggja saga
772:Olof Sundqvist
764:Skaldic poetry
683:
675:
667:Adam of Bremen
634:Freyr's island
609:Adam of Bremen
584:
581:
444:
441:
439:
436:
377:blót-kennimaðr
352:
349:
341:, for example
314:
311:
187:Proto-Germanic
146:
143:
141:
138:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7455:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7126:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:Öndvegissúlur
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:Heitstrenging
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6822:Völsung Cycle
6820:
6818:
6817:Tyrfing Cycle
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:Gesta Danorum
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Fróði's Peace
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:Shield-maiden
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Ask and Embla
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Ingunar-Freyr
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5008:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:Wilweorthunga
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:Franks Casket
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:and mythology
4517:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4207:(in Danish).
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4191:9780859915137
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Simek, Rudolf
4175:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3672:9781139177412
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:. Routledge.
3629:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3520:BBC Heathenry
3516:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:Driscoll 2008
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:Simensen 2021
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Simensen 2021
3294:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3156:, Chapter 72.
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:Kovárová 2011
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:Nordberg 2006
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:BT_blót-mónaþ
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:, Chapter. 5.
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:, p. 16.
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2898:, p. 61.
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:Kovárová 2011
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:Hultgärd 2008
2778:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:, p. 60.
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:, p. 70.
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:adherents of
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2308:in June 2011.
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:Modern period
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:Upplandslagen
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:Gesta Danorum
1793:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1771:Ynglinga saga
1768:
1763:
1762:miðsumarsblót
1758:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1615:Ynglinga saga
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:Västergötland
1479:
1474:
1470:according to
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Sigurðardrápa
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1228:According to
1226:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
967:
959:
957:
954:
949:
945:
940:
935:
934:Bruce Lincoln
929:
923:
921:
917:
913:
912:Ancient Greek
909:
905:
901:
896:
891:
887:
882:
876:
870:
865:
860:
855:
851:
850:Ynglinga saga
846:
840:
834:
828:
823:
818:
817:
811:
807:
802:
796:
790:
785:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
760:
754:
748:
743:
738:
732:
727:
723:
722:Old Testament
718:
712:
707:
703:
694:
688:
681:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
658:
653:
652:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
552:
548:
543:
537:
531:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
503:
499:
494:
491:
485:
479:
473:
472:
466:
458:
454:
449:
442:
437:
435:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
389:blót-hofðingi
384:
378:
372:
366:
361:
357:
350:
348:
345:
339:
334:
330:
325:
320:
312:
310:
307:
302:
301:
296:
291:
284:
277:
274:
268:
262:
261:guþ-blostreis
253:
249:
245:
240:
233:
227:
223:
218:
213:
209:
204:
201:
194:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
156:
152:
144:
139:
137:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
110:
104:
98:
92:
87:
83:
79:
77:
71:
67:
63:
61:
51:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
7311:Externsteine
7163:
6864:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6742:Hjaðningavíg
6520:Glæsisvellir
6060:Gullinbursti
5707:Útgarða-Loki
5101:Almáttki áss
4847:
4826:Wið færstice
4824:
4817:
4795:
4788:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4646:Other beings
4473:. Retrieved
4469:
4454:. Retrieved
4450:
4435:. Retrieved
4431:
4416:. Retrieved
4412:
4383:. Retrieved
4379:
4349:. Retrieved
4345:
4342:"blót-mónaþ"
4329:. Retrieved
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4305:
4295:
4268:10.16993/bay
4258:
4236:
4208:
4204:
4181:
4169:
4155:
4134:
4113:
4092:
4079:. Retrieved
4051:
4047:
4031:. Retrieved
4022:
4018:
4002:. Retrieved
4000:(3): 333–354
3997:
3993:
3963:10.16993/bay
3953:
3924:
3920:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3868:
3855:
3851:
3825:
3798:
3777:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:
3682:
3662:
3626:
3606:
3595:. Retrieved
3590:
3574:
3563:
3543:
3530:Bibliography
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3472:Nygaard 2019
3467:
3455:
3428:
3421:Sanmark 2004
3401:
3396:, p. 9.
3389:
3377:
3370:Sanmark 2004
3365:
3353:
3346:Sanmark 2004
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3178:OIC_sigrblót
3173:
3166:Gunnell 2018
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2947:Meyland 2013
2942:
2930:
2910:, Chapter 4.
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2835:
2828:
2821:Magnell 2019
2816:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2589:Kroonen 2013
2535:
2503:Kroonen 2013
2483:
2436:
2413:Examples of
2409:
2363:
2354:
2328:Olaus Magnus
2311:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2147:
2090:
2056:
2032:
2001:
1988:
1942:Rudolf Simek
1940:
1886:
1861:
1814:
1790:
1755:
1730:aetiological
1728:tells in an
1685:
1655:
1633:Flateyjarbók
1585:
1572:
1549:Calendrical
1496:
1429:
1386:
1372:
1325:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1276:
1275:versions of
1270:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1227:
1202:
1161:
1147:
1114:together as
1085:
1070:
1037:
1009:
1005:blótdrykkjur
993:
948:Gylfaginning
924:
786:
699:
655:
649:
646:
642:Östergötland
621:Osteological
607:
586:
523:and heathen
495:
462:
354:
351:In compounds
316:
278:
205:
165:("to serve (
148:
126:reviving of
114:
73:
57:
56:
29:
7268:Anglo-Saxon
6900:Reginnaglar
6832:Orthography
6805:Jómsvíkinga
6780:Poetic Edda
6693:Urðarbrunnr
6688:Mímisbrunnr
6620:Singasteinn
6550:Hindarfjall
6530:Gnipahellir
6510:Ginnungagap
6485:Fyrisvellir
6480:Fornsigtuna
6414:Vimur River
6404:Slidr River
6177:Jörmungandr
5587:Hrímgrímnir
5216:Vili and Vé
4773:Ealuscerwen
4714:Middangeard
4678:Eoten/Thurs
4475:18 December
4456:19 December
4437:12 December
4418:11 December
4385:11 December
4351:11 December
4331:22 December
4313:22 December
4081:28 December
4025:: 155–156.
3757:27 December
3738:18 December
3719:27 December
3597:15 February
3358:Thorpe 2012
3226:Warner 2013
2178:("idols").
2154:section of
2121:to heathen
2059:Anglo-Saxon
1759:mentions a
1742:who held a
1629:Völsa þáttr
1511:Vǫlsa þáttr
1375:Folke Ström
1278:Landnámabók
1102:Old Gutnish
1041:blótveizlur
1000:blótveizlur
976:image stone
908:Landnámabók
906:version of
864:Ynglingatal
852:, the king
789:Klaus Düwel
768:Eddic poems
742:aspergillum
731:hlautteinar
724:, in which
711:hlautteinar
371:blót-biskup
365:blót-auðigr
333:dative case
208:Old English
171:Old English
70:Old English
7433:Ceremonies
7417:Categories
7341:Trollkyrka
7299:Historical
7256:Variations
7225:Veneration
7067:Viking Age
7042:Philosophy
6910:Sonargöltr
6795:Runestones
6787:Prose Edda
6732:Fimbulvetr
6683:Hvergelmir
6650:Valaskjálf
6610:Sessrúmnir
6580:Jötunheimr
6555:Hlidskjalf
6545:Himinbjörg
6515:Glaðsheimr
6500:Gastropnir
6455:Bilskirnir
6435:Amsvartnir
6348:Gjallarbrú
6331:Underworld
6287:Landvættir
6187:Loddfáfnir
6165:Svaðilfari
6150:Hófvarpnir
6095:Blóðughófi
6075:Hildisvíni
5951:Aurvandill
5712:Vafþrúðnir
5697:Þrúðgelmir
5557:Harðgreipr
4813:Sutton Hoo
4808:Spong Hill
4172:: 221–229.
4170:Fornvännen
4004:7 November
3575:Chronicon;
3553:0231125747
3286:Simek 2022
3250:Simek 2022
3238:Simek 2022
3202:Simek 2022
3190:Simek 2008
3142:Simek 2008
3079:Simek 2008
3055:Simek 2008
2896:Zoëga 1910
2642:Price 2020
2601:Zoëga 1910
2559:Zoëga 1910
2540:BT_ge-blót
2475:References
2276:See also:
2206:when King
2200:of Norway
2047:cult image
1798:tells how
1539:Egils saga
1464:Blótsveinn
1459:blótveizla
1450:Frostaþing
1367:J. L. Lund
1342:Egils saga
1316:landvættir
1199:Divination
1176:Fagrskinna
1033:Hákonarmál
964:See also:
900:oath-rings
806:Hyndluljóð
782:divination
759:hlautteinn
708:describes
663:executions
626:Viking Age
567:Möðrudalur
536:blót-haugr
498:Viking Age
425:blót-skapr
413:blót-klæði
407:blót-bolli
401:blót-kálfr
115:After the
7292:Locations
7242:Landdísir
7201:Þorrablót
7152:Practices
7022:Mead hall
6956:Þorrablót
6810:Legendary
6705:Yggdrasil
6665:Víðbláinn
6660:Vanaheimr
6635:Þrymheimr
6630:Þrúðvangr
6625:Þrúðheimr
6595:Munarvágr
6585:Mímameiðr
6560:Hnitbjorg
6475:Fólkvangr
6460:Brávellir
6409:Vadgelmir
6394:Kerlaugar
6363:Niðafjöll
6323:Locations
6299:Valkyries
6247:Sæhrímnir
6135:Gulltoppr
6100:Falhófnir
5998:Einherjar
5981:Landdísir
5815:Mótsognir
5805:Hreiðmarr
5717:Víðblindi
5667:Sökkmímir
5657:Mögþrasir
5617:Hyrrokkin
5582:Hrímgerðr
5577:Hræsvelgr
5567:Helreginn
5562:Helblindi
5482:Bergelmir
5146:Ítreksjóð
5053:mythology
4989:Seax-Wica
4984:Heathenry
4903:Moot hill
4707:Locations
4617:Eormenric
4376:"ge-blót"
4286:195459479
4240:. Brill.
4227:1904-8181
4096:. Brill.
4076:197848245
4068:0015-587X
3981:195459479
3943:190714215
3896:(Thesis).
3852:Alvissmál
3768:Secondary
3654:233604491
3433:Peel_2009
2528:Orel 2003
2428:leir-blót
2377:Eucharist
2253:Christmas
2156:Gutalagen
2151:Af blotan
1740:King Snær
1718:Þorrablót
1700:Trøndelag
1674:month of
1672:Gregorian
1664:Blōtmōnaþ
1516:húsfreyja
1506:húsfreyja
1266:Sturlubók
1222:blótspánn
1212:sonarblót
1117:suþnautar
1106:Guta saga
996:Old Norse
988:Stockholm
753:hlautolli
617:Hofstaðir
572:Goðakelda
562:Blótkelda
556:Blótkelda
419:blót-dómr
383:blót-goði
356:Old Norse
319:Old Norse
256:blostreis
222:Old Norse
151:Old Norse
145:Etymology
66:Old Norse
7326:Irminsul
7273:Frankish
7174:Dísablót
7169:Álfablót
7085:See also
7007:Hamingja
6961:Vetrnætr
6946:Dísablót
6941:Álfablót
6747:Ragnarök
6655:Valhalla
6645:Útgarðar
6590:Myrkviðr
6575:Járnviðr
6570:Iðavöllr
6490:Gálgviðr
6470:Fensalir
6379:Élivágar
6353:Náströnd
6343:Éljúðnir
6212:Níðhöggr
6160:Sleipnir
6130:Gullfaxi
6030:Fimafeng
5946:Auðumbla
5765:Billingr
5692:Þrívaldi
5677:Suttungr
5632:Járnsaxa
5602:Hrungnir
5532:Gillingr
5527:Geirröðr
5507:Fárbauti
5497:Býleistr
5462:Angrboða
5414:Gullveig
5126:Heimdall
5116:Dellingr
5007:Category
4943:Weregild
4863:Folkmoot
4693:Wælcyrge
4395:cite web
4361:cite web
4180:(2008).
4048:Folklore
4033:26 March
4027:Archived
2690:CV_blóta
2422:mat-blót
2389:Shechita
2371:See also
2346:Sandwick
2286:Council
2210::
2175:affguþum
2168:forbade
2143:outlawry
1780:sigrblót
1676:November
1643:álfablót
1607:dísablót
1594:vetrnætr
1575:Dísablót
1541:and the
1521:álfablót
1393:such as
1272:Hauksbók
1144:Function
1060:and the
1050:outlawry
1044:and the
1011:álfablót
916:religion
904:Hauksbók
845:véstalli
833:véstallr
801:véstallr
638:Jämtland
542:blót-hof
459:, Norway
443:Location
431:blótnaðr
395:blót-guð
248:bluostar
193:blōtanan
18:Sigrblót
7372:Manheim
7232:Deities
7206:Seeress
7037:Numbers
7017:Kenning
6890:Worship
6846:Society
6756:Sources
6675:Vingólf
6670:Vígríðr
6640:Uppsala
6605:Okolnir
6525:Glitnir
6495:Gandvik
6450:Bifröst
6440:Andlang
6358:Niflhel
6304:Völundr
6252:Skírnir
6192:Móðguðr
5988:Dragons
5971:Byggvir
5800:Gandalf
5785:Dvalinn
5755:Andvari
5592:Hrímnir
5547:Gunnlöð
5517:Fornjót
5512:Fjölvar
5492:Bölþorn
5467:Aurboða
5457:Alvaldi
5409:Gersemi
5226:Ásynjur
5131:Hermóðr
5121:Forseti
5071:Deities
4893:Maypole
4819:Widsith
4752:Beowulf
4738:Æcerbot
4723:Sources
4637:Waldere
3927:: 241.
3535:Primary
3394:Grønlie
2574:CV_blót
2243:'s and
2194:blended
1877:Uppsala
1824:Zealand
1800:Hadding
1647:Svetjud
1619:Uppsala
1535:Beowulf
1486:Anunder
1346:Beowulf
1312:thralls
1092:Lofoten
1029:Valhǫll
980:Gotland
918:and in
898:, like
875:stallar
869:stallar
859:stallar
854:Dómaldi
827:blóttre
795:stallar
737:stǫklar
717:stallar
680:stallar
613:Uppsala
589:animals
553:called
490:blóthús
484:goðahús
457:Lofoten
217:ge-blót
7360:Modern
7278:Gothic
7247:Vættir
7216:Symbel
7191:Hallow
6880:Horses
6719:Events
6700:Ýdalir
6679:Wells
6615:Sindri
6600:Nóatún
6465:Brimir
6430:Asgard
6389:Ífingr
6372:Rivers
6282:Vættir
6140:Gyllir
6050:Fylgja
6040:Fenrir
5993:Draugs
5929:Others
5852:Heroes
5835:Brokkr
5790:Fáfnir
5780:Dúrnir
5775:Durinn
5750:Alvíss
5742:Dwarfs
5727:Vörnir
5637:Laufey
5502:Eggþér
5487:Bestla
5444:Jötnar
5429:Njörðr
5424:Kvasir
5387:Freyja
5339:Snotra
5299:Njörun
5254:Gefjon
5211:Víðarr
5151:Lóðurr
5080:jötnar
5076:dwarfs
4923:Symbel
4883:Horses
4853:Burial
4848:Blōtan
4658:Dragon
4653:Cofgod
4632:Sceafa
4566:Saxnot
4556:Hretha
4551:Gefjon
4541:Ēostre
4284:
4274:
4244:
4225:
4188:
4142:
4121:
4100:
4074:
4066:
3979:
3969:
3941:
3875:
3832:
3809:
3785:
3698:
3669:
3652:
3642:
3613:
3550:
2843:
2443:flāmen
2342:Orkney
2320:tomter
2257:Christ
2241:Njörðr
2123:vættir
2109:hǫrgar
2014:trolls
1991:þættir
1903:Sweden
1752:Summer
1724:. The
1716:. The
1686:Other
1559:Yearly
1134:Gothic
1123:Seyðir
1097:seyðir
1088:Melhus
966:Symbel
881:stallr
848:). In
839:stallr
810:Freyja
787:While
693:stallr
636:") in
630:Frösön
597:horses
577:Mývatn
525:vættir
507:groves
478:hǫrgar
380:, or
306:flamen
300:flamen
290:blōđan
283:blōtan
252:Gothic
239:blōtan
232:blōtan
200:blōtan
185:. The
183:blōzan
175:blōtan
163:blotan
159:Gothic
76:geblōt
7321:Hörgr
7283:Norse
7263:Early
7237:Dísir
7211:Seiðr
7181:Galdr
7159:Bless
7072:Völva
7062:Skald
7057:Seiðr
7052:Runes
7047:Rings
7012:Heiti
6997:Galdr
6992:Félag
6982:Death
6975:Other
6885:Hörgr
6800:Sagas
6540:Heiðr
6505:Gimlé
6445:Barri
6384:Gjöll
6309:Vörðr
6272:Troll
6257:Sköll
6217:Norns
6125:Grani
6120:Glenr
6110:Glaðr
6080:Hjúki
6055:Garmr
6008:Elves
6003:Eldir
5976:Dísir
5956:Beyla
5890:Hi–Hy
5840:Eitri
5825:Regin
5770:Dáinn
5722:Vosud
5702:Þrymr
5682:Þjazi
5672:Surtr
5642:Leikn
5612:Hymir
5607:Hrymr
5597:Hroðr
5572:Hljod
5552:Gymir
5542:Gríðr
5522:Gangr
5472:Baugi
5419:Hnoss
5402:Yngvi
5392:Freyr
5379:Vanir
5359:Þrúðr
5334:Skaði
5329:Sjöfn
5324:Sigyn
5309:Rindr
5294:Nanna
5274:Iðunn
5259:Gerðr
5249:Fulla
5244:Frigg
5171:Mímir
5166:Meili
5141:Hœnir
5111:Bragi
5106:Baldr
4948:Wicce
4938:Thyle
4933:Thing
4928:Thegn
4913:Rings
4908:Runes
4878:Hearg
4868:Frith
4698:Wight
4612:Beowa
4591:Wōden
4571:Þunor
4546:Frige
4536:Beowa
4282:S2CID
4072:S2CID
3977:S2CID
3939:S2CID
3917:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3803:(PDF)
3650:S2CID
3587:(PDF)
2464:flāg-
2462:*
2457:flād-
2455:*
2448:*
2401:Notes
2306:Thing
2288:gyðja
2245:Freyr
2203:Ágrip
2105:howes
2086:marks
2074:. In
2039:devil
1975:from
1918:text
1916:Latin
1839:text
1837:Latin
1828:Lejre
1820:Danes
1811:Lejre
1787:Other
1722:Þorri
1611:disir
1578:, by
1468:Svear
1456:at a
1417:goðar
1338:rings
1138:sauþs
1073:Eddic
1016:skald
978:from
816:hǫrgr
777:hlaut
747:hlaut
726:Moses
521:elves
324:blóta
321:verb
313:Usage
295:Latin
288:*
281:*
273:blœti
242:from
237:*
230:*
198:*
196:, or
191:*
155:blóta
72:) or
7186:Goði
7164:Blót
7002:Goði
6987:Ergi
6966:Yule
6865:Blót
6773:Edda
6235:Nótt
6230:Elli
6225:Dagr
6172:Jörð
6115:Glær
6105:Gísl
5966:Búri
5961:Borr
5941:Auðr
5885:H–He
5810:Litr
5732:Ymir
5687:Þökk
5652:Logi
5647:Litr
5477:Beli
5452:Ægir
5314:Sága
5289:Lofn
5284:Irpa
5279:Ilmr
5269:Hlín
5201:Ullr
5191:Thor
5181:Odin
5161:Máni
5156:Loki
5136:Höðr
5093:Æsir
5051:and
4968:Yule
4963:Wyrd
4918:Scop
4843:Bēot
4766:Deor
4688:Neck
4683:Mare
4673:Ides
4622:Finn
4607:Ægil
4581:Wade
4477:2021
4458:2023
4439:2023
4420:2023
4401:link
4387:2023
4367:link
4353:2023
4333:2021
4315:2021
4272:ISBN
4242:ISBN
4223:ISSN
4186:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4083:2023
4064:ISSN
4035:2023
4006:2023
3967:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3759:2023
3740:2023
3721:2023
3696:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3599:2023
3548:ISBN
3154:KOTS
2841:ISBN
2450:flā-
2425:and
2416:blót
2364:blót
2338:Yule
2333:blót
2326:and
2315:blót
2301:blót
2292:goði
2290:and
2261:Mary
2259:and
2251:and
2189:blót
2161:blót
2148:The
2138:blót
2132:blót
2118:blót
2100:blót
2094:blót
2081:blót
2057:The
2023:blót
2009:blót
1996:blót
1982:blót
1960:Blót
1894:blót
1865:blót
1775:Odin
1767:Mære
1745:blót
1735:blót
1712:and
1709:blót
1704:Yule
1689:blót
1659:blót
1638:blót
1624:blót
1603:goði
1588:Blót
1573:The
1552:blót
1500:blót
1491:blót
1478:Ingi
1445:blót
1433:blót
1424:blót
1410:blót
1390:blót
1381:blót
1363:goði
1344:and
1329:blót
1284:blót
1269:and
1237:blót
1217:boar
1206:blót
1192:blót
1185:blót
1165:Blót
1151:blót
1129:suþ-
1126:and
1111:blót
1081:mead
1075:and
1024:blót
953:blót
944:Ymir
939:blót
928:blót
914:and
895:blót
766:and
756:and
734:and
654:and
602:blót
595:and
593:pigs
569:and
530:blót
517:gods
512:blót
502:blót
360:Blót
338:blót
267:Blót
226:blót
214:and
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