197:. In conjunction with seafloor samples, it is able to provide an understanding of the differences in material and texture type of the seabed. Side-scan sonar imagery is also a commonly used tool to detect debris items and other obstructions on the seafloor that may be hazardous to shipping or to seafloor installations by the oil and gas industry. In addition, the status of pipelines and cables on the seafloor can be investigated using side-scan sonar. Side-scan data are frequently acquired along with
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308:, who was brought to the US after World War II and worked at the US Navy Mine Defense Laboratory, Panama City, FL from 1947 until his death in 1964. His work is documented in US Patent 4,197,591 which was first disclosed in Aug 1958, but remained classified by the US Navy until it was finally issued in 1980. Experimental side-scan sonar systems were made during the 1950s in laboratories including Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Hudson Laboratories and by Dr.
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284:. Next, units were made with two transducers to cover both sides. The transducers were either contained in one hull-mounted package or with two packages on either side of the vessel. Next the transducers evolved to fan-shaped beams to produce a better "sonogram" or sonar image. In order to get closer to the bottom in deep water the side-scan transducers were placed in a "tow fish" and pulled by a tow cable.
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364:) and continued to work on improvements including the first commercial high frequency (500 kHz) systems and the first dual-frequency side-scan sonars, and the first combined side-scan and sub-bottom profiling sonar. In 1985, Charles Mazel of Klein Associates (now Klein Marine Systems, Inc.) produced the first commercial side-scan sonar training videos and the first
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the paper record. In the late 1980s, commercial systems using the newer, cheaper computer systems developed digital scan-converters that could mimic more cheaply the analog scan converters used by the military systems to produce TV and computer displayed images of the scan, and store them on video tape. Currently data is stored on computer
345:"Transit Sonar", a converted echo-sounder with a single-channel, pole-mounted, fan-beam transducer introduced around 1960. In 1963 Dr. Harold Edgerton, Edward Curley, and John Yules used a conical-beam 12 kHz side-scan sonar to find the sunken Vineyard Lightship in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. A team led by
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at
Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (later E.G. & G., Inc.) developed the first successful towed, dual-channel commercial side-scan sonar system from 1963 to 1966. Martin Klein is generally considered to be the "father" of commercial side-scan sonar. In 1967, Edgerton used Klein's sonar to help
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Military side-scan sonars were made in the 1950s by
Westinghouse. Advanced systems were later developed and built for special military purposes, such as to find H-Bombs lost at sea or to find a lost Russian submarine, at the Westinghouse facility in Annapolis up through the 1990s. This group also
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Up until the mid-1980s, commercial side scan images were produced on paper records. The early paper records were produced with a sweeping plotter that burned the image into a scrolling paper record. Later plotters allowed for the simultaneous plotting of position and ship motion information onto
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and the IOS in the UK to obtain images of continental shelves worldwide. It operated at relatively low frequencies to obtain long range. Like most side-scan sonars, the GLORIA instrument is towed behind a ship. GLORIA has a ping rate of two per minute, and detects returns from a range of up to
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data, thus providing a glimpse of the shallow structure of the seabed. Side-scan sonar is also used for fisheries research, dredging operations and environmental studies. It also has military applications including mine detection.
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Side-scan uses a sonar device that emits conical or fan-shaped pulses down toward the seafloor across a wide angle perpendicular to the path of the sensor through the water, which may be towed from a surface vessel or
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is recorded in a series of cross-track slices. When stitched together along the direction of motion, these slices form an image of the sea bottom within the swath (coverage width) of the beam. The sound
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296:- the data is typically displayed in grayscale or color images, known as side scan sonograms, which provide a visual representation of the underwater environment.
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For surveying large areas, the GLORIA sidescan sonar was developed by
Marconi Underwater Systems and the
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find a 2000-year-old ship off the coast of Turkey. In 1968 Klein founded Klein
Associates (now
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Side scan sonar is used to image large areas of the seafloor quickly. Applications include
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501:"A Smooth Operator's Guide to Underwater Sonars and Acoustic Devices"
477:"A Smooth Operator's Guide to Underwater Sonars and Acoustic Devices"
453:"A Smooth Operator's Guide to Underwater Sonars and Acoustic Devices"
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One of the inventors of side-scan sonar was German scientist, Dr.
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356:. That same year Klein used the sonar to help archaeologist
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Side-scan sonar image of submerged bridge at the bottom of
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that could trace objects while looking under the vehicle.
526:"Facsimile recording of sonic values of the ocean bottom"
431: – Form of sonar using post-processing of sonar data
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The earliest side-scan sonars used a single conical-beam
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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used in side-scan sonar usually range from 100 to 500
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guide to Side-Scan Sonar acquisition and processing
419: – Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
386:. GLORIA stands for Geological Long Range Inclined
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
568:Use of side scan sonar to recover drowning victims
227:reflections from the seafloor of this fan-shaped
862:Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system
219:(called a “towfish”), or mounted on the ship's
341:The first commercial side-scan system was the
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636:U.S. Geological Survey GLORIA Mapping Program
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256:Side-scan sonar image of shipwreck "Aid" in
350:Alexander McKee find Henry VIII's flagship
837:Short baseline acoustic positioning system
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587:NOAA's use of sidescan and multibeam sonar
395:22 km either side of the sonar fish.
827:Long baseline acoustic positioning system
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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877:Underwater acoustic positioning system
755:Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System
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316:produced the first and only working
58:adding citations to reliable sources
596:to make official US nautical charts
380:Institute of Oceanographic Sciences
169:system that is used to efficiently
362:KLEIN - A MIND Technology Business
240:; higher frequencies yield better
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872:Underwater acoustic communication
807:Acoustic Doppler current profiler
368:and two oceanographers found the
332:side-scan image of the freighter
173:of large areas of the sea floor.
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930:Hearing range of marine mammals
366:Side Scan Sonar Training Manual
45:needs additional citations for
812:Acoustic seabed classification
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558:Marine Sonic HDS Sonar System
579:Pictures and description of
583:sidescan sonar tow vehicle.
530:United States Patent Office
163:bottom classification sonar
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895:Acoustic survey in fishing
832:Ocean acoustic tomography
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629:Tritech Knowledge Base –
425: – Towed array sonar
191:search and recovery (SAR)
137:Diagram of sidescan sonar
27:Tool for seafloor mapping
935:Marine mammals and sonar
760:Synthetic aperture sonar
601:geocoded sidescan images
524:Julius Hagemann (1958).
429:Synthetic aperture sonar
223:. The intensity of the
195:environmental monitoring
817:Acoustical oceanography
145:(also sometimes called
735:Scientific echosounder
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324:Commercial application
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915:Deep scattering layer
725:Multibeam echosounder
720:GLORIA sidescan sonar
581:USGS Benthos SIS-1000
390:. It was used by the
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199:bathymetric soundings
189:, shipwreck hunting,
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867:Underwater acoustics
857:Sound velocity probe
852:Sound speed gradient
770:Upward looking sonar
715:Fessenden oscillator
392:US Geological Survey
300:Military application
54:improve this article
976:Hydrographic survey
925:Fisheries acoustics
905:Animal echolocation
700:Baffles (submarine)
203:sub-bottom profiler
165:) is a category of
155:side imaging sonar
18:Side-scanning sonar
971:Geophysical MASINT
956:Acoustic signature
641:2008-07-04 at the
623:2013-05-01 at the
612:2013-05-01 at the
592:2001-02-08 at the
573:2008-02-26 at the
405:Aperture synthesis
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187:marine archaeology
159:side-imaging sonar
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765:Towed array sonar
745:Sonar beamforming
730:Passive acoustics
543:Rusby et al. 1973
370:wreck of the RMS
294:solid-state media
271:in South Carolina
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69:"Side-scan sonar"
16:(Redirected from
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887:Acoustic ecology
802:Acoustic release
797:Acoustic network
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695:Active acoustics
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643:Wayback Machine
625:Wayback Machine
618:image galleries
614:Wayback Machine
594:Wayback Machine
575:Wayback Machine
563:Side Scan Sonar
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43:This article
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961:Bioacoustics
900:Acoustic tag
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599:Examples of
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508:. Retrieved
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484:. Retrieved
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460:. Retrieved
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417:Phased array
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347:Martin Klein
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210:How it works
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52:Please help
47:verification
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411:Beamforming
358:George Bass
290:hard drives
269:Lake Murray
234:frequencies
986:Soundscape
940:Whale song
920:Fishfinder
842:Sofar bomb
822:Hydrophone
510:2024-01-12
486:2024-01-18
462:2024-01-12
439:References
423:Sonar 2087
382:(IOS) for
282:transducer
276:Technology
242:resolution
80:newspapers
981:Noise map
353:Mary Rose
217:submarine
110:June 2008
1001:Category
966:Biophony
750:Sonobuoy
639:Archived
621:Archived
610:Archived
590:Archived
571:Archived
399:See also
312:at MIT.
225:acoustic
372:Titanic
335:Choctaw
258:Estonia
248:History
183:surveys
94:scholar
193:, and
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1007:Sonar
687:Sonar
388:Asdic
167:sonar
101:JSTOR
87:books
616:and
384:NERC
229:beam
221:hull
201:and
185:for
177:Uses
161:and
73:news
292:or
238:kHz
56:by
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