43:
where an electron jumps down to a vacancy in one of the inner shells of an atom. Such a hole in an inner shell may have been produced by bombardment with electrons in an
542:
63:
888:
951:
898:
570:
810:
825:
908:
903:
981:
966:
835:
94:
had clearly differentiated two types of X-ray lines for each element, naming them α and β. In 1914, as part of his thesis, Ivar Malmer (
1054:
883:
862:
793:
102:, discovered that the α and β lines were not single lines, but doublets. In 1916, Siegbahn published this result in the journal
913:
878:
976:
946:
805:
778:
40:
956:
923:
893:
857:
563:
830:
1049:
1002:
842:
730:
62:
Although still widely used in spectroscopy, this notation is unsystematic and often confusing. For these reasons,
669:
1044:
971:
820:
556:
1034:
931:
800:
608:
79:
847:
768:
700:
633:
504:
399:
36:
720:
695:
674:
961:
740:
705:
638:
522:
52:
21:
1009:
941:
936:
763:
735:
725:
603:
512:
473:
442:
404:
103:
1039:
997:
852:
715:
679:
598:
508:
409:
129:
99:
67:
29:
538:
1028:
773:
91:
25:
526:
815:
710:
623:
613:
664:
56:
466:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
435:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
95:
788:
654:
477:
446:
78:
The use of the letters K and L to denote X-rays originates in a 1911 paper by
44:
114:
The table below shows a few transitions and their initial and final levels.
659:
783:
618:
517:
493:"Relations between the K and L Series of the High-Frequency Spectra"
492:
461:
430:
593:
579:
87:
548:
48:
552:
106:, using what would come to be known as the Siegbahn notation.
28:
that are characteristic to elements. It was introduced by
110:
Correspondence between the
Siegbahn and IUPAC notations
116:
990:
922:
871:
756:
749:
688:
647:
586:
431:"The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations"
84:The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations
64:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
564:
8:
462:"The high-frequency spectra of the elements"
753:
571:
557:
549:
539:Nomenclature system for X-ray spectroscopy
516:
39:in X-ray emission spectra correspond to
421:
7:
14:
491:MANNE SIEGBAHN (17 Feb 1916).
1:
59:decay of the atom's nucleus.
41:atomic electronic transitions
86:("Röntgen radiation" is an
47:, by other particles as in
1071:
843:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
731:Anomalous X-ray scattering
429:Barkla, Charles G (1911).
1055:Astronomical spectroscopy
478:10.1080/14786441308635052
447:10.1080/14786440908637137
242:
135:
88:archaic name for "X-rays"
670:Synchrotron light source
689:Interaction with matter
648:Sources and instruments
821:Diffraction tomography
460:Henry Moseley (1913).
932:X-ray crystallography
801:Soft x-ray microscopy
769:Panoramic radiography
609:Synchrotron radiation
80:Charles Glover Barkla
51:, by other X-rays in
701:Photoelectric effect
634:Characteristic X-ray
400:Characteristic X-ray
68:another nomenclature
37:characteristic lines
721:Photodisintegration
696:Rayleigh scattering
675:Free-electron laser
509:1916Natur..96R.676S
66:(IUPAC) recommends
962:X-ray reflectivity
741:X-ray fluorescence
706:Compton scattering
639:High-energy X-rays
472:(156): 1024–1034.
53:X-ray fluorescence
22:X-ray spectroscopy
1050:Quantum chemistry
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1010:X-ray lithography
942:Backscatter X-ray
937:X-ray diffraction
764:X-ray radiography
736:X-ray diffraction
629:Siegbahn notation
391:
390:
126:Siegbahn notation
18:Siegbahn notation
1062:
848:X-ray holography
754:
726:Radiation damage
573:
566:
559:
550:
531:
530:
520:
518:10.1038/096676b0
488:
482:
481:
457:
451:
450:
441:(129): 396–412.
426:
117:
98:), a student of
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1014:
998:X-ray astronomy
986:
918:
867:
853:X-ray telescope
745:
716:Photoionization
684:
680:X-ray nanoprobe
643:
599:Absorption edge
587:Characteristics
582:
577:
535:
534:
490:
489:
485:
459:
458:
454:
428:
427:
423:
418:
396:
387:
383:
377:
370:
366:
359:
355:
347:
343:
337:
330:
326:
319:
315:
307:
303:
297:
290:
286:
278:
274:
268:
261:
257:
250:
246:
238:
232:
225:
221:
213:
207:
200:
196:
188:
182:
175:
171:
163:
157:
150:
146:
139:
112:
76:
12:
11:
5:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Atomic physics
1042:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
992:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
926:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
873:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
797:
796:
791:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
751:
747:
746:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
692:
690:
686:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
649:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
588:
584:
583:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
547:
546:
533:
532:
483:
452:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:X-ray notation
407:
402:
395:
392:
389:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
298:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
132:
130:IUPAC notation
127:
124:
121:
111:
108:
100:Manne Siegbahn
96:sv:Ivar Malmer
75:
72:
30:Manne Siegbahn
26:spectral lines
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:Tomosynthesis
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
755:
752:
748:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
646:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Moseley's law
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:X-ray science
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
551:
544:
540:
537:
536:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
506:
503:(2416): 676.
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
456:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
422:
415:
411:
408:
406:
405:Moseley's law
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
379:
373:
362:
351:
350:
339:
333:
322:
311:
310:
299:
293:
282:
281:
270:
264:
253:
241:
234:
228:
217:
216:
209:
203:
192:
191:
184:
178:
167:
166:
159:
153:
142:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
120:Initial level
119:
118:
115:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:Henry Moseley
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1035:Spectroscopy
872:Spectroscopy
816:Ptychography
750:Applications
711:Auger effect
628:
614:Water window
500:
496:
486:
469:
465:
455:
438:
434:
424:
113:
90:). By 1913,
83:
77:
61:
34:
24:to name the
17:
15:
665:Synchrotron
123:Final level
57:radioactive
20:is used in
1029:Categories
924:Scattering
789:Helical CT
655:X-ray tube
416:References
45:X-ray tube
82:, titled
660:Betatron
527:36078913
394:See also
1003:History
757:Imaging
541:(1991)
505:Bibcode
74:History
1040:X-rays
991:Others
952:GISAXS
624:L-edge
619:K-edge
525:
497:Nature
104:Nature
55:or by
982:EDXRD
904:XANES
899:EXAFS
889:ARPES
836:3DXRD
594:X-ray
543:IUPAC
523:S2CID
136:K (1s
967:RIXS
957:WAXS
947:SAXS
858:DFXM
826:XDCT
811:STXM
806:XPCI
794:XACT
49:PIXE
35:The
16:The
972:XRS
914:XFH
909:EDS
894:AES
884:XPS
879:XAS
863:DXA
831:DCT
779:CDI
513:doi
474:doi
443:doi
369:7/2
367:(4f
358:5/2
356:(3d
329:3/2
327:(3d
318:1/2
316:(2p
289:3/2
287:(3d
260:5/2
258:(3d
249:3/2
247:(2p
235:K–M
224:1/2
222:(3p
210:K–M
199:3/2
197:(3p
185:K–L
174:1/2
172:(2p
160:K–L
149:3/2
147:(2p
138:1/2
1031::
977:XS
784:CT
521:.
511:.
501:96
499:.
495:.
470:26
468:.
464:.
439:22
437:.
433:.
384:–N
374:Mα
371:)
360:)
344:–M
334:Lβ
331:)
320:)
304:–M
294:Lα
291:)
275:–M
265:Lα
262:)
251:)
229:Kβ
226:)
204:Kβ
201:)
179:Kα
176:)
154:Kα
151:)
140:)
70:.
32:.
572:e
565:t
558:v
545:.
529:.
515::
507::
480:.
476::
449:.
445::
386:7
382:5
380:M
376:1
365:7
363:N
354:5
352:M
346:4
342:2
340:L
336:1
325:4
323:M
314:2
312:L
306:4
302:3
300:L
296:2
285:4
283:M
277:5
273:3
271:L
267:1
256:5
254:M
245:3
243:L
237:2
231:3
220:2
218:M
212:3
206:1
195:3
193:M
187:2
181:2
170:2
168:L
162:3
156:1
145:3
143:L
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