354:, where, through friendship with Roman aristocrats, he had formed an acquaintance with Roman manners and military tactics. Micipsa, worried that at his death Jugurtha would usurp the kingdom from his own somewhat less able sons, adopted him, and bequeathed the kingship jointly to his two sons and Jugurtha. After Micipsa's death the three kings fell out, and ultimately agreed between themselves to divide their inheritance into three separate kingdoms. When they were unable to agree on the terms of the division Jugurtha declared open war on his cousins. Hiempsal, the younger and braver of the brothers, was assassinated by Jugurtha's agents. Jugurtha gathered an army and marched against Adherbal, who fled to Rome. There he appealed to the
368:, to deal with the matter, but the senators who comprised it were bribed by Jugurtha into acquitting him of his crime, and equally dividing the disputed kingdom between him and Adherbal. Jugurtha further bribed the commission to grant him the more prosperous western half. In 116, still dissatisfied, Jugurtha attempted to provoke his rival into war by performing repeated cavalry harassments on the frontier. But Adherbal failed to respond and prudently sent a message to Rome to again protest against Jugurtha's conduct. The Senate failed to make any effectual response, and in 113 Jugurtha finally decided to invade his cousin's kingdom in force. Adherbal met him with his scanty forces near
393:. A lengthy but inconclusive negotiation ensued, in which Jugurtha went to great lengths to protract the discussions by vague protestations, without actually making any concessions. Scaurus' commission returned to Rome without achieving anything. At this Adherbal, who had run out of provisions, decided to capitulate. The Romans within the walls acquiesced, counting on their immunity as Roman citizens. Adherbal was put to death by slow torture, and every man who had joined in the city's defense, Roman or African, was executed.
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back to the town, had sent messengers to Rome to notify the Senate of
Jugurtha's invasion. A commission of ten inexperienced Romans was despatched to negotiate with Jugurtha. Jugurtha dismissed them, claiming that Adherbal had attempted to poison him, and they returned to Rome without result. The Senate sent a more senior deputation headed by
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The abandonment of a loyal and valuable ally, and the deaths of Roman citizens, led to outrage among the Roman population. This was compounded by the general belief that
Scaurus and his retinue, as well as the previous Roman commissions to Jugurtha, had accepted bribes from him. The Senate attempted
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looping around its base. The city had a sizable Roman minority, mostly merchants of some standing and their families; these joined the rest of the population in manning the walls and defending the city. Cirta was able to hold out for a long time against the besieging army. Adherbal, before falling
283:. Two Roman deputations attempted to negotiate a settlement, but Jugurtha ignored them. When the city surrendered he tortured Adherbal to death and executed all who had bourne arms against him, including numerous Romans. This last action was to spark the outbreak of the
389:, one of the most prestigious and influential Roman politicians, to threaten Jugurtha into submission. After a furious but unsuccessful attempt to carry the walls of Cirta before this group's arrival, Jugurtha went to receive the deputation at
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Numidia, in green, with the position of Cirta shown
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314:) adjacent to what had been
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422:Quintus Metellus Numidicus
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661:Battles involving Numidia
618:Mommsen, Theodor (1891).
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580:Beesley, A. H. (1903).
601:Froude, J. A. (1896).
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120:Commanders and leaders
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150:Casualties and losses
115:Forces under Jugurtha
98:Victory for Jugurtha
79:36.3675°N 6.611944°E
671:Sieges of antiquity
620:The History of Rome
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646:Kingdom of Numidia
566:, pp. 110–11.
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155:Garrison massacred
651:110s BC conflicts
603:Caesar – A Sketch
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450:, pp. 33–34.
358:for arbitration.
352:siege of Numantia
348:Scipio Aemilianus
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640:Categories
586:A. L. Burt
573:References
340:Hiempsal I
291:Background
67:36°22′03″N
44:113–112 BC
611:499974606
588:Company.
436:Footnotes
430:Tullianum
397:Aftermath
324:Masinissa
238:2nd Cirta
70:6°36′43″E
594:19169471
370:Rusicade
344:Jugurtha
336:Adherbal
320:Carthage
265:Jugurtha
261:Adherbal
257:Numidian
233:Muluccha
137:Strength
131:Jugurtha
126:Adherbal
49:Location
29:Part of
628:3691295
414:tribune
382:Ampsaga
350:at the
332:Micipsa
322:. King
312:Algeria
304:Numidia
277:Micipsa
273:Numidia
145:Unknown
142:Unknown
58:Numidia
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363:Consul
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267:in 113
259:kings
218:Muthul
213:Suthul
95:Result
666:Cirta
391:Utica
376:Siege
281:Cirta
228:Thala
208:Cirta
158:Light
54:Cirta
624:OCLC
607:OCLC
590:OCLC
424:and
338:and
316:Rome
263:and
251:The
223:Zama
41:Date
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412:,
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187:e
180:t
173:v
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