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retreat following the Battle of New Bern. Federal siege artillery followed, and Parke set up four batteries that would bear on the fort: four 8-inch (20.3 cm) mortars at a range of 1200 yards (1100 meters); four 10-inch (25.4 cm) mortars at a range of 1600 yards (1460 meters); three 30-pounder (13.6 kg) rifled
Parrotts at a range of 1300 yards (1190 meters); and a 12-pounder (5.4 kg) boat howitzer at a range of 1200 yards (1100 meters). The batteries were moved up at night and remained hidden behind sand dunes until they were ready to open fire. The defenders were aware of these activities, but could not waste ammunition by firing at unseen targets. Patrols sent out from the fort to harass the Union soldiers were driven back, usually without loss. On April 17, General Burnside could state in his report to the War Department, "I hope to reduce the fort within ten days." His prediction proved to be remarkably accurate.
518:
could consult with
Burnside. Burnside reasoned that White could hold out at least one more day, and further action would only cause more casualties and greater damage to the fort. He therefore agreed to adhere to his first terms. The men in the fort were allowed to give their paroles, meaning that they would not take up arms against the United States until properly exchanged. They then were permitted to return to their homes, taking with them their personal property. Shortly after dawn on April 26, the Confederate flag was lowered, the defenders marched out, and Union soldiers of the 5th Rhode Island marched in.
39:
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514:, acting on his own responsibility, was able to deliver messages to the battery commanders telling them how to adjust their range. After noon, virtually all shots were on target. Nineteen guns were dismounted. The walls of the fort began to crumble under the continued pounding, and in mid-afternoon Colonel White began to fear that the magazine would be breached. At 4:30 p.m., he decided that the fort could no longer hold out, so he ordered that a white flag be raised. Firing on both sides then ceased.
441:, commander of his Third Brigade, to reduce the fort. Parke began by seizing the towns along the inner shore: Carolina City on March 21, Morehead City on March 22, Newport on March 23, and finally Beaufort on March 25. Communications between the garrison and other Confederate forces were thereby severed. Parke also had to repair a railroad bridge at Newport, burned by the retreating Confederates following the loss of New Bern; the railroad was needed for the transport of his siege artillery.
369:. Begun in 1826, it was completed and received its first garrison in 1834. As it was intended for defense against attacking enemy naval forces, it was built of masonry. Gunfire from a rolling ship's deck was not accurate enough at that time to be able to break down brick and stone walls. Although the advent of rifled artillery would soon make its walls vulnerable, no alterations were made in the fort. It was a generation out of date when the Civil War came.
373:
sergeant. When the fort was taken over by North
Carolina troops under Captain Josiah Solomon Pender on April 14 (before the state had seceded from the Union), only four guns were mounted. The local military authorities immediately set about improving the armament. A total of 56 pieces (5 8-inch and 2 10-inch columbiads, 19 24-pounders, 32 32-pounders, and 6 field guns) were mounted, but they had ammunition for only three days of action.
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380:. Sickness reduced this number by about a third. Despite the poor diet and other living conditions that they suffered, only one man died. Morale among the men was generally not good, as they were cut off from their families, and White was unpopular, both with his men and with the people of Beaufort. A few men deserted during the siege.
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bombardment as soon as possible. Parke waited until nightfall to open the embrasures for his guns behind the dunes. The bombardment began at dawn on April 25. At first, the gunners in the fort manned their pieces and replied vigorously, but they were unable to inflict damage on the
Federal guns protected by the dunes.
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supplied a pair of floating batteries to the attack, but again the waves interfered, and only one of them got into action. It is not certain whether the fort sustained any hits from the ships. The
Confederate return fire was accurate enough to hit two vessels, doing little damage and slightly wounding only one man.
461:
On March 23, General Parke sent a message from his headquarters at
Carolina City to Colonel White, demanding the surrender of the fort. He offered to release the men on parole if the fort was turned over intact. White replied tersely, "I have the honor to decline evacuating Fort Macon." The siege can
517:
Colonel White met with
General Parke to discuss terms, and Parke at first demanded unconditional surrender. White asked him for more favorable conditions, and referred to the terms that General Burnside had offered on March 23. Parke did not concede, but agreed not to renew the bombardment until he
465:
The investment of the fort was not yet complete, but that was accomplished on March 29, when a company from Parke's brigade crossed the sound and landed unopposed on Bogue Banks. The
Confederate infantry that would have defended against the landing, the 26th North Carolina, had been included in the
538:
Although the
Burnside Expedition had gained notable success at little cost in North Carolina, little was done to exploit it. Wilmington, for example, would seem to have been vulnerable, but it was not attacked until the final days of the war. Burnside was recalled shortly after the victory at Fort
372:
After the first spate of enthusiasm, the fort was allowed to deteriorate. The woodwork rotted, the ironwork rusted, and gun carriages were allowed to decay. The garrison was steadily reduced in size, until by the time of the beginning of the Civil War the care of the fort was entrusted to a single
534:
The battle had been relatively bloodless, at least by standards that soon would be common in the Civil War. On the Union side, only one man was killed, and two soldiers and one seaman were wounded. On the
Confederate side, seven were killed outright, two died of wounds, and sixteen were wounded.
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responded to the sound of gunfire and brought his section of the fleet into action. The weather was not good for a naval bombardment, however; a strong wind created waves that caused the vessels to rock badly enough to disrupt their aim, and after about an hour, the fleet withdrew. The Navy also
469:
Preparations were completed by April 23, and on that day General Burnside communicated directly with Colonel White and repeated his demand for surrender, again offering to release the prisoners on parole. Colonel White once more refused, so Burnside on April 24 ordered General Parke to begin the
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in Virginia. No further major offensive actions took place, and North Carolina became a secondary theater until late in the war. The flag was returned to the State of North Carolina in 1906, in a Senate Chamber ceremony attended by veterans of the siege. The battle site is now
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So long as Fort Macon remained in Confederate possession, Burnside (recently promoted to rank of major general) could not use the ports at Beaufort and Morehead City, so immediately following the capture of New Bern on March 14, he ordered Brigadier General
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When battle came, the fort was outdated, inadequately armed, poorly supplied, and intended for a different form of combat than that it faced. These deficiencies are adequate to explain why the fort succumbed so readily at the first blow.
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to take control of the North Carolina Sounds and their adjacent cities. The expedition that came to be known by his name got under way in January 1862, and in early February had made its first conquest,
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commander, Colonel Moses J. White, ordered the raising of a white flag. Burnside's terms of surrender were accepted, and the Federal troops took possession of the fort the next morning.
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333:. The Union force invested the fort with siege works and on April 25 opened an accurate fire on the fort, soon breaching the masonry walls. Within a few hours the fort's
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and the War Department. He was given authority to recruit and organize a division, to be known as the Coast Division, which would work with the Navy's
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developed a plan to expand Federal control of eastern North Carolina by a joint Army-Navy expedition. His plan was approved by General-in-Chief
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Series I: 53 volumes. Series II: 8 volumes. Series III: 5 volumes. Series IV: 4 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886–1901.
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Coastal North Carolina in the vicinity of Fort Macon, showing how it dominated the seaward approaches to Morehead City and Beaufort.
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429:(often spelled New Berne at the time). Most of the Confederate Army were forced away from the coast as far inland as
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p. 35, says that only 43 guns were mounted. Burnside says in his report that 54 were taken. ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275.
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The initial fire from the mortars on shore was inaccurate, but a Signal Corps officer in Beaufort, Lieutenant
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At the time of the siege, the garrison of the fort numbered about 430 officers and men, commanded by Colonel
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War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
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coastal forts that were built around the borders of the still-young United States following the
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Series I: 27 volumes. Series II: 3 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894–1922.
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From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War.
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1010:. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.Retrieved 2016-07-20.
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ORA I, v. 9, pp. 288, 290. White in his report says that 15 were disabled, p. 294.
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Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
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Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
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Storm over Carolina: the Confederate Navy's struggle for eastern North Carolina.
502:. Until this time, the Navy had not been involved with the siege, but Commander
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The defenders were also distracted by the appearance of four vessels from the
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of North Carolina, and was intended to defend the entrance to the ports of
926:
Hawkins, Rush C., "Early coast operations in North Carolina," pp. 652–654.
322:
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In late March, Major General Burnside’s army advanced on Fort Macon, a
304:
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by these battles. The major exception was the garrison of Fort Macon.
392:
933:
Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War
448:
391:
421:. Following that, the joint forces went on to other victories at
1430:
Military operations of the American Civil War in North Carolina
1046:
207:
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Burnside, Ambrose E., "The Burnside Expedition," pp. 660–669.
453:
Map of Fort Macon Battlefield core and study areas by the
935:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
357:. It was built on the eastern end of Bogue Banks, in the
1395:
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
400:
Shortly after the Union forces had taken possession of
1007:
The farmer and mechanic.(Raleigh, N.C.), 06 March 1906
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Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel,
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292:took place from March 23 to April 26, 1862, on the
23:
918:Century, 1887, 1888; reprint ed., Castle, n.d.
1058:
1038:Battle of Fort Macon - Civil-War-Journeys.org
337:began to collapse, and in late afternoon the
219:
8:
462:be regarded as starting with this exchange.
325:masonry fort that commanded the channel to
150:3rd Division, Department of North Carolina
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1051:
1043:
226:
212:
204:
20:
1400:Union victories of the American Civil War
1074:North Carolina in the American Civil War
525:
1405:Naval battles of the American Civil War
600:
598:
596:
594:
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455:American Battlefield Protection Program
404:on the Outer Banks, Brigadier General
916:Battles and leaders of the Civil War.
821:ORA I, vol. 9, pp. 291–292. Trotter,
329:, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of
7:
1390:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition
1330:
996:National Park Service Battle Summary
978:of the Union and Confederate Armies.
948:Ironclads and columbiads: the coast.
750:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 277, 278. Trotter,
237:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition
572:Abbreviations used in these notes:
1088:Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries
414:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
153:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
14:
1410:Sieges of the American Civil War
1329:
1320:
1319:
856:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275. Hawkins,
702:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 293. Trotter,
582:ORN (Official records, navies):
576:ORA (Official records, armies):
37:
16:Action of the American Civil War
1415:Carteret County, North Carolina
1026:Fort Macon State Park Home Page
691:From Cape Charles to Cape Fear,
674:From Cape Charles to Cape Fear,
637:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 272, 281, 295.
298:Carteret County, North Carolina
80:Carteret County, North Carolina
1425:1862 in the American Civil War
1:
1250:Battle of Monroe's Crossroads
1144:Battle of Goldsborough Bridge
1235:Second Battle of Fort Fisher
990:Ser. I, vol. 9, pp. 270–294.
1219:First Battle of Fort Fisher
968:Ser. I, vol. 7, pp.277–283.
689:pp. 10, 135–136. Browning,
530:Fort Macon after the battle
1456:
349:Fort Macon was one of the
63:– April 26, 1862
1315:
1196:Battle of Albemarle Sound
1129:Battle of Tranter's Creek
886:Browning, Robert M. Jr.,
871:Ironclads and columbiads,
823:Ironclads and columbiads,
803:ORA I, v. 9, pp. 273–274.
765:Ironclads and columbiads,
752:Ironclads and columbiads,
704:Ironclads and columbiads,
687:Ironclads and columbiads,
670:Ironclads and columbiads,
657:Ironclads and columbiads,
626:Ironclads and columbiads,
539:Macon, to assist General
312:North Carolina Expedition
245:
181:
164:
144:
123:
101:
47:
36:
28:
1214:Rainbow Bluff Expedition
1109:Battle of Elizabeth City
1104:Battle of Roanoke Island
983:The War of the Rebellion
904:Cumberland House, 2005.
890:Univ. of Alabama, 1993.
845:Ironclads and columbiads
55:March 23, 1862
1255:Battle of Averasborough
1160:Battle of Fort Anderson
950:Joseph F. Blair, 1989.
172:2,649 present for duty
1420:1862 in North Carolina
812:ORN I, vol. 7, p. 279.
794:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 275.
785:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 270.
776:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 273,
741:ORA I, vol. 9, p. 277.
531:
458:
397:
124:Commanders and leaders
1366:34.69611°N 76.67889°W
1265:Battle of Morrisville
1260:Battle of Bentonville
1124:Battle of South Mills
1021:Beaufort Harbor, 1862
974:A Compilation of the
946:Trotter, William R.,
900:Campbell, R. Thomas,
550:Fort Macon State Park
529:
452:
395:
182:Casualties and losses
1240:Battle of Wilmington
1165:Battle of Washington
1139:Battle of White Hall
732:vol. 1, pp. 652–653.
730:Battles and leaders,
719:vol. 1, pp. 660–669.
717:Battles and leaders,
646:ORA I, v. 9, p. 294.
1371:34.69611; -76.67889
1362: /
1245:Battle of Wyse Fork
1209:Capture of Plymouth
1119:Siege of Fort Macon
1001:CWSAC Report Update
858:Battles and leaders
615:ORA I, v. 9, p. 381
605:CWSAC Report Update
541:George B. McClellan
475:Blockading Squadron
410:George B. McClellan
406:Ambrose E. Burnside
308:Ambrose E. Burnside
290:siege of Fort Macon
177:263 ready for duty
24:Siege of Fort Macon
1191:Battle of Plymouth
1186:Battle of New Bern
1114:Battle of New Bern
1031:2010-01-30 at the
672:p. 134. Browning,
545:Peninsula Campaign
532:
512:William J. Andrews
459:
427:Battle of New Bern
398:
316:American Civil War
31:American Civil War
1440:April 1862 events
1435:March 1862 events
1345:
1344:
1134:Battle of Kinston
941:978-1-4696-4972-6
931:Silkenat, David.
860:, vol. 1, p. 654.
300:. It was part of
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562:Fortification
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439:John G. Parke
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367:Morehead City
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198:~400 captured
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130:John G. Parke
128:
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109:
108:United States
106:
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92:
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54:
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50:
46:
40:
35:
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27:
22:
1347:
1335:
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1118:
1006:
982:
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947:
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865:
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764:
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746:
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729:
724:
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703:
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673:
669:
664:
659:pp. 133–134.
656:
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351:Third System
348:
320:
289:
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264:
102:Belligerents
29:Part of the
1369: /
1286:Confederate
359:Outer Banks
355:War of 1812
339:Confederate
314:during the
294:Outer Banks
270:South Mills
196:16 wounded
191:8 captured
170:3,259 total
1384:Categories
1357:76°40′44″W
1354:34°41′46″N
1307:Wilmington
881:References
715:Burnside,
345:Background
302:Union Army
265:Fort Macon
189:5 wounded
160:Garrison
158:Fort Macon
67:1862-04-26
59:1862-03-23
1203:Albemarle
869:Trotter,
843:Trotter,
763:Trotter,
728:Hawkins,
685:Trotter,
668:Trotter,
655:Trotter,
624:Trotter,
522:Aftermath
323:casemated
194:8 killed
187:2 killed
175:450 total
1325:Category
1029:Archived
556:See also
493:Chippewa
481:Daylight
363:Beaufort
331:New Bern
327:Beaufort
260:New Bern
165:Strength
75:Location
1336:Commons
873:p. 145.
825:p. 143.
767:p. 135.
754:p. 137.
706:p. 138.
628:p. 141.
543:in the
499:Gemsbok
431:Kinston
388:Prelude
305:General
93:victory
65: (
57: (
1300:Places
954:
939:
908:
894:
676:p. 35.
490:, and
87:Result
1291:Union
1279:Units
568:Notes
445:Siege
335:scarp
112:Union
91:Union
1228:1865
1179:1864
1153:1863
1097:1862
1081:1861
952:ISBN
937:ISBN
906:ISBN
892:ISBN
479:USS
425:and
365:and
288:The
52:Date
310:'s
296:of
1386::
593:^
552:.
484:,
318:.
1066:e
1059:t
1052:v
943:.
457:.
227:e
220:t
213:v
114:)
110:(
69:)
61:)
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