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691:, aide-de-camp and fatherly friend of King Francis II and Queen Marie Sophie. He was assisted by the Swiss Generals August de Riedmatten and Josef Sigrist. The former was responsible for the seaside front, the latter for the mainland front. But instead of Josef Sigrist it was the Neapolitan Baron Colonel
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The
Piedmontese fire was getting increasingly accurate, and the situation for both defenders and inhabitants looked desperate. On 10 February, Maria Sophie received a letter from the French empress, saying that the resistance had been prolonged enough to save the Crown's honour. Francis II issued for
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The morale of the defenders, however, increased when veteran general
Ferdinando Beneventano del Bosco, one of the few charismatic military figures of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, arrived in Gaeta. He soon organized a sally for dawn on 29 November. 400 Chasseurs, supported by some foreign Carabiniers,
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The situation for the soldiers and the inhabitants, massed in the very reduced space of the old city, soon proved unbearable. The
Neapolitan troops had neither blankets nor change of clothing. On 18 November the bombing was stopped to allow all the people not participating in the defence to leave the
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Gaeta was one of the strongest military fortresses in Europe. It consisted of a triangle-shaped promontory (Mount
Orlando) which stretched for more than one and a half kilometers and rose to 169 m and with almost vertical cliffs on the seaward sides. The cliff was connected to the mainland by a 600 m
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to recall the French fleet from Gaeta and, in a letter sent on 11 December, asked
Francis II to leave Gaeta. However, the Neapolitan King did not accept the proposal. He in turn appealed to Napoleon not to recall his fleet, in order at least to save the military honour of the Kingdom and the Crown.
811:
The first
Piedmontese infantry entered Gaeta one day later, exactly when Francis II and his wife consigned themselves to the victors, hailed by the Neapolitans soldiers who had remained faithful until the very end. The Kingdom of Two Sicilies ended some days later when the last organized centre of
719:
The Swiss had served the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since 1734, and it was General Schumacher's father, Head of the Military Department of the Republic of Lucerne, who had renewed the contract in 1825. Since then four Swiss regiments had formed the back-bone of the Neapolitan army until 1859. His
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The military operation was suspended for ten days on 9 January, at the request of
Napoleon III. When the armistice ended, foreign ships abandoned the harbour of Gaeta. The Piedmontese fleet, until then inactive in the port at Castellone, began a blockade, starting to bomb the fortress again on 22
803:
However, the defenders' situation appeared hopeless at that point despite the efforts of the two sovereigns to raise the morale of the soldiers and the population by their personal example. The hygiene conditions within the fortress had sunk desperately, and food was short. On the afternoon of 5
790:
On 27 December, a new capitulation proposal was sent to the
Neapolitan defenders or, as an alternative, a truce of 15 days. They were both rejected. The artillery duel restarted with increasing violence: 500 grenades a day were hurled against Gaeta, although most of them did not explode. The
715:
shows him and
General Schumacher with Queen Marie Sophie on the ramparts of Gaeta. (Pfyffer also built the Belle Epoque National Grand Hotel in Lucerne and employed and promoted Cesar Ritz, of whom the Prince of Wales said, "He is the king of the hoteliers and the hotelier of the kings".)
804:
February, a powder depot of the St. Antonio battery was struck by a Piedmontese grenade, destroying an entire quarter of Gaeta causing huge losses among the soldiers and the population. The last truce of the siege was declared in the evening of the following day to rescue the wounded.
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managed to reach the summit of Montesecco, near the Roman mausoleum of Lucius Atratinus. However, they were repulsed by the Piedmontese reaction, and the action proved inconclusive. The last active operation of the Neapolitans happened on 4 December, also without any effect.
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wide isthmus. Called Montesecco ("Dry Mountain"), the isthmus was the only way for a besieger to conquer the stronghold. The ships of the time were indeed considered too fragile to face the massive fortifications that encircled the promontory. Built in the time of emperor
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a capitulation. Cialdini refused to stop the bombardment during the negotiations, and Gaeta suffered new devastations until the capitulation was signed on 13 February. The last shells were fired by both the opponents at 18.15 p.m. that day.
185:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
641:. Most of the guns were smoothbore arms, some dating back to the 18th century, and therefore rather imprecise. The massive castle, which commanded the east side on the sea, dated from the time of Emperor
476:
637:, the promontory was provided with 220 guns divided between 19 batteries. An additional 230 guns defended the fortress on the mainland side, making a total of 450 cannons, 26 of which were short range
645:
but was continuously updated. The forces amounted to 19,700 sub-officers and soldiers and 1,770 officers; there were also 3,000 citizens of Gaeta. 17 ships of various nations (including
679:
The commander of the fortress of Gaeta was Francesco Millon, a Neapolitan general, who on 10 November was replaced by Pietro Carlo Maria Vial de Maton, an 83-year-old native of
469:
819:
Casualties amounted to 829 dead and 2,000 wounded for the Neapolitans. Two hundred civilians fell during the siege, while the Piedmontese had 46 dead and 321 wounded. General
760:
On 8 December, Francis II issued a proclamation to all his subjects, promising new liberties in lieu of the prosecution of the struggle against the invaders, inciting them to
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Various dates are cited as the beginning of the siege; these range from 5 to 12 November. Cialdini installed his command position in Castellone, in what is today the city of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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January. The Piedmontese launched 22,000 grenades and the Neapolitans replied with 11,000, damaging some of the opponents' batteries.
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bombardment culminated on 7 January 1861, when the fortress received a shower of 8,000 shells, although, again, with modest results.
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More victims among the civil population were caused by the new Piedmontese batteries firing from Monte Tortano from 15 December.
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who later became the Chief of General Staff of the Swiss army and the initiator and commander of the Swiss fort guarding the
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General Felix von Schumacher, a Swiss in the Service of Napes-Sicily by Renato Schumacher (also see German Knowledge (XXG))
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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had begun to spread within the walls of Gaeta: Francis' field adjutant was himself struck down and died on 12 December.
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operations. The same day, Cialdini was ordered by the Piedmontese Prime Minister
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Hostilities began again on the night of 13-14 December. In the meantime,
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Battle of the war between the Sardinian and Sicilian kingdoms of Italy
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The Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860-1861.
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who commissioned him to weaponize the Neapolitan army.
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835:in recognition of his role during the siege.
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711:. A painting by the German history painter
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699:. General Schumacher's aide-de-camp was
283:5 November 1860 – 13 February 1861
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602:), the king of Two Sicilies,
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728:Beginning of the siege
574:, in today's Southern
387:Commanders and leaders
923:41.22194°N 13.55472°E
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437:Casualties and losses
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32:Siege of Gaeta (1734)
18:Siege of Gaeta (1861)
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270: 1880
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586:Background
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160:in Italian
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