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rationing of any kind, and afterwards only meat was subject to rationing (bread was rationed at the very end of the siege). There were also no attempts to limit hoarding and speculation. Many of the wealthier residents were well-placed to weather the siege since they had put aside stores of food before it began. Infant mortality soared because of the lack of fresh milk. Poor women and their children suffered the most of anybody. Their husbands had the relative advantage of their 1.50 francs per day
National Guard pay, "little enough of which reached their wives", and the fact that they were occupied, because "anyone who was occupied – even the National Guardsman warming himself in the bistro while his wife queued for food – had a better chance of survival."
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959:. Despite German forces reaching and besieging Paris by 19 September 1870, the new French government advocated for the continuation of the war, leading to over four more months of fighting, during which Paris was continuously besieged. With the city fully encircled, the Parisian garrison attempted three unsuccessful break-out attempts and German forces began a relatively ineffectual artillery bombardment campaign of the city in January 1871. In response to the poor results of the artillery bombardment, the Prussians brought forth large-caliber
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1752:'s Relief Fund and the London Relief Committee made significant donations. According to the British representative responsible for distributing the foodstuffs, at the beginning of February the London Relief Committee donated "nearly 10,000 tons of flour, 450 tons of rice, 900 tons of biscuits, 360 tons of fish, and nearly 4,000 tons of fuel, with about 7,000 head of livestock". The United States sent around $ 2 million worth of food, but much of it was held up at the port of
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1880:, and when they had been fed and rested were ready for the return journey. Tours lies some 200 km (120 mi) from Paris and Poitiers some 300 km (190 mi) distant. Before release, they were loaded with their dispatches. Initially the pigeon post was only used for official communications but on 4 November the government announced that members of the public could send messages, these being limited to twenty words at a charge of 50 centimes per word.
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1868:. This was the only means by which communications from the rest of France could reach the besieged city. A specially laid telegraph cable on the bed of the Seine had been discovered and cut by the Prussians on 27 September, couriers attempting to make their way through the German lines were almost all intercepted, and although other methods were tried, including attempts to use balloons, dogs, and
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2023:, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian war, more particularly the Siege of Paris during the winter of 1870–71. Key elements of the siege, including the hot-air balloons used for reconnaissance and messages, the tunnels beneath the city, the starvation and the cold, combine to render a vivid impression of war-time Paris before its surrender.
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1818:, at its disposal, to perform tethered ascents for observation purposes. However the Prussian encirclement of the city made this pointless, and on 17 September Nadar wrote to the Council for the Defence of Paris proposing the use of balloons for communication with the outside world: a similar proposal had also been made by the balloonist
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English observer, Edwin Child, wrote that he "Became more and more convinced of the impossibility of effectually bombarding Paris, the houses being built of such solid blocks of stone that they could only be destroyed piecemeal. One bomb simply displaces one stone, in spite of their enormous weight..."
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These were then copied onto sheets of cardboard and photographed by a M. Barreswille, a photographer based in Tours. Each sheet contained 150 messages and was reproduced as a print about 40 by 55 mm (1.6 by 2.2 in) in size: each pigeon could carry nine of these. The photographic process was
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heavy siege artillery to attack the city beginning 25 January 1871. With the renewed artillery attack and an increasingly starving and ill
Parisian population and garrison, the Government of National Defense would conclude armistice negotiations with the North German Confederation on 28 January 1871.
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As the siege wore on, food supplies dwindled, and prices skyrocketed. The authorities instituted price controls on certain staple foods at the beginning of the siege, but these were rendered ineffective by a lack of enforcement and the rampant black market in the city. Until mid-October there was no
1515:. As a representative of a neutral country, Washburne was able to play a unique role in the conflict, becoming one of the few channels of communication into and out of the city for much of the siege. He also led the way in providing humanitarian relief to foreign nationals, including ethnic Germans.
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is often stated to have first occurred in 1870 during the siege of Paris when 160 wounded French soldiers were evacuated from the city by hot-air balloon, but this myth has been definitively disproven by full review of the crew and passenger records of each balloon which left Paris during the siege.
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narrowly escaping capture by the
Prussians. The photographic process allowed multiple copies of the messages to be sent, so that although only 57 of the 360 pigeons released reached Paris more than 60,000 of the 95,000 messages sent were delivered. (some sources give a considerably higher figure of
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and the defeat at Le
Bourget, morale in Paris began to sink. The people of Paris were beginning to suffer from the effects of the German blockade. On 31 October, the day the government confirmed the surrender of Metz and one day after Le Bourget's recapture was announced, an angry mob besieged and
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Trochu had little faith in the ability of the
National Guards, which made up half the force defending the city. So instead of making any significant attempt to prevent the investment by the Germans, Trochu hoped that Moltke would attempt to take the city by storm, and the French could then rely on
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declared, "The
Frenchmen of 1870 are the sons of those Gauls for whom battles were holidays." In actuality, the level of destruction fell short of what the Prussians had expected. The shells often caused little damage to the buildings they struck, and many fell in open spaces away from people. An
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that
Prussia could still be beaten. A prolonged campaign would also allow France time to reconstitute a new army and convince neutral powers to enter the war against Prussia. To Bismarck, Paris was the key to breaking the power of the intransigent republican leaders of France, ending the war in a
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and
Bismarck until the 27th. On the French side there was concern that the National Guard would rebel when news of the capitulation became public. Bismarck's advice was to "provoke an uprising, then, while you still have an army with which to suppress it". The final terms agreed on were that the
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headed by the
Prefect of Police, Edmond Adam, prepared to retake the building. Negotiations between the two sides concluded with a peaceful evacuation of the building by the insurgents early in the morning of November 1, and the release of the hostages. Despite promising no reprisals against the
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suggested shelling Paris to ensure the city's quick surrender and render all French efforts to free the city pointless, but the German high command, headed by the king of
Prussia, turned down the proposal on the insistence of General von Blumenthal, on the grounds that a bombardment would affect
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In January, on Bismarck's advice, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells into the city over 23 nights in an attempt to break Parisian morale. The attack on the city itself was preceded by the bombardment of the southern forts from the Châtillon Heights on 5 January. That day, the guns of forts
1412:, around 65 miles from Paris. The weather was extremely cold, and the well-installed, well-concealed Prussian artillery inflicted heavy casualties on the advancing French. Soldiers camped overnight with no fuel for warmth, as the temperature fell to 7°F (−14°C). There were over 900 cases of
1539:. People also turned to rats for meat, although the numbers of rats consumed was relatively low due to fear of disease, and the expense of preparing rat meat in order to make it edible. Once the supply of those animals ran low, the citizens of Paris turned on the zoo animals residing at
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and Vanves were silenced by a relentless barrage, allowing the Prussian artillery to be moved up to 750 yards closer to Paris. This made a crucial difference, as from their previous position the guns were only capable of reaching the fringes of the city. The first shells fell on the
1697:(then being used as a hospital), leading some to believe that the Prussians were deliberately targeting hospitals. Moltke, in response to a complaint on this matter from Trochu, responded that he hoped to soon move the artillery closer so that his gunners could better identify the
1624:, because of its essential use for the balloons, was strictly rationed and mostly replaced by oil. On November 25, oil itself was requisitioned. This left people reliant on increasingly scarce supplies of wood. By late-December, the inhabitants of working-class
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were packed with livestock – the former received some 250,000 sheep and 40,000 oxen. The government believed it had enough flour and wheat to last for 80 days, more than enough based on the assumption, then prevalent, that the siege would be relatively brief.
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French regular troops (less one division) would be disarmed, Paris would pay an indemnity of two hundred million francs, and the fortifications around the perimeter of the city would be surrendered. In return the armistice was extended until February 19.
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It was also contended that a quick French surrender would leave the new French armies undefeated and allow France to renew the war shortly after. The new French armies would have to be annihilated first, and Paris would have to be starved into surrender.
1247:, all of which had been built in the 1840s. Moltke never had any intention of attacking the city and this became clear shortly after the siege began. Trochu changed his plan and allowed Vinoy to make a demonstration against the Prussians west of the
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is a novel which follows the fortunes of two sisters, Constance and Sophia Baines. The latter runs away to make a disastrous marriage in France, where after being abandoned by her husband, she lives through the Siege of Paris and the Commune.
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placed across the Seine, and select approaches to the city laid with electrically-triggered mines. Forests and houses were cleared to improve the firing sight lines, roads were torn up, and railroad and road entrances to the city blocked. The
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was taken, and then served as the 3rd Army's and eventually Wilhelm's headquarters. By 19 September the encirclement was complete, and the siege officially began. Responsible for the direction of the siege was General (later Field Marshal)
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and Bismarck honored the armistice by sending trainloads of food into the city. The German troops departed after two days to take up temporary encampments to the east of the city, to be withdrawn from there when France paid the agreed war
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The continued presence of German troops outside the city angered Parisians. Further resentment arose against the French government, and in March 1871 Parisian workers and members of the National Guard rebelled and established the
1772:. While Parisians scrubbed the streets "polluted" by the triumphal entry, no serious incidents occurred during the short and symbolic occupation of the city. This was in part because the Germans had avoided areas such as
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While the armistice led to food shipments being immediately permitted into the city, the capture of their capital city and the disaster of the war itself would have a long-lasting impact on the French populace,
1442:, who commanded the siege, were primarily concerned with a methodical siege that would destroy the detached forts around the city and slowly strangle the defending forces with a minimum of German casualties.
1032:, the potential defenders of Paris totaled around 513,000. The compulsorily enrolled National Guards were, however, untrained. They had 2,150 cannon plus 350 in reserve, and 8,000,000 kg of gunpowder.
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of the city. Crown Prince Albert's army closed in on Paris from the north unopposed, while Crown Prince Frederick moved in from the south. On 17 September a force under Vinoy attacked Frederick's army near
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3063:– Collections of the Museum Adrien Mentienne, related to the major events that occurred in Bry-sur-Marne, including the Battle of Villiers in 1870, during the Siege of Paris (English version available)
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near the Prussian Headquarters, west of Paris. The crown prince easily repulsed the attack inflicting over 4,000 casualties while suffering just over 600. Trochu resigned as governor and left General
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among them) attempted to depose Trochu's government and form a new one led by themselves, but they could not come to an agreement. In the meantime, battalions of loyal National Guards led by
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was the only means by which communications from the besieged city could reach the rest of France. The use of balloons to carry mail was first proposed by the photographer and balloonist
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without orders, and took the town. The Guard actually had little interest in recapturing their positions at Le Bourget, but Crown Prince Albert ordered the city retaken anyway. In the
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were breaking out amongst the besieging soldiers. In addition, the siege operations competed with the demands of the ongoing Loire Campaign against the remaining French field armies.
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timely manner, and securing peace terms favourable to Prussia. Moltke was also worried that insufficient winter supplies were reaching the German armies investing the city, as
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Food supplies from the provinces, as well as shiploads from Britain and the United States, began to enter the starving city almost immediately. Britain sent ships from the
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overruled Moltke and ordered the field-marshal to consult with Bismarck for all future operations. Bismarck immediately ordered the city to be bombarded with large-caliber
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were so desperate for wood they had felled the street trees of their neighborhoods and were moving into the wealthier areas of western Paris, cutting down trees along the
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But as time wore on, there was growing concern that a prolonged war was placing too much strain on the German economy and that an extended siege would convince the French
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The authorities in Paris also attended to provisions and took steps to stockpile cereals, salted meat, and preserves for the population. Much of this was stored in the
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Hoping to boost morale on 30 November Trochu launched the largest attack from Paris even though he had little hope of achieving a breakthrough. Nevertheless, he sent
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Prussian artillerymen aimed their guns at the highest angles possible and increased the charges to obtain unprecedented ranges. Even so, although shells reached the
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was formed and given a budget of 12 million francs to strengthen the defenses. Barriers were put up around the city, 12,000 workers employed to dig earthworks, a
1677:, none made it to the Right Bank. Up to 20,000 refugees fled the Left Bank, putting a further strain on the already overburdened food supplies of the Right Bank
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in early-October to supplement their dwindling supplies of fresh meat. By mid-November, fresh meat had truly run out in the city, and butchers began offering
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per letter. Two workshops to manufacture balloons were set up, one under the direction of Nadar in the Elysée-Montmartre dance-hall (later moved to the
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The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870–1871: Photographs in the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections at Northwestern University
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were frequent targets of the artillerymen, and the vicinities of those buildings were particularly damaged as a result. Shells also struck the
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civilians, violate the rules of engagement, and turn the opinion of third parties against the Germans, without speeding up the final victory.
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by declaring war on the North German Confederation. The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation had recently emerged victorious in the
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of 1866, which led to the questioning of France's status as the dominant power of continental Europe. With a declaration of war by the
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around 150,000 official and 1 million private communications, but this figure is arrived at by counting all copies of each message.)
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revolutionaries, the Government was swift to arrest and imprison 22 of the leaders, which further embittered the left-wing of Paris.
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took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the
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the Prussian Guards succeeded in retaking the city and captured 1,200 French soldiers. Upon hearing of the French surrender at
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2048:, published in 1895, includes a story titled "The Street of the First Shell" which takes place over a few days of the siege.
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that the authorities began to take serious action in organizing the defenses of Paris. A committee under the leadership of
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on 16 July 1870, Imperial France soon faced a series of defeats at German hands over the following months, leading to the
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About 400 perished or were wounded by the bombardment which, "had little effect on the spirit of resistance in Paris."
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were sealed off, along with certain quarries and excavations outside the city to deny an entry-point to the Prussians.
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The increasing hunger of the Parisians coincided with bitterly cold winter weather and a dire lack of fuel for heat.
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On 18 January 1871 the German Empire is proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, painted by
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to allow more to be carried: Dagron, with his equipment, was flown out of Paris on 12 November in the aptly named
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83 km (52 mi) from Paris. Following this success a regular mail service was established, with a rate of
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On 21 December, French forces attempted another breakout at Le Bourget, in the hopes of meeting up with General
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in an effort to save a supply depot there, but it was eventually driven back by artillery fire. The railroad to
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because of a shortage of workers for unloading the ships. The arrival of the first British convoy of food at
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Commemorative medal Siege of Paris by Jules-Clément Chaplin. Showing on the obverse the armed city goddess
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the French succeeded in capturing and holding a position at Créteil and Champigny. By 2 December the
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as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the
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floated down the Seine, these were all unsuccessful. The pigeons were taken to their base, first at
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The French had expected the war to be fought mainly on German soil; it was not until the defeats at
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As early as August 1870, the Prussian 3rd Army led by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia (the future
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During the siege, the only head of diplomatic mission from a major power who remained in Paris was
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sparked a riot and pillaging, "while for seven hours the police seemed powerless to intervene".
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A Christmas menu, 99th day of the siege. Unusual dishes include stuffed donkey's head, elephant
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Lam, D. M. (October 1988). "To Pop A Balloon: Air Evacuation During The Siege of Paris, 1870".
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The Prussian armies quickly reached Paris, and on 15 September Moltke issued orders for the
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Secret armistice discussions began on January 23, 1871 and continued at Versailles between
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1982:. The preliminary peace treaty was signed at Versailles, and the final peace treaty, the
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Gérard Cagna (2012-03-10). "Le siège de Paris de l'hiver 1870/1871" (in French). L'Obs.
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During the winter, tensions began to arise in the Prussian high command. Field-Marshal
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of 1 October 1870; perhaps one of the more iconic scenes from the Franco-Prussian War.
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with 20,000 soldiers and was soundly repulsed by the 3rd Army. Then on 13 October the
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Some balloons also carried passengers in addition to the cargo of mail, most notably
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A History of Modern France: From the First Empire to the Fourth Republic 1799–1945
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1270:"The War: Defence of Paris – Students Going to Man the Fortifications". From the
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had driven Ducrot back into the defenses and the battle was over by 3 December.
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On the reverse the battle names for the defence of Paris, divided by a monument
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General Carey de Bellemare commanded the strongest fortress north of Paris at
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With the capture of Napoleon III, the Second French Empire collapsed and the
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Map of European situation at the time of the Siege of Paris (omniatlas.com)
2740:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The King in Yellow, by Robert W. Chambers"
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loaded with Army food provisions, while private organizations like the
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1113: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2936:. Vol. I. London, Paris, New York: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin.
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The first balloon launch was carried out on 23 September, using the
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but the French were forced to retire in face of Prussian artillery.
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the city's defenses. These consisted of the 33 km (21 mi)
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siege guns. This prompted the city's surrender on 28 January 1871.
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Cassells History of the War between France and Germany 1870–1871
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A Latin Quarter menu contemporary with the siege reads in part:
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Airlift 1870: The Balloon and Pigeon Post in the Siege of Paris
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1594:* Epaules et filets de chien braisés. Sauce aux tomates. (dog)
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1028:(Territorials), a brigade of 13,000 naval seamen and 350,000
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or who were gathered from depot troops. Together with 90,000
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was deployed to aid the army encircled by Prussians at the
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2815:. Translated by Clarke, F.C.H. London: Clowes & Sons.
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Thirty thousand Prussian, Bavarian and Saxon troops held
1616:* Plum-pudding au rhum et à la Moelle de Cheval. (horse)
1588:* Brochettes de foie de chien à la maître d'hôtel. (dog)
2702:"A Message brought to Paris by Pigeon Post in 1870–71"
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The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71
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1591:* Emincé de rable de chat. Sauce mayonnaise. (cat)
1189:General overview of Paris and its environs (1871)
2923:Moltke, Field Marshal Count Helmuth von (1892).
1765:a brief victory parade in Paris on March 1, 1871
2813:The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 2; Volume 3
2781:. Pelican Book. Vol. II. London: Penguin.
64:after French and German bombardment during the
41:
1357:with 80,000 soldiers against the Prussians at
3082:
2927:. Vol. I. New York: Harper and Brothers.
1810:, who had established the grandiosely titled
466:
375:
8:
2103:"The Paris Commune – from the archive, 1871"
1600:* Côtelettes de chien aux petits pois. (dog)
81:(4 months, 1 week and 2 days)
2951:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
2101:Nelsson, compiled by Richard (2019-06-26).
3089:
3075:
3067:
2351:
473:
459:
451:
382:
368:
360:
38:
2846:(repr. Pan ed.). London: Macmillan.
1173:Learn how and when to remove this message
1921:
1423:was aimed at the Château of Buzenval in
1384:Balloons escaped from the siege of Paris
1308:On 29 October de Bellemare attacked the
1265:
1184:
3021:(Sep 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 9, pp 593–599
2905:The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris
2057:
1776:, where hostility was reportedly high.
1603:* Salamis de rats. Sauce Robert. (rats)
1585:* Consommé de cheval au millet. (horse)
1234:A company of the French National Guards
955:was declared, provisionally led by the
928:attempt to reassert its dominance over
920:. The siege was the culmination of the
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2133:
1597:* Civet de chat aux champignons. (cat)
3061:Website of the Bry-sur-Marne's Museum
2585:
2555:
2543:
2145:
30:For other sieges with this name, see
7:
2750:from the original on 12 January 2018
2726:
1111:adding citations to reliable sources
2339:
1449:Prussian artillery during the siege
79:19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871
2908:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2708:from the original on 9 August 2014
2633:from the original on 29 March 2016
1400:) of the 66 sent during the siege.
25:
3302:Military history of Île-de-France
3292:Sieges of the Franco-Prussian War
3017:. "The Siege of Paris, 1870-71"
1812:No. 1 Compagnie des Aérostatiers
1795:. The companion painting in the
1509:United States Minister to France
1087:
1008:, along with his chief of staff
1000:. This force was crushed at the
992:. A French force accompanied by
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1122:"Siege of Paris" 1870–1871
1098:needs additional citations for
27:Part of the Franco-Prussian War
2623:"No. 1132: The Siege of Paris"
2044:, a short story collection by
1994:as part of the German Empire.
1852:The departure of Leon Gambetta
1478:Government of National Defense
1440:Leonhard, Count von Blumenthal
1375:XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps
1369:. In what became known as the
1245:ring of sixteen detached forts
1014:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony
957:Government of National Defense
286:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony
245:Government of National Defence
1:
3024:Richardson, Joanna (editor).
2960:Aerospace Medical Association
2925:The Franco-German War of 1870
2811:German General Staff (1884).
2459:Horne, 1965; pp. 203–204, 212
1986:, was signed on 10 May 1871.
1814:, with a single balloon, the
1396:, was the 10th ballon monté (
1288:standing in front of a cannon
988:), had been marching towards
986:Frederick III, German Emperor
720:Chat Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais
1894:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
1864:out of Paris to be used for
1392:The Louis Blanc, piloted by
1721:German parade through Paris
3358:
3098:Siege of Paris (1870–1871)
2998:Atlas of Military Strategy
2078:"Siege of Paris | Summary"
1976:North German Confederation
1942:on 18 January 1871 at the
1527:Parisians turned first to
914:North German Confederation
354:47,000 civilian casualties
143:North German Confederation
29:
3039:The French Army 1600–1900
3026:Paris Under Siege 1870–71
2842:Horne, Alistair (2002) .
2381:Horne, 1965; pp. 185, 221
2065:German General Staff 1884
1966:, and the free cities of
1519:Food & fuel shortages
1472:The reverse of this medal
1206:was cut, and on the 18th
492:
405:
341:
320:
250:
145:(before 18 January 1871)
127:
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3000:. New York: Free Press.
2861:Howard, Michael (1961).
2576:Horne, 1965; pp. 248–249
2534:Horne, 1965; pp. 216–217
2495:Horne, 1965; pp. 213–214
2486:Horne, 1965; pp. 212–213
2390:Horne, 1965; pp. 177–179
2330:Horne, 1965; pp. 191–193
2312:Horne, 1965; pp. 118–119
2303:Horne, 1965; pp. 115–118
2294:Horne, 1965; pp. 110–111
2285:Horne, 1965; pp. 107–113
1431:with 146,000 defenders.
1421:a final breakout attempt
1355:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot
1335:Louis Charles Delescluze
1251:. On 30 September Vinoy
1200:Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
3186:Armistice of Versailles
2865:. New York: Routledge.
2863:The Franco–Prussian War
2082:Encyclopædia Britannica
1713:Armistice and surrender
1273:Illustrated London News
1257:II Royal Bavarian Corps
1213:Leonhard von Blumenthal
966:Franco-German relations
234:(after 18 January 1871)
2958:(10). Alexandria, VA:
2880:Levi, Wendell (1977).
2216:Horne, 1965; pp. 65–66
2178:Horne, 1965; pp. 63–64
1974:were unified with the
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350:24,000 dead or wounded
347:16,000 dead or wounded
251:Commanders and leaders
3317:September 1870 events
3168:January 1871 uprising
3161:October 1870 uprising
3028:(Folio Society, 1982)
2989:(B.T. Batsford, 1964)
2794:Fisher, John (1965).
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1493:Air medical transport
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1339:Louis Auguste Blanqui
1295:
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1218:Prussia's chancellor
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953:Third French Republic
342:Casualties and losses
18:Siege of Paris (1870)
3332:December 1870 events
3327:November 1870 events
2884:. Sumter, SC: Levi.
2525:Howard, 1961; p. 361
2504:Howard, 1961; p. 362
2477:Howard, 1961; p. 361
2420:Horne, 1965; 219–220
2411:Horne, 1965; 219–220
2187:Howard, 2001; p. 319
2169:Howard, 2001; p. 319
1944:Palace of Versailles
1725:On 25 January 1871,
1691:Salpetrière Hospital
1345:and a detachment of
1318:Battle of Le Bourget
1107:improve this article
1006:William I of Prussia
926:Second French Empire
110:Proclamation of the
3337:January 1871 events
3322:October 1870 events
3297:19th-century sieges
3244: /
3200:Treaty of Frankfurt
2827:. London: Collins.
2798:. London: Parrish.
2654:, pp. 292–293.
2567:Horne, 1965; p. 248
2468:Horne, 1965; p. 213
2450:, pp. 357–370.
2438:Horne, 1965; p. 221
2372:Horne, 1965; p. 181
2363:Horne, 1965; p. 181
2342:, pp. 988–991.
2321:Horne, 1965; p. 190
2264:, pp. 334–338.
2228:, pp. 116–119.
2028:The Old Wives' Tale
1990:was able to secure
1984:Treaty of Frankfurt
1934:Late in the siege,
1902:further refined by
1681:. The domes of the
934:Austro-Prussian War
922:Franco-Prussian War
820:Nuits Saint Georges
484:Franco-Prussian War
393:Franco-Prussian War
352:249,142 capitulated
66:Battle of Châtillon
49:Franco-Prussian War
3248:48.8566°N 2.3518°E
3054:2017-12-01 at the
3015:Richardson, Joanna
2994:Chandler, David G.
2987:The Siege of Paris
2932:Ollier, E (1873).
2700:Lawrence, Ashley.
2429:Wawro 2003; p. 282
2196:Horne, 1965; p. 65
2046:Robert W. Chambers
2041:The King in Yellow
2006:In popular culture
1946:. The kingdoms of
1932:
1899:
1854:
1801:
1799:depicts a balloon.
1793:Puvis de Chavannes
1723:
1695:Théâtre de l'Odéon
1579:
1541:Jardin des plantes
1513:Elihu B. Washburne
1505:
1503:Elihu B. Washburne
1474:
1466:
1451:
1436:Helmuth von Moltke
1402:
1386:
1371:Battle of Villiers
1298:
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1278:
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1191:
1072:Luxembourg Gardens
1018:Louis Jules Trochu
1010:Helmuth von Moltke
930:continental Europe
918:Kingdom of Prussia
329:200,000 regulars,
298:Louis Jules Trochu
275:Helmuth von Moltke
3287:Conflicts in 1871
3277:Conflicts in 1870
3227:
3226:
3007:978-0-02-905750-6
2915:978-1-4165-7176-6
2891:978-0-85390-013-9
2872:978-0-415-26671-0
2853:978-0-330-49036-8
2834:978-0-00-738692-5
2704:. Microscopy UK.
1988:Otto von Bismarck
1870:message canisters
1644:, and especially
1613:au jus. (flowers)
1545:Castor and Pollux
1253:attacked Chevilly
1220:Otto von Bismarck
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1958:, the states of
1928:Anton von Werner
1896:. Oil on canvas.
1331:Gustave Flourens
1259:was driven from
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2983:Baldick, Robert
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2977:Further reading
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2825:Falling Upwards
2821:Holmes, Richard
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2012:Empires of Sand
2008:
1992:Alsace-Lorraine
1938:was proclaimed
1920:
1782:
1715:
1679:arrondissements
1675:Île Saint-Louis
1671:Pont Notre-Dame
1666:that same day.
1654:
1521:
1425:Rueil-Malmaison
1406:Louis Faidherbe
1300:
1179:
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1116:
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1030:National Guards
1002:Battle of Sedan
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942:Battle of Sedan
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2775:Cobban, Alfred
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2033:Arnold Bennett
2007:
2004:
1978:to create the
1940:German Emperor
1919:
1916:
1890:Siege of Paris
1862:homing pigeons
1843:Gare d'Orleans
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68:
52:
51:
44:
43:
42:Siege of Paris
37:
36:
32:Siege of Paris
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3354:
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3333:
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3308:
3307:Paris Commune
3305:
3303:
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3257:
3219:
3215:
3214:
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3208:
3201:
3197:
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3193:Paris Commune
3190:
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3176:
3169:
3165:
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3110:
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3107:
3103:
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3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:History Today
3016:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2969:
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2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2744:gutenberg.org
2741:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2678:, p. 70.
2677:
2672:
2669:
2666:, p. 22.
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2612:, p. 45.
2611:
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2594:
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2255:
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2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:, p. 62.
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
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2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:David W. Ball
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
2000:Paris Commune
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:German Empire
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:and later at
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:Léon Gambetta
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1820:Eugène Godard
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1797:Musée d'Orsay
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
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1761:
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1399:
1395:
1394:Eugène Farcot
1390:
1382:
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1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124: –
1123:
1119:
1118:Find sources:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:This section
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Opéra Garnier
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Siege of Metz
995:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
974:Paris Commune
971:
970:German Empire
967:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:, led by the
915:
911:
896:
895:Paris Commune
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
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851:
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843:
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823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Loigny–Poupry
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
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728:
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255:
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236:
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219:
217:
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190:
175:
163:
160:
148:
147:
146:
144:
132:
131:
126:
117:
116:Paris Commune
113:
112:German Empire
109:
108:
107:
104:
101:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3229:
3218:Moulins Ball
3178:Consequences
3097:
3025:
3018:
2997:
2986:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2924:
2903:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2812:
2795:
2778:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2212:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2107:The Guardian
2106:
2096:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1933:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1855:
1839:Gare du Nord
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1804:Balloon mail
1802:
1788:
1762:
1743:
1735:
1724:
1703:
1678:
1668:
1655:
1619:
1580:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1491:
1487:tuberculosis
1475:
1438:and General
1433:
1429:Joseph Vinoy
1418:
1403:
1398:balloon mail
1352:
1346:
1325:invaded the
1307:
1299:
1271:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1192:
1169:
1163:January 2020
1160:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1117:
1105:Please help
1100:verification
1097:
1061:
1041:Frœschwiller
1034:
1025:
1022:Joseph Vinoy
994:Napoleon III
983:
950:
946:Napoleon III
909:
907:
877:2nd Buzenval
854:
740:Bretoncelles
670:1st Buzenval
655:Neu-Breisach
613:
612:
595:
563:
556:
552:Mars-la-Tour
440:2nd Buzenval
425:1st Buzenval
397:
332:Garde Mobile
330:
309:Joseph Vinoy
179:
133:
128:Belligerents
105:
47:Part of the
3251: /
2962:: 988–991.
2688:Holmes 2013
2676:Fisher 1965
2664:Fisher 1965
2652:Holmes 2013
2610:Fisher 1965
2598:Holmes 2013
2514:Cobban 1961
2448:Howard 1961
2400:Howard 1961
2274:Howard 1961
2262:Ollier 1873
2250:Howard 1961
2238:Howard 1961
2226:Moltke 1892
2158:Ollier 1873
2134:Moltke 1892
2021:Bantam Dell
1952:Württemberg
1904:René Dagron
1866:pigeon post
1835:20 centimes
1831:Craconville
1808:Felix Nadar
1738:Jules Favre
1652:Bombardment
1634:Avenue Foch
1343:Jules Ferry
1303:Saint Denis
1241:Thiers wall
872:St. Quentin
850:Villersexel
780:Chateauneuf
630:Nompatelize
586:Noisseville
522:Lichtenberg
502:Wissembourg
497:Saarbrücken
335:and sailors
216:Württemberg
62:Saint-Cloud
3266:Categories
3236:48°51′24″N
3128:Le Bourget
2882:The Pigeon
2586:Horne 2002
2556:Horne 2002
2544:Horne 2002
2146:Horne 2002
2120:2020-10-18
2087:2020-10-18
2052:References
1774:Belleville
1758:Les Halles
1750:Lord Mayor
1746:Royal Navy
1706:Delescluze
1626:Belleville
1314:Le Bourget
1208:Versailles
1195:investment
1133:newspapers
980:Background
882:Pontarlier
725:Thionville
685:Le Bourget
660:Châteaudun
558:Gravelotte
542:Strasbourg
527:Phalsbourg
430:Le Bourget
3239:2°21′06″E
3113:Châtillon
2968:0095-6562
2804:730010076
2727:Levi 1977
2115:0261-3077
1936:William I
1918:Aftermath
1770:indemnity
1727:Wilhelm I
1699:Red Cross
1687:Invalides
1664:Left Bank
1646:pneumonia
1414:frostbite
1359:Champigny
1261:Châtillon
1037:Spicheren
790:Beaugency
765:Villepion
705:Coulmiers
645:Châtillon
591:Bazeilles
507:Spicheren
420:Châtillon
264:Wilhelm I
3142:Buzenval
3135:Villiers
3120:Buzenval
3052:Archived
2996:(1980).
2942:Journals
2902:(2011).
2823:(2013).
2787:38210316
2777:(1961).
2748:Archived
2706:Archived
2631:Archived
2340:Lam 1988
1878:Poitiers
1789:The Dove
1780:Air mail
1754:Le Havre
1693:and the
1685:and the
1683:Panthéon
1673:and the
1638:smallpox
1622:Coal gas
1611:Begonias
1572:antelope
1568:kangaroo
1562:, roast
1560:consommé
1537:cat meat
1485:such as
1483:diseases
1462:Chaplain
1367:Villiers
1048:Vaillant
795:Fréteval
760:Villiers
735:Mézières
665:Sélestat
635:Bellevue
625:Chevilly
608:Soissons
603:Montmédy
581:Beaumont
435:Villiers
415:Chevilly
321:Strength
114:and the
86:Location
3105:Battles
2712:18 July
1968:Hamburg
1948:Bavaria
1827:Neptune
1816:Neptune
1701:flags.
1642:typhoid
1575:terrine
1543:. Even
1363:Créteil
1347:Mobiles
1286:Lutetia
1204:Orléans
1147:scholar
1052:barrage
1045:Marshal
1026:Mobiles
862:Lisaine
856:Le Mans
840:Bapaume
835:Péronne
815:Epuisay
810:Longeau
800:Vendôme
775:Orléans
700:La Fère
695:Belfort
640:Artenay
571:Buzancy
231:Germany
202:Bavaria
159:Prussia
3210:Others
3153:Events
3144:(1871)
3122:(1870)
3004:
2966:
2912:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2831:
2802:
2785:
2627:uh.edu
2113:
1972:Bremen
1956:Saxony
1954:, and
1909:Niépce
1570:stew,
1529:horses
1243:and a
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1066:. The
867:Longwy
845:Rocroi
830:Hallue
805:Pesmes
755:Varize
745:Amiens
710:Havana
650:Verdun
620:Sceaux
576:Nouart
532:Marsal
517:Bitche
410:Sceaux
311:
228:
213:
199:
186:
174:Saxony
171:
156:
140:
102:Result
95:France
2767:Books
2754:7 May
2637:7 May
1964:Hesse
1960:Baden
1874:Tours
1731:Krupp
1564:camel
1458:Medal
1249:Seine
1154:JSTOR
1140:books
1079:Siege
990:Paris
961:Krupp
825:Tours
785:Buchy
730:Ladon
715:Dreux
690:Dijon
675:Ognon
614:Paris
597:Sedan
512:Wörth
189:Baden
91:Paris
3002:ISBN
2964:ISSN
2910:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2800:OCLC
2783:OCLC
2756:2018
2714:2014
2639:2018
2111:ISSN
1970:and
1962:and
1888:The
1659:Issy
1632:and
1549:meat
1535:and
1365:and
1322:Metz
1126:news
1070:and
1039:and
908:The
680:Gray
565:Metz
547:Toul
76:Date
2031:by
2015:by
1892:by
1791:by
1533:dog
1460:of
1410:Ham
1312:at
1109:by
3268::
2985:.
2956:59
2954:.
2746:.
2742:.
2629:.
2625:.
2109:.
2105:.
2080:.
1950:,
1911:,
1822:.
1640:,
1609:*
1566:,
1551:.
1511:,
1361:,
1337:,
1333:,
1305:.
1215:.
976:.
948:.
396:–
93:,
3090:e
3083:t
3076:v
3010:.
2970:.
2918:.
2894:.
2875:.
2856:.
2837:.
2806:.
2789:.
2758:.
2729:.
2716:.
2641:.
2354:.
2123:.
2090:.
2019:(
1930:.
1176:)
1170:(
1165:)
1161:(
1151:·
1144:·
1137:·
1130:·
1103:.
474:e
467:t
460:v
383:e
376:t
369:v
34:.
20:)
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