Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

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rationing of any kind, and afterwards only meat was subject to rationing (bread was rationed at the very end of the siege). There were also no attempts to limit hoarding and speculation. Many of the wealthier residents were well-placed to weather the siege since they had put aside stores of food before it began. Infant mortality soared because of the lack of fresh milk. Poor women and their children suffered the most of anybody. Their husbands had the relative advantage of their 1.50 francs per day National Guard pay, "little enough of which reached their wives", and the fact that they were occupied, because "anyone who was occupied – even the National Guardsman warming himself in the bistro while his wife queued for food – had a better chance of survival."

1186: 1923: 57: 183: 1381: 281: 168: 153: 1849: 959:. Despite German forces reaching and besieging Paris by 19 September 1870, the new French government advocated for the continuation of the war, leading to over four more months of fighting, during which Paris was continuously besieged. With the city fully encircled, the Parisian garrison attempted three unsuccessful break-out attempts and German forces began a relatively ineffectual artillery bombardment campaign of the city in January 1871. In response to the poor results of the artillery bombardment, the Prussians brought forth large-caliber 270: 259: 225: 210: 137: 1785: 1718: 1389: 1752:'s Relief Fund and the London Relief Committee made significant donations. According to the British representative responsible for distributing the foodstuffs, at the beginning of February the London Relief Committee donated "nearly 10,000 tons of flour, 450 tons of rice, 900 tons of biscuits, 360 tons of fish, and nearly 4,000 tons of fuel, with about 7,000 head of livestock". The United States sent around $ 2 million worth of food, but much of it was held up at the port of 196: 1880:, and when they had been fed and rested were ready for the return journey. Tours lies some 200 km (120 mi) from Paris and Poitiers some 300 km (190 mi) distant. Before release, they were loaded with their dispatches. Initially the pigeon post was only used for official communications but on 4 November the government announced that members of the public could send messages, these being limited to twenty words at a charge of 50 centimes per word. 1231: 314: 1868:. This was the only means by which communications from the rest of France could reach the besieged city. A specially laid telegraph cable on the bed of the Seine had been discovered and cut by the Prussians on 27 September, couriers attempting to make their way through the German lines were almost all intercepted, and although other methods were tried, including attempts to use balloons, dogs, and 1555: 1089: 2023:, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian war, more particularly the Siege of Paris during the winter of 1870–71. Key elements of the siege, including the hot-air balloons used for reconnaissance and messages, the tunnels beneath the city, the starvation and the cold, combine to render a vivid impression of war-time Paris before its surrender. 1884: 1500: 1845:. Around 66 balloon flights were made, including one that accidentally set a world distance record by ending up in Norway. The vast majority of these succeeded: only five were captured by the Prussians, and three went missing, presumably coming down in the Atlantic or Irish Sea. The number of letters carried has been estimated at around 2.5 million. 1818:, at its disposal, to perform tethered ascents for observation purposes. However the Prussian encirclement of the city made this pointless, and on 17 September Nadar wrote to the Council for the Defence of Paris proposing the use of balloons for communication with the outside world: a similar proposal had also been made by the balloonist 1709:

English observer, Edwin Child, wrote that he "Became more and more convinced of the impossibility of effectually bombarding Paris, the houses being built of such solid blocks of stone that they could only be destroyed piecemeal. One bomb simply displaces one stone, in spite of their enormous weight..."

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These were then copied onto sheets of cardboard and photographed by a M. Barreswille, a photographer based in Tours. Each sheet contained 150 messages and was reproduced as a print about 40 by 55 mm (1.6 by 2.2 in) in size: each pigeon could carry nine of these. The photographic process was

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heavy siege artillery to attack the city beginning 25 January 1871. With the renewed artillery attack and an increasingly starving and ill Parisian population and garrison, the Government of National Defense would conclude armistice negotiations with the North German Confederation on 28 January 1871.

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As the siege wore on, food supplies dwindled, and prices skyrocketed. The authorities instituted price controls on certain staple foods at the beginning of the siege, but these were rendered ineffective by a lack of enforcement and the rampant black market in the city. Until mid-October there was no

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is often stated to have first occurred in 1870 during the siege of Paris when 160 wounded French soldiers were evacuated from the city by hot-air balloon, but this myth has been definitively disproven by full review of the crew and passenger records of each balloon which left Paris during the siege.

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narrowly escaping capture by the Prussians. The photographic process allowed multiple copies of the messages to be sent, so that although only 57 of the 360 pigeons released reached Paris more than 60,000 of the 95,000 messages sent were delivered. (some sources give a considerably higher figure of

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and the defeat at Le Bourget, morale in Paris began to sink. The people of Paris were beginning to suffer from the effects of the German blockade. On 31 October, the day the government confirmed the surrender of Metz and one day after Le Bourget's recapture was announced, an angry mob besieged and

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Trochu had little faith in the ability of the National Guards, which made up half the force defending the city. So instead of making any significant attempt to prevent the investment by the Germans, Trochu hoped that Moltke would attempt to take the city by storm, and the French could then rely on

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declared, "The Frenchmen of 1870 are the sons of those Gauls for whom battles were holidays." In actuality, the level of destruction fell short of what the Prussians had expected. The shells often caused little damage to the buildings they struck, and many fell in open spaces away from people. An

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that Prussia could still be beaten. A prolonged campaign would also allow France time to reconstitute a new army and convince neutral powers to enter the war against Prussia. To Bismarck, Paris was the key to breaking the power of the intransigent republican leaders of France, ending the war in a

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and Bismarck until the 27th. On the French side there was concern that the National Guard would rebel when news of the capitulation became public. Bismarck's advice was to "provoke an uprising, then, while you still have an army with which to suppress it". The final terms agreed on were that the

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headed by the Prefect of Police, Edmond Adam, prepared to retake the building. Negotiations between the two sides concluded with a peaceful evacuation of the building by the insurgents early in the morning of November 1, and the release of the hostages. Despite promising no reprisals against the

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suggested shelling Paris to ensure the city's quick surrender and render all French efforts to free the city pointless, but the German high command, headed by the king of Prussia, turned down the proposal on the insistence of General von Blumenthal, on the grounds that a bombardment would affect

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In January, on Bismarck's advice, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells into the city over 23 nights in an attempt to break Parisian morale. The attack on the city itself was preceded by the bombardment of the southern forts from the Châtillon Heights on 5 January. That day, the guns of forts

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and Vanves were silenced by a relentless barrage, allowing the Prussian artillery to be moved up to 750 yards closer to Paris. This made a crucial difference, as from their previous position the guns were only capable of reaching the fringes of the city. The first shells fell on the

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were packed with livestock – the former received some 250,000 sheep and 40,000 oxen. The government believed it had enough flour and wheat to last for 80 days, more than enough based on the assumption, then prevalent, that the siege would be relatively brief.

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French regular troops (less one division) would be disarmed, Paris would pay an indemnity of two hundred million francs, and the fortifications around the perimeter of the city would be surrendered. In return the armistice was extended until February 19.

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It was also contended that a quick French surrender would leave the new French armies undefeated and allow France to renew the war shortly after. The new French armies would have to be annihilated first, and Paris would have to be starved into surrender.

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is a novel which follows the fortunes of two sisters, Constance and Sophia Baines. The latter runs away to make a disastrous marriage in France, where after being abandoned by her husband, she lives through the Siege of Paris and the Commune.

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placed across the Seine, and select approaches to the city laid with electrically-triggered mines. Forests and houses were cleared to improve the firing sight lines, roads were torn up, and railroad and road entrances to the city blocked. The

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was taken, and then served as the 3rd Army's and eventually Wilhelm's headquarters. By 19 September the encirclement was complete, and the siege officially began. Responsible for the direction of the siege was General (later Field Marshal)

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and Bismarck honored the armistice by sending trainloads of food into the city. The German troops departed after two days to take up temporary encampments to the east of the city, to be withdrawn from there when France paid the agreed war

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The continued presence of German troops outside the city angered Parisians. Further resentment arose against the French government, and in March 1871 Parisian workers and members of the National Guard rebelled and established the

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While the armistice led to food shipments being immediately permitted into the city, the capture of their capital city and the disaster of the war itself would have a long-lasting impact on the French populace,

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of the city. Crown Prince Albert's army closed in on Paris from the north unopposed, while Crown Prince Frederick moved in from the south. On 17 September a force under Vinoy attacked Frederick's army near

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near the Prussian Headquarters, west of Paris. The crown prince easily repulsed the attack inflicting over 4,000 casualties while suffering just over 600. Trochu resigned as governor and left General

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among them) attempted to depose Trochu's government and form a new one led by themselves, but they could not come to an agreement. In the meantime, battalions of loyal National Guards led by

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was the only means by which communications from the besieged city could reach the rest of France. The use of balloons to carry mail was first proposed by the photographer and balloonist

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without orders, and took the town. The Guard actually had little interest in recapturing their positions at Le Bourget, but Crown Prince Albert ordered the city retaken anyway. In the

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were breaking out amongst the besieging soldiers. In addition, the siege operations competed with the demands of the ongoing Loire Campaign against the remaining French field armies.

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timely manner, and securing peace terms favourable to Prussia. Moltke was also worried that insufficient winter supplies were reaching the German armies investing the city, as

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Food supplies from the provinces, as well as shiploads from Britain and the United States, began to enter the starving city almost immediately. Britain sent ships from the

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overruled Moltke and ordered the field-marshal to consult with Bismarck for all future operations. Bismarck immediately ordered the city to be bombarded with large-caliber

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were so desperate for wood they had felled the street trees of their neighborhoods and were moving into the wealthier areas of western Paris, cutting down trees along the

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But as time wore on, there was growing concern that a prolonged war was placing too much strain on the German economy and that an extended siege would convince the French

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The authorities in Paris also attended to provisions and took steps to stockpile cereals, salted meat, and preserves for the population. Much of this was stored in the

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Hoping to boost morale on 30 November Trochu launched the largest attack from Paris even though he had little hope of achieving a breakthrough. Nevertheless, he sent

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Prussian artillerymen aimed their guns at the highest angles possible and increased the charges to obtain unprecedented ranges. Even so, although shells reached the

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was formed and given a budget of 12 million francs to strengthen the defenses. Barriers were put up around the city, 12,000 workers employed to dig earthworks, a

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in early-October to supplement their dwindling supplies of fresh meat. By mid-November, fresh meat had truly run out in the city, and butchers began offering

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per letter. Two workshops to manufacture balloons were set up, one under the direction of Nadar in the Elysée-Montmartre dance-hall (later moved to the

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The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870–1871: Photographs in the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections at Northwestern University

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were frequent targets of the artillerymen, and the vicinities of those buildings were particularly damaged as a result. Shells also struck the

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civilians, violate the rules of engagement, and turn the opinion of third parties against the Germans, without speeding up the final victory.

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by declaring war on the North German Confederation. The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation had recently emerged victorious in the

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of 1866, which led to the questioning of France's status as the dominant power of continental Europe. With a declaration of war by the

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around 150,000 official and 1 million private communications, but this figure is arrived at by counting all copies of each message.)

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revolutionaries, the Government was swift to arrest and imprison 22 of the leaders, which further embittered the left-wing of Paris.

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took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the

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the Prussian Guards succeeded in retaking the city and captured 1,200 French soldiers. Upon hearing of the French surrender at

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that the authorities began to take serious action in organizing the defenses of Paris. A committee under the leadership of

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on 16 July 1870, Imperial France soon faced a series of defeats at German hands over the following months, leading to the

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About 400 perished or were wounded by the bombardment which, "had little effect on the spirit of resistance in Paris."

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were sealed off, along with certain quarries and excavations outside the city to deny an entry-point to the Prussians.

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The increasing hunger of the Parisians coincided with bitterly cold winter weather and a dire lack of fuel for heat.

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On 18 January 1871 the German Empire is proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, painted by

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to allow more to be carried: Dagron, with his equipment, was flown out of Paris on 12 November in the aptly named

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83 km (52 mi) from Paris. Following this success a regular mail service was established, with a rate of

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On 21 December, French forces attempted another breakout at Le Bourget, in the hopes of meeting up with General

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in an effort to save a supply depot there, but it was eventually driven back by artillery fire. The railroad to

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because of a shortage of workers for unloading the ships. The arrival of the first British convoy of food at

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Commemorative medal Siege of Paris by Jules-Clément Chaplin. Showing on the obverse the armed city goddess

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the French succeeded in capturing and holding a position at Créteil and Champigny. By 2 December the

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as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the

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floated down the Seine, these were all unsuccessful. The pigeons were taken to their base, first at

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The French had expected the war to be fought mainly on German soil; it was not until the defeats at

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As early as August 1870, the Prussian 3rd Army led by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia (the future

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During the siege, the only head of diplomatic mission from a major power who remained in Paris was

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sparked a riot and pillaging, "while for seven hours the police seemed powerless to intervene".

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A Christmas menu, 99th day of the siege. Unusual dishes include stuffed donkey's head, elephant

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Lam, D. M. (October 1988). "To Pop A Balloon: Air Evacuation During The Siege of Paris, 1870".

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The Prussian armies quickly reached Paris, and on 15 September Moltke issued orders for the

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Secret armistice discussions began on January 23, 1871 and continued at Versailles between

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Gérard Cagna (2012-03-10). "Le siège de Paris de l'hiver 1870/1871" (in French). L'Obs.

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During the winter, tensions began to arise in the Prussian high command. Field-Marshal

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of 1 October 1870; perhaps one of the more iconic scenes from the Franco-Prussian War.

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with 20,000 soldiers and was soundly repulsed by the 3rd Army. Then on 13 October the

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Some balloons also carried passengers in addition to the cargo of mail, most notably

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A History of Modern France: From the First Empire to the Fourth Republic 1799–1945

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had driven Ducrot back into the defenses and the battle was over by 3 December.

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On the reverse the battle names for the defence of Paris, divided by a monument

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General Carey de Bellemare commanded the strongest fortress north of Paris at

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With the capture of Napoleon III, the Second French Empire collapsed and the

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Map of European situation at the time of the Siege of Paris (omniatlas.com)

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loaded with Army food provisions, while private organizations like the

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The first balloon launch was carried out on 23 September, using the

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but the French were forced to retire in face of Prussian artillery.

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the city's defenses. These consisted of the 33 km (21 mi)

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siege guns. This prompted the city's surrender on 28 January 1871.

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Cassells History of the War between France and Germany 1870–1871

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A Latin Quarter menu contemporary with the siege reads in part:

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Airlift 1870: The Balloon and Pigeon Post in the Siege of Paris

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or who were gathered from depot troops. Together with 90,000

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was deployed to aid the army encircled by Prussians at the

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Thirty thousand Prussian, Bavarian and Saxon troops held

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The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71

2064: 3209: 3177: 3152: 3104: 1591:* Emincé de rable de chat. Sauce mayonnaise. (cat) 1189:General overview of Paris and its environs (1871) 2923:Moltke, Field Marshal Count Helmuth von (1892). 1765:a brief victory parade in Paris on March 1, 1871 2813:The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 2; Volume 3 2781:. Pelican Book. Vol. II. London: Penguin. 64:after French and German bombardment during the 41: 1357:with 80,000 soldiers against the Prussians at 3082: 2927:. Vol. I. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1810:, who had established the grandiosely titled 466: 375: 8: 2103:"The Paris Commune – from the archive, 1871" 1600:* Côtelettes de chien aux petits pois. (dog) 81:(4 months, 1 week and 2 days) 2951:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 2101:Nelsson, compiled by Richard (2019-06-26). 3089: 3075: 3067: 2351: 473: 459: 451: 382: 368: 360: 38: 2846:(repr. Pan ed.). London: Macmillan. 1173:Learn how and when to remove this message 1921: 1423:was aimed at the Château of Buzenval in 1384:Balloons escaped from the siege of Paris 1308:On 29 October de Bellemare attacked the 1265: 1184: 3021:(Sep 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 9, pp 593–599 2905:The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris 2057: 1776:, where hostility was reportedly high. 1603:* Salamis de rats. Sauce Robert. (rats) 1585:* Consommé de cheval au millet. (horse) 1234:A company of the French National Guards 955:was declared, provisionally led by the 928:attempt to reassert its dominance over 920:. The siege was the culmination of the 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2609: 2597: 2513: 2447: 2399: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2157: 2133: 1597:* Civet de chat aux champignons. (cat) 3061:Website of the Bry-sur-Marne's Museum 2585: 2555: 2543: 2145: 30:For other sieges with this name, see 7: 2750:from the original on 12 January 2018 2726: 1111:adding citations to reliable sources 2339: 1449:Prussian artillery during the siege 79:19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871 2908:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2708:from the original on 9 August 2014 2633:from the original on 29 March 2016 1400:) of the 66 sent during the siege. 25: 3302:Military history of Île-de-France 3292:Sieges of the Franco-Prussian War 3017:. "The Siege of Paris, 1870-71" 1812:No. 1 Compagnie des Aérostatiers 1795:. The companion painting in the 1509:United States Minister to France 1087: 1008:, along with his chief of staff 1000:. This force was crushed at the 992:. A French force accompanied by 312: 302: 291: 279: 268: 257: 238: 223: 208: 194: 181: 166: 151: 135: 55: 1122:"Siege of Paris" 1870–1871 1098:needs additional citations for 27:Part of the Franco-Prussian War 2623:"No. 1132: The Siege of Paris" 2044:, a short story collection by 1994:as part of the German Empire. 1852:The departure of Leon Gambetta 1478:Government of National Defense 1440:Leonhard, Count von Blumenthal 1375:XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps 1369:. In what became known as the 1245:ring of sixteen detached forts 1014:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 957:Government of National Defense 286:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 245:Government of National Defence 1: 3024:Richardson, Joanna (editor). 2960:Aerospace Medical Association 2925:The Franco-German War of 1870 2811:German General Staff (1884). 2459:Horne, 1965; pp. 203–204, 212 1986:, was signed on 10 May 1871. 1814:, with a single balloon, the 1396:, was the 10th ballon monté ( 1288:standing in front of a cannon 988:), had been marching towards 986:Frederick III, German Emperor 720:Chat Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais 1894:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier 1864:out of Paris to be used for 1392:The Louis Blanc, piloted by 1721:German parade through Paris 3358: 3098:Siege of Paris (1870–1871) 2998:Atlas of Military Strategy 2078:"Siege of Paris | Summary" 1976:North German Confederation 1942:on 18 January 1871 at the 1527:Parisians turned first to 914:North German Confederation 354:47,000 civilian casualties 143:North German Confederation 29: 3039:The French Army 1600–1900 3026:Paris Under Siege 1870–71 2842:Horne, Alistair (2002) . 2381:Horne, 1965; pp. 185, 221 2065:German General Staff 1884 1966:, and the free cities of 1519:Food & fuel shortages 1472:The reverse of this medal 1206:was cut, and on the 18th 492: 405: 341: 320: 250: 145:(before 18 January 1871) 127: 71: 54: 46: 3000:. New York: Free Press. 2861:Howard, Michael (1961). 2576:Horne, 1965; pp. 248–249 2534:Horne, 1965; pp. 216–217 2495:Horne, 1965; pp. 213–214 2486:Horne, 1965; pp. 212–213 2390:Horne, 1965; pp. 177–179 2330:Horne, 1965; pp. 191–193 2312:Horne, 1965; pp. 118–119 2303:Horne, 1965; pp. 115–118 2294:Horne, 1965; pp. 110–111 2285:Horne, 1965; pp. 107–113 1431:with 146,000 defenders. 1421:a final breakout attempt 1355:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot 1335:Louis Charles Delescluze 1251:. On 30 September Vinoy 1200:Villeneuve-Saint-Georges 18:Siege of Paris (1870-71) 3186:Armistice of Versailles 2865:. New York: Routledge. 2863:The Franco–Prussian War 2082:Encyclopædia Britannica 1713:Armistice and surrender 1273:Illustrated London News 1257:II Royal Bavarian Corps 1213:Leonhard von Blumenthal 966:Franco-German relations 234:(after 18 January 1871) 2958:(10). Alexandria, VA: 2880:Levi, Wendell (1977). 2216:Horne, 1965; pp. 65–66 2178:Horne, 1965; pp. 63–64 1974:were unified with the 1931: 1898: 1853: 1800: 1722: 1578: 1504: 1473: 1465: 1450: 1401: 1385: 1297: 1289: 1277: 1235: 1190: 350:24,000 dead or wounded 347:16,000 dead or wounded 251:Commanders and leaders 3317:September 1870 events 3168:January 1871 uprising 3161:October 1870 uprising 3028:(Folio Society, 1982) 2989:(B.T. Batsford, 1964) 2794:Fisher, John (1965). 1925: 1886: 1851: 1787: 1720: 1557: 1502: 1493:Air medical transport 1471: 1456: 1448: 1391: 1383: 1339:Louis Auguste Blanqui 1295: 1283: 1269: 1233: 1218:Prussia's chancellor 1188: 953:Third French Republic 342:Casualties and losses 3332:December 1870 events 3327:November 1870 events 2884:. Sumter, SC: Levi. 2525:Howard, 1961; p. 361 2504:Howard, 1961; p. 362 2477:Howard, 1961; p. 361 2420:Horne, 1965; 219–220 2411:Horne, 1965; 219–220 2187:Howard, 2001; p. 319 2169:Howard, 2001; p. 319 1944:Palace of Versailles 1725:On 25 January 1871, 1691:Salpetrière Hospital 1345:and a detachment of 1318:Battle of Le Bourget 1107:improve this article 1006:William I of Prussia 926:Second French Empire 110:Proclamation of the 3337:January 1871 events 3322:October 1870 events 3297:19th-century sieges 3244: / 3200:Treaty of Frankfurt 2827:. London: Collins. 2798:. London: Parrish. 2654:, pp. 292–293. 2567:Horne, 1965; p. 248 2468:Horne, 1965; p. 213 2450:, pp. 357–370. 2438:Horne, 1965; p. 221 2372:Horne, 1965; p. 181 2363:Horne, 1965; p. 181 2342:, pp. 988–991. 2321:Horne, 1965; p. 190 2264:, pp. 334–338. 2228:, pp. 116–119. 2028:The Old Wives' Tale 1990:was able to secure 1984:Treaty of Frankfurt 1934:Late in the siege, 1902:further refined by 1681:. The domes of the 934:Austro-Prussian War 922:Franco-Prussian War 820:Nuits Saint Georges 484:Franco-Prussian War 393:Franco-Prussian War 352:249,142 capitulated 66:Battle of Châtillon 49:Franco-Prussian War 3248:48.8566°N 2.3518°E 3054:2017-12-01 at the 3015:Richardson, Joanna 2994:Chandler, David G. 2987:The Siege of Paris 2932:Ollier, E (1873). 2700:Lawrence, Ashley. 2429:Wawro 2003; p. 282 2196:Horne, 1965; p. 65 2046:Robert W. Chambers 2041:The King in Yellow 2006:In popular culture 1946:. The kingdoms of 1932: 1899: 1854: 1801: 1799:depicts a balloon. 1793:Puvis de Chavannes 1723: 1695:Théâtre de l'Odéon 1579: 1541:Jardin des plantes 1513:Elihu B. Washburne 1505: 1503:Elihu B. Washburne 1474: 1466: 1451: 1436:Helmuth von Moltke 1402: 1386: 1371:Battle of Villiers 1298: 1290: 1278: 1236: 1191: 1072:Luxembourg Gardens 1018:Louis Jules Trochu 1010:Helmuth von Moltke 930:continental Europe 918:Kingdom of Prussia 329:200,000 regulars, 298:Louis Jules Trochu 275:Helmuth von Moltke 3287:Conflicts in 1871 3277:Conflicts in 1870 3227: 3226: 3007:978-0-02-905750-6 2915:978-1-4165-7176-6 2891:978-0-85390-013-9 2872:978-0-415-26671-0 2853:978-0-330-49036-8 2834:978-0-00-738692-5 2704:. Microscopy UK. 1988:Otto von Bismarck 1870:message canisters 1644:, and especially 1613:au jus. (flowers) 1545:Castor and Pollux 1253:attacked Chevilly 1220:Otto von Bismarck 1183: 1182: 1175: 1157: 938:French parliament 903: 902: 750:Beaune-la-Rolande 448: 447: 358: 357: 123: 122: 16:(Redirected from 3349: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3220: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3011: 2971: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2895: 2876: 2857: 2838: 2816: 2807: 2790: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2074: 2068: 2062: 1958:, the states of 1928:Anton von Werner 1896:. Oil on canvas. 1331:Gustave Flourens 1259:was driven from 1178: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1115: 1091: 1083: 1068:Bois de Boulogne 924:, which saw the 890:Belgian reaction 487: 485: 475: 468: 461: 452: 400: 394: 384: 377: 370: 361: 326:240,000 regulars 316: 307: 306: 305: 296: 295: 294: 284: 283: 282: 273: 272: 271: 262: 261: 260: 243: 242: 241: 233: 229: 227: 226: 218: 214: 212: 211: 204: 200: 198: 197: 187: 185: 184: 176: 172: 170: 169: 161: 157: 155: 154: 141: 139: 138: 73: 72: 59: 39: 21: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3312:Sieges of Paris 3262: 3261: 3253:48.8566; 2.3518 3252: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3100: 3095: 3056:Wayback Machine 3035: 3008: 2992: 2983:Baldick, Robert 2979: 2977:Further reading 2974: 2947: 2944: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2898: 2892: 2879: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2825:Falling Upwards 2821:Holmes, Richard 2819: 2810: 2793: 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Notre-Dame 1666:that same day. 1654: 1521: 1425:Rueil-Malmaison 1406:Louis Faidherbe 1300: 1179: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1092: 1081: 1057:Paris Catacombs 1030:National Guards 1002:Battle of Sedan 982: 942:Battle of Sedan 906: 905: 904: 899: 886: 488: 483: 481: 479: 449: 444: 401: 392: 390: 388: 353: 351: 337:200,000 militia 336: 303: 301: 300: 292: 290: 280: 278: 277: 269: 267: 266: 258: 256: 239: 237: 224: 222: 221: 220: 209: 207: 206: 205: 195: 193: 192: 191: 182: 180: 167: 165: 164: 152: 150: 149: 136: 134: 106:German victory 97: 80: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3342:1870s in Paris 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282:1871 in France 3279: 3274: 3272:1870 in France 3264: 3263: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3033:External links 3031: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3012: 3006: 2990: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2900:McCullough, D. 2896: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2808: 2791: 2775:Cobban, Alfred 2770: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2731: 2719: 2692: 2690:, p. 286. 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2614: 2602: 2600:, p. 268. 2590: 2588:, p. 263. 2578: 2569: 2560: 2558:, p. 248. 2548: 2546:, p. 240. 2536: 2527: 2518: 2516:, p. 204. 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2402:, p. 327. 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2276:, p. 334. 2266: 2254: 2252:, p. 318. 2242: 2240:, p. 352. 2230: 2218: 2209: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2160:, p. 495. 2150: 2138: 2136:, p. 166. 2126: 2093: 2069: 2067:, p. 247. 2056: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2033:Arnold Bennett 2007: 2004: 1978:to create the 1940:German Emperor 1919: 1916: 1890:Siege of Paris 1862:homing pigeons 1843:Gare d'Orleans 1781: 1778: 1714: 1711: 1653: 1650: 1630:Champs Élysées 1618: 1617: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1520: 1517: 1419:On 19 January 1327:Hôtel de Ville 1310:Prussian Guard 1181: 1180: 1095: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1077: 981: 978: 910:Siege of Paris 901: 900: 898: 897: 892: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 610: 605: 600: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 561: 554: 549: 544: 539: 537:Borny–Colombey 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 493: 490: 489: 480: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 446: 445: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 406: 403: 402: 398:Siege of Paris 389: 387: 386: 379: 372: 364: 356: 355: 348: 344: 343: 339: 338: 327: 323: 322: 318: 317: 288: 253: 252: 248: 247: 235: 178: 177: 162: 130: 129: 125: 124: 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Ball 2014: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 2000:Paris Commune 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:German Empire 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1876:and later at 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Léon Gambetta 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1820:Eugène Godard 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1797:Musée d'Orsay 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1394:Eugène Farcot 1390: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1177: 1174: 1166: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: – 1123: 1119: 1118:Find sources: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1096:This section 1094: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Opéra Garnier 1060: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Siege of Metz 995: 991: 987: 979: 977: 975: 974:Paris Commune 971: 970:German Empire 967: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916:, led by the 915: 911: 896: 895:Paris Commune 893: 891: 888: 887: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 857: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 770:Loigny–Poupry 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 615: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566: 562: 560: 559: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 491: 486: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 456: 453: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 404: 399: 395: 385: 380: 378: 373: 371: 366: 365: 362: 349: 346: 345: 340: 334: 333: 328: 325: 324: 319: 315: 310: 299: 289: 287: 276: 265: 255: 254: 249: 246: 236: 232: 219: 217: 203: 190: 175: 163: 160: 148: 147: 146: 144: 132: 131: 126: 117: 116:Paris Commune 113: 112:German Empire 109: 108: 107: 104: 101: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 84: 78: 75: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 3229: 3218:Moulins Ball 3178:Consequences 3097: 3025: 3018: 2997: 2986: 2955: 2949: 2933: 2924: 2903: 2881: 2862: 2843: 2824: 2812: 2795: 2778: 2752:. 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Even 1363:Créteil 1347:Mobiles 1286:Lutetia 1204:Orléans 1147:scholar 1052:barrage 1045:Marshal 1026:Mobiles 862:Lisaine 856:Le Mans 840:Bapaume 835:Péronne 815:Epuisay 810:Longeau 800:Vendôme 775:Orléans 700:La Fère 695:Belfort 640:Artenay 571:Buzancy 231:Germany 202:Bavaria 159:Prussia 3210:Others 3153:Events 3144:(1871) 3122:(1870) 3004: 2966: 2912: 2888: 2869: 2850: 2831: 2802: 2785: 2627:uh.edu 2113: 1972:Bremen 1956:Saxony 1954:, and 1909:Niépce 1570:stew, 1529:horses 1243:and a 1149: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1066:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

Index