1089:
1874:
192:
178:
1189:
522:
497:
536:
278:
1047:. The aristocracy was represented by a prince, six marquises, fifteen counts and three other nobles. The new assembly was dominated by the bourgeoisie, the affluent, professionals and employees. It included twenty-seven owners, a banker, fifty-three jurists and lawyers, six graduates, twelve professors, two writers, twenty-one doctors, one pharmacist, six engineers, five employees, two merchants, nineteen military officers, one prior and one monsignore.
1377:
1016:
made without a mask by the sponsors of the anarchic demagogy", an "abnormal and sacrilegious attempt... deserving the punishments written both in the divine and the human laws"), the resulting constitutional assembly (informally known as "The
Assembly of the Damned") had a republican inclination. In each and every part of the Papal States, less than 50% of the potential voters went to the polls.
47:
1299:
1271:, where the Pope remained in his refuge. The French sent a staff officer the next day to meet with Giuseppe Mazzini with a stiff assertion that the pope would be restored to power. The revolutionary Roman Assembly, amid thunderous shouts of "Guerra!, Guerra!", authorised Mazzini to resist the French by force of arms.
1134:
1291:, Garibaldi's legionaries and citizen-soldiers, who sent them back to the sea. But despite Garibaldi's urging, Mazzini was loath to follow up their advantage, as he had not expected an attack by the French and hoped that the Roman Republic could befriend the French Republic. The French prisoners were treated as
963:
The government issued some liberal reforms which Pius IX rejected. When securely established in Gaeta, he organised a new government. A delegation was created by the High
Council established by the Pope and the mayor of Rome, and sent to reassure the Pope and ask him to come back as soon as possible.
1388:
The Roman question was the stone tied to
Napoleon's feet – that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made emperor, and was supported by the votes of the conservatives and the influence
1286:
wall, and the villas on the city's outskirts were garrisoned. On 30 April, Oudinot's out-of-date maps led him to march to a gate that had been walled up sometime before. The first cannon shot was mistaken for the noon-day gun, and the astonished French were beaten back by the fiercely anti-clerical
260:
1015:
decided to schedule direct and universal elections (electors were all the citizens of the State, male and over 21 years old) on the following 21 January 1849. Since the pope had forbidden
Catholics to vote at those elections (he considered the convocation of the election "a monstrous act of felony
1323:
The siege began in earnest on 1 June, and despite the resistance of the
Republican army, led by Garibaldi, the French prevailed on 29 June. On 30 June the Roman Assembly met and debated three options: to surrender; to continue fighting in the streets of Rome; to retreat from Rome and continue the
1311:
to negotiate a more formal ceasefire. Neapolitan troops sympathetic to the papacy entered Roman
Republic territory, and de Lesseps suggested that Oudinot's forces in their current position might protect the city from the converging approach of an Austrian army with the Neapolitan force: the Roman
265:
266:
254:
1306:
As a result, Oudinot was able to regroup and await reinforcements; time proved to be on his side, and
Mazzini's attempt at diplomacy proved fatal to the Roman Republic. A letter from Louis Napoleon encouraged Oudinot and assured him of French reinforcements. The French government sent
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1130:, Papal States). Among the first acts of the Republic was the proclamation of the right of the Pope to continue his role as head of the Roman Church. The Triumvirate passed popular legislation to eliminate burdensome taxes and to give work to the unemployed.
1356:
The pope did not return to Rome itself until April 1850, since the French were considered liberals all the same, and the pope would not return until assured of no French meddling in his affairs. In the interim, Rome was governed by a reactionary
964:
This delegation was composed of the mayor himself, Prince
Tommaso Corsini, three priests – Rezzi, Mertel and Arrighi – Marchese Paolucci de Calboli, doctor Fusconi and lawyer Rossi. However, they were stopped at the state boundary at
1169:, who had been the guiding spirit of the Republic from the start. Mazzini won friends among the poor by confiscating some of the Church's large landholdings and distributing them to peasants. He inaugurated prison and insane asylum reforms,
1207:
Piedmont was at risk of attack by
Austrian forces, and the Republic's movement of troops in the area was a threat to Austria (which was certainly capable of attacking Rome itself). The commander-in-chief of Austrian forces in Milan, Count
246:
1240:
1295:("guests of war") and sent back with republican tracts citing Article V of the most recent French constitution: "France respects foreign nationalities. Her might will never be employed against the liberty of any people".
594:
954:
We entrust to your known prudence and honesty to inform the minister
Galletti, engaging him with all the other ministers not only to defend the palaces, but especially the persons near you that did not know
1389:
of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the pontiff. For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations Without him the
2427:
959:
decision. Because not only you and your family are dear to Our heart, We repeat they did not know Our thinking, but much more We recommend to those Sirs tranquillity and order of the whole City.
1231:
influence, both being foreign policy goals of Louis Napoleon. Thus, though he hesitated to betray Italian liberals, Louis Napoleon ultimately decided to send French troops to restore the Pope.
587:
2134:
580:
247:
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1343:'s temporal power. In August Louis Napoleon issued a sort of manifesto in which he asked of Pius IX a general amnesty, a secularized administration, the establishment of the
1088:
3725:
2420:
64:
1223:, was torn. He himself had participated in an insurrection in the Papal States against the Pope in 1831, but at this point, he was under intense pressure from
2413:
1197:
1873:
1159:
The Pope asked for military help from Catholic countries. Saliceti and Montecchi left the Triumvirate; their places were filled on 29 March by Saffi and
1448:
1227:
French Catholics, who had voted overwhelmingly for him. Additionally, an intervention into Rome would expand French influence in Italy while weakening
1204:
However, the government's policies (lower taxes, increased spending) were fiscally expansionary and involved a decrease in the value of the currency.
191:
3685:
1925:
1408:
760:
3695:
2778:
2343:
2012:
1335:
A truce was negotiated on 1 July and on 2 July Garibaldi, followed by some 4,000 troops, withdrew from Rome for refuge in the neutral Republic of
1282:, who had recently driven the Austrians from the streets of Milan with new tactics of house-to-house fighting. Hasty defences were erected on the
288:
976:
1799:
1707:
177:
111:
1615:
1489:
83:
3080:
2798:
2007:
1000:
3593:
3336:
3284:
1828:
2348:
2307:
1427:
1264:
90:
3475:
3146:
2322:
2312:
1987:
3735:
3587:
3195:
2317:
2022:
1992:
1947:
1656:
672:
604:
130:
97:
3690:
2436:
1820:
716:
3605:
1843:
1149:
1882:
3429:
2587:
1020:
277:
35:
3485:
2281:
2190:
2089:
2037:
1361:" of cardinals. French soldiers propped up the papal administration in Rome until they were withdrawn at the outbreak of the
1156:
on the border with the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. There the legion rose to about 1,000 and gained discipline and organization.
79:
68:
711:
3700:
3470:
3404:
3203:
2935:
2858:
2709:
1935:
1510:
782:
3710:
3705:
2205:
1900:
1312:
Triumvirate agreed. Many Italians from outside the Papal States went to Rome to fight for the Republic: among them was
903:
839:
657:
3599:
3551:
3242:
2729:
2384:
1962:
1838:
943:
861:. These religious freedoms were quite different from the situation under the preceding government, which allowed only
767:
1177:, but shied away from the "Right to Work" or work guarantee programs for unemployed poor, having seen the compromise
3545:
3539:
3490:
3480:
2910:
2895:
2758:
2291:
2042:
1997:
1863:
1792:
1644:
1212:, had remarked during the "Five Glorious Days" of Milan, "Three days of blood will give us thirty years of peace".
1209:
1188:
743:
57:
3657:
2940:
2276:
2002:
1274:
The French expected little resistance from the usurpers. But republican resolve was stiffened by the charismatic
1040:
947:
706:
1555:
689:
3563:
2915:
2768:
2704:
1910:
1248:
1165:
1070:
1044:
748:
700:
635:
1278:'s long-delayed triumphal entry into Rome at last, on 27 April, and by the arrival on 29 April of the Lombard
869:
to be practised by its citizens. The Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish
104:
1771:
3651:
3326:
3218:
3180:
2675:
2605:
2255:
2245:
1982:
1766:
1097:
930:
to liberate long-held territories that were culturally and ethnically Italian. On the night of 24 November,
732:
684:
226:
1028:
630:
3715:
3557:
3505:
3495:
3331:
3274:
2945:
2286:
1853:
1413:
1390:
1244:
1059:
625:
356:
3720:
3575:
3419:
3371:
3357:
3185:
2925:
2838:
2788:
2467:
2450:
2327:
2099:
1930:
1785:
1640:
1418:
777:
662:
645:
3347:
1027:
The voters were not asked to express themselves on the parties but to vote for individuals. The lawyer
667:
3623:
3500:
3439:
3424:
3311:
3267:
3257:
3035:
3007:
2813:
2657:
2555:
2499:
2079:
1808:
1308:
1170:
1036:
753:
640:
3645:
3376:
3279:
3262:
3252:
3107:
3030:
2853:
2848:
2783:
2683:
2593:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2160:
1967:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1403:
1362:
1215:
But the Roman Republic would fall to another, unexpected enemy. In France, newly elected President
1081:). That a Roman Republic was a foretaste of wider expectations was expressed in the acclamation of
850:
738:
1730:
1682:
1544:"An astonishment in this age" was the progressive Margaret Fuller's reaction (Rostenberg 1940:213)
1481:
Catchers of the Light: The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens
1055:
3569:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3434:
3399:
3394:
3352:
3316:
3175:
3070:
2992:
2965:
2905:
2808:
2793:
2631:
2611:
2225:
2215:
2144:
2109:
1952:
1527:
1325:
1275:
1178:
1141:
874:
870:
772:
650:
619:
353:
2170:
3414:
3409:
3342:
3301:
3295:
3136:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
2843:
2823:
2773:
2763:
2744:
2389:
2379:
2200:
2180:
2032:
1703:
1652:
1648:
1611:
1485:
1479:
1174:
849:
One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution:
726:
694:
343:
3631:
3213:
3208:
3131:
3065:
3060:
2930:
2900:
2868:
2724:
2669:
2648:
2626:
2210:
2124:
2119:
2104:
2084:
2058:
1972:
1957:
1519:
1505:
1370:
1160:
1111:
1082:
986:
979:
899:
827:
799:
721:
529:
385:
333:
311:
234:
158:
1347:, and in general a Liberal Government. Pius, from Gaeta, promised reforms that he declared
890:
3154:
3122:
3117:
3097:
2960:
2920:
2890:
2873:
2833:
2818:
2803:
2734:
2719:
2636:
2616:
2489:
2250:
2220:
2139:
2027:
1672:
1366:
1358:
1344:
1313:
1256:
1107:
1032:
1008:
990:
975:
927:
858:
823:
678:
390:
323:
308:
3012:
1724:
1676:
1062:
of the popes was a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality."
3637:
3533:
3527:
3127:
3102:
2975:
2970:
2955:
2950:
2885:
2880:
2863:
2828:
2621:
2599:
2543:
2482:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2185:
2175:
2017:
1858:
1832:
1750:
1607:
1224:
1216:
1073:, who was a member for Viterbo, was called, he replied to the roll-call by calling out
843:
31:
1777:
1376:
3679:
3321:
3159:
2663:
2537:
2509:
2129:
2114:
2094:
2063:
1915:
1633:
1595:
1531:
1260:
1123:
1115:
995:
923:
831:
811:
395:
183:
17:
3611:
2694:
2549:
2529:
2405:
2271:
2165:
1942:
1848:
1699:
The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile of Pius IX and the Emergence of Modern Europe
1393:
would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured."
1349:
1220:
931:
907:
854:
815:
807:
572:
562:
515:
502:
1011:
for political actions of November received from Gaeta and posted on the 3rd. The
806:) was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the
1760:
1697:
946:. Before leaving, he had allowed the formation of a government led by Archbishop
245:
3247:
3112:
2195:
1977:
1423:
1279:
1182:
1102:
1051:
1031:, who had led the Council of the Deputies, received the most votes, followed by
1004:
862:
835:
468:
363:
46:
1328:. Garibaldi made a speech in which he favoured the third option and then said:
1096:
When news reached the city of the decisive defeat of Piedmontese forces at the
2394:
1600:
1336:
1288:
911:
2514:
1895:
1761:
Keith Frye, "'Roma o Morte'": the Siege of Rome – 1849", 1997
1283:
1069:
after midnight on 9 February. According to Jasper Ridley: "When the name of
989:
in Rome, for the first time in recent history, popular assemblies gathered.
965:
919:
1298:
1255:
On 25 April, 1849, some eight to ten thousand French troops under General
1122:, Papal States), and a government, led by Muzzarelli and composed also by
3232:
2714:
2519:
2462:
1340:
1228:
1145:
1127:
956:
2494:
2455:
1317:
1239:
866:
1316:, who had tried to form a common state joining the Roman Republic and
1133:
1065:
The Constitutional Assembly convened on 8 February and proclaimed the
3002:
1119:
935:
1523:
968:. The Pope, informed of this, refused to speak to them. In Rome a
838:, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC
2980:
2504:
2477:
1375:
1297:
1268:
1238:
1153:
1132:
1087:
1018:
974:
939:
889:
819:
557:
1451:[The penalties of death and confiscation are proscribed]
1263:
on the coast northwest of Rome, while Spain sent 4,000 men under
2472:
1192:
Garibaldi capturing four French guns at Rome. Illustration from
1092:
Proclamation of the Roman Republic in 1849, in Piazza del Popolo
1019:
915:
298:
2409:
1781:
1339:. The French Army entered Rome on 3 July and reestablished the
576:
1380:
Casino Savorelli after the French bombardments of Rome in 1849
40:
1353:, that is, of his own volition, not in answer to the French.
1144:
formed the "Italian Legion", with many recruits coming from
243:
1320:, and who died of a wound suffered in the defence of Rome.
1449:"Art. 5. – Le pene di morte e di confisca sono proscritte"
1751:
George Macaulay Trevelyan, "Garibaldi's defense of Rome"
999:
sent from Venice, that set the flag in the hands of the
1007:, and the angry popular reaction to papal warnings of
857:
and his successors guaranteed the right to govern the
1050:
On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the
1702:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 274–75.
1579:
La Meravigliosa Storia della Repubblica dei Briganti
918:
filled the streets, where various groups demanded a
3621:
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3448:
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3370:
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3231:
3194:
3168:
3145:
3090:
3079:
3021:
2991:
2743:
2693:
2647:
2578:
2565:
2528:
2443:
2357:
2336:
2300:
2264:
2153:
2072:
2051:
1881:
1819:
550:
464:
450:
440:
430:
420:
408:
376:
362:
349:
339:
329:
317:
304:
294:
284:
145:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Two-month republican government in the Papal States
1632:
1599:
1772:Unpublished manuscript poem titled 'Rome in 1849'
1729:. London: Archibald Constable & Co. pp.
952:
1508:(June 1940). "Margaret Fuller's Roman Diary".
1152:, and took up a station at the border town of
1058:, made a speech in which he declared that the
2421:
1793:
1332:("Wherever we may be, there will be Rome!").
1043:(in whose hands Pius had left the city), and
993:described the procession under a new flag, a
588:
224:
208:
150:
8:
2824:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1590:
1588:
910:, was assassinated. The following day, the
3731:States and territories established in 1849
3618:
3384:
3087:
2575:
2428:
2414:
2406:
1800:
1786:
1778:
950:, to whom he wrote a note before leaving:
595:
581:
573:
276:
142:
3726:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1926:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1678:Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic
1409:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1219:, who would soon declare himself emperor
1045:Carlo Luciano Bonaparte, Prince of Canino
894:One of the emblems of the Roman Republic.
761:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1187:
1100:(22 March), the Assembly proclaimed the
2779:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2344:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
2013:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1440:
303:
34:. For the Napoleonic client state, see
1767:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
1726:The Last Days of Papal Rome, 1850–1870
1635:Revolutions of 1848, a social history
1484:. ArtDeCiel Publishing. p. 770.
1163:, the Genoese founder of the journal
926:and a declaration of war against the
449:
439:
429:
419:
415:
375:
371:
361:
316:
7:
2308:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
2008:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1457:Costituzione Della Repubblica Romana
1001:equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
69:adding citations to reliable sources
2349:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1631:Smith Robertson, Priscilla (1952).
1428:In the Name of the Sovereign People
1365:in 1870, leading to the subsequent
934:left Rome disguised as an ordinary
2323:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
2313:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
1988:Second Italian War of Independence
1606:. New York: Viking Press. p.
319:Recognised regional languages
25:
3588:United Provinces of Central Italy
2318:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
2023:Third Italian War of Independence
1993:United Provinces of Central Italy
1948:First Italian War of Independence
1384:According to Raffaele De Cesare:
3686:1849 disestablishments in Europe
2437:List of historic states of Italy
1872:
1330:Dovunque saremo, colà sarà Roma.
1148:and the Austrian territories of
534:
520:
495:
190:
176:
45:
3696:History of Catholicism in Italy
3570:Provisional Government of Milan
1194:The Life and Times of Garibaldi
1185:fail in France shortly before.
1054:, a young Roman ex-priest, the
938:, and went out of the state to
80:"Roman Republic" 1849–1850
56:needs additional citations for
2769:City of Fiume and its District
2282:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
2090:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
2038:Italian entry into World War I
810:was temporarily replaced by a
30:For the ancient republic, see
1:
3204:County of Apulia and Calabria
2710:Campagna e Marittima Province
2135:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1554:Mike Duncan (17 March 2018).
1511:The Journal of Modern History
1265:Fernando Fernández de Córdova
2206:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1901:Revolutions during the 1820s
1735:the last days of papal rome.
1723:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909).
1681:. London: Longmans. p.
972:was formed on 29 November.
3606:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3600:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3552:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2730:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2385:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1963:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1844:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1839:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
944:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
822:. The republic was led by
768:Sicilian revolution of 1848
3752:
3546:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3540:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2941:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2911:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2896:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2292:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1998:Expedition of the Thousand
1864:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1774:, University of Birmingham
1755:Garibaldi and the Thousand
1696:Kertzer, David I. (2018).
1645:Princeton University Press
1577:Fracassi, Claudio (1849).
1210:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
834:. Together they formed a
241:"The Song of the Italians"
36:Roman Republic (1798–1799)
29:
3658:Free Territory of Trieste
3176:Principality of Benevento
2277:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2154:Literature and philosophy
2003:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1870:
1041:Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli
948:Carlo Emanuele Muzzarelli
673:Curtatone & Montanara
614:
474:
460:
416:
404:
372:
275:
219:
204:
172:
167:
3736:1849 in the Papal States
3564:Italian United Provinces
2916:Principality of Piombino
2705:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1249:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
1243:Prince-President of the
3691:Modern history of Italy
3652:Italian Social Republic
3327:Principality of Taranto
3219:Principality of Taranto
3181:Principality of Salerno
2936:Bishopric of Tarantasia
2759:Bishopric of Bressanone
2676:Duchy of the Pentapolis
2256:Francesco Saverio Salfi
2246:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
1075:Long live the Republic!
1071:Carlo Luciano Bonaparte
305:Official languages
227:Il Canto degli Italiani
3558:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3332:Terra Sancti Benedicti
3236:(from the 9th century)
2946:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2287:Klemens von Metternich
1854:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1809:Unification of Italy (
1478:Stefan Hughes (2012).
1414:Tuscan Republic (1849)
1395:
1381:
1369:and annexation by the
1303:
1252:
1245:French Second Republic
1201:
1138:
1093:
1024:
982:
961:
895:
803:
452:• Disestablished
357:parliamentary republic
270:
225:
209:
151:
3576:Republic of San Marco
3358:Crown Colony of Malta
3186:Principality of Capua
2926:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2789:County of Santa Fiora
2451:Etruscan civilization
2328:Tricolour Flag Museum
2100:Federico Confalonieri
1931:Republic of San Marco
1641:Princeton, New Jersey
1419:Republic of San Marco
1386:
1379:
1301:
1242:
1191:
1136:
1091:
1029:Francesco Sturbinetti
1022:
978:
898:On 15 November 1848,
893:
886:Start of the Republic
778:Republic of San Marco
330:Common languages
269:
3701:19th century in Rome
3372:French Revolutionary
3312:State of the Presidi
3036:Republic of Florence
3008:Domini di Terraferma
2658:Exarchate of Ravenna
2556:Western Roman Empire
2500:Nuragic civilization
1983:Plombières Agreement
1324:resistance from the
1309:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1171:freedom of the press
1150:Lombardy and Venetia
1085:as a Roman citizen.
942:, a fortress in the
184:State and civil flag
65:improve this article
18:Siege of Rome (1849)
3711:Rebellions in Italy
3706:Italian unification
3646:Free State of Fiume
3594:Kingdom of Sardinia
3337:Neapolitan Republic
3285:Kingdom of Sardinia
3280:Republic of Sassari
3108:Catepanate of Italy
3031:Republic of Cospaia
2854:Duchy of Montferrat
2849:March of Montferrat
2784:County of Guastalla
2684:Exarchate of Africa
2375:Italian nationalism
2370:Italian irredentism
2365:Altare della Patria
2161:Giovanni Arrivabene
1968:Ten Days of Brescia
1921:Revolutions of 1848
1906:Revolutions of 1830
1891:Rimini Proclamation
1829:Kingdom of Sardinia
1763:A detailed account.
1581:(in Italian). Rome.
1404:Revolutions of 1848
1363:Franco-Prussian War
1293:ospiti della guerra
1137:Giuseppe Garibaldi.
1079:Viva la Repubblica!
904:Minister of Justice
851:freedom of religion
607:War of Independence
432:• Established
3476:Lucca and Piombino
3353:Malta Protectorate
3317:Duke of San Donato
3071:Republic of Ancona
2993:Republic of Venice
2906:Duchy of Mirandola
2794:Duchy of Guastalla
2632:Duchy of Tridentum
2612:Duchy of Benevento
2579:Barbarian kingdoms
2226:Alessandro Manzoni
2216:Francesco Lomonaco
2145:Victor Emmanuel II
2110:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1953:Five Days of Milan
1821:Pre-unitary states
1709:978-0-1-988-2749-8
1459:(in Italian). 1849
1382:
1326:Apennine mountains
1304:
1276:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1253:
1202:
1179:National Workshops
1142:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1139:
1094:
1025:
983:
970:Costituente Romana
896:
875:constitutional law
871:capital punishment
814:government due to
773:Five Days of Milan
289:Unrecognized state
271:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3514:
3513:
3481:Massa and Carrara
3366:
3365:
3343:Hospitaller Malta
3302:Kingdom of Naples
3296:Kingdom of Sicily
3227:
3226:
3137:Duchy of Sorrento
3056:Republic of Genoa
3051:Republic of Siena
3046:Republic of Massa
3041:Republic of Lucca
2774:County of Gorizia
2764:Corsican Republic
2745:Holy Roman Empire
2403:
2402:
2390:Southern question
2201:Vincenzo Gioberti
2181:Felice Cavallotti
2080:Massimo d'Azeglio
2033:Law of Guarantees
1617:978-0-670-33548-0
1506:Rostenberg, Leona
1491:978-1-62050-961-6
1175:secular education
1166:La Giovine Italia
804:Repubblica Romana
791:
790:
571:
570:
546:
545:
542:
541:
508:
507:
344:Roman Catholicism
267:
152:Repubblica Romana
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3743:
3632:Kingdom of Italy
3619:
3385:
3214:County of Sicily
3209:County of Aversa
3132:Byzantine Sicily
3118:Theme of Lucania
3088:
3066:Republic of Pisa
3061:Republic of Noli
2931:Duchy of Spoleto
2901:Duchy of Merania
2799:Kingdom of Italy
2725:Duchy of Ferrara
2670:Duchy of Perugia
2649:Byzantine Empire
2627:Duchy of Spoleto
2594:Ostrogothic rule
2576:
2444:Pre-Roman period
2430:
2423:
2416:
2407:
2211:Giacomo Leopardi
2191:Giuseppe Ferrari
2125:Bettino Ricasoli
2120:Giuseppe Mazzini
2105:Francesco Crispi
2085:Agostino Bertani
2059:Cockade of Italy
2043:Impresa di Fiume
1973:Belfiore martyrs
1958:Sortie on Mestre
1876:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1673:Trevelyan, G. M.
1669:
1663:
1662:
1638:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1445:
1371:Kingdom of Italy
1161:Giuseppe Mazzini
1112:Giuseppe Mazzini
1098:Battle of Novara
1083:Giuseppe Mazzini
1035:, the physician
987:local government
980:Giuseppe Mazzini
908:Papal government
900:Pellegrino Rossi
828:Giuseppe Mazzini
818:'s departure to
654:
609:
597:
590:
583:
574:
538:
537:
530:Kingdom of Italy
524:
523:
512:
511:
499:
498:
492:
491:
476:
475:
442:• Invasion
422:• Election
386:Giuseppe Mazzini
320:
280:
268:
242:
238:
230:
212:
194:
180:
162:
154:
143:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3663:
3617:
3520:
3519:Post-Napoleonic
3510:
3444:
3380:
3374:
3362:
3304:
3300:
3299:(1130–1816) and
3298:
3290:
3235:
3223:
3190:
3164:
3155:Emirate of Bari
3141:
3128:Theme of Sicily
3123:Duchy of Naples
3098:Duchy of Amalfi
3083:
3075:
3023:
3022:Other Republics
3017:
2995:
2987:
2981:County of Tenda
2961:County of Savoy
2921:Duchy of Reggio
2891:Duchy of Mantua
2819:March of Friuli
2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2735:Duchy of Urbino
2720:Duchy of Castro
2697:
2689:
2643:
2637:Duchy of Tuscia
2617:Duchy of Friuli
2580:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2540:(753 BC–509 BC)
2524:
2439:
2434:
2404:
2399:
2353:
2332:
2296:
2260:
2251:Antonio Rosmini
2221:Goffredo Mameli
2171:Giosuè Carducci
2149:
2140:Ruggero Settimo
2068:
2047:
2028:Capture of Rome
1877:
1868:
1815:
1806:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1400:
1367:capture of Rome
1359:Red Triumvirate
1314:Goffredo Mameli
1257:Charles Oudinot
1237:
1196:, published by
1108:Carlo Armellini
1037:Pietro Sterbini
1033:Carlo Armellini
1009:excommunication
991:Margaret Fuller
928:Austrian Empire
888:
883:
859:Catholic Church
824:Carlo Armellini
792:
787:
717:Volta Mantovana
648:
610:
606:
603:
601:
567:
535:
521:
496:
453:
443:
436:9 February 1849
433:
426:21 January 1849
423:
400:
391:Carlo Armellini
379:
318:
244:
240:
239:
232:
215:
200:
199:
198:
195:
187:
186:
181:
163:
156:
148:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:Italian Empire
3628:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3582:Roman Republic
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3534:Duchy of Lucca
3531:
3528:Duchy of Genoa
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Duchy of Gaeta
3100:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3081:Southern Italy
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3024:(c. 1000–1797)
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:County of Nice
2973:
2971:Duchy of Aosta
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:Savoyard state
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Duchy of Milan
2883:
2881:Duchy of Ivrea
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Duchy of Ivrea
2619:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2588:Odoacer's rule
2584:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:(27 BC–395 AD)
2547:
2546:(509 BC–27 BC)
2544:Roman Republic
2541:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:Cisalpine Gaul
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Carlo Pisacane
2238:
2236:Silvio Pellico
2233:
2231:Ippolito Nievo
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Vincenzo Cuoco
2183:
2178:
2176:Carlo Cattaneo
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Roman Question
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:Roman Republic
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:Duchy of Parma
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1833:House of Savoy
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1753:excerpts from
1746:
1745:External links
1743:
1740:
1739:
1715:
1708:
1688:
1664:
1657:
1623:
1616:
1596:Ridley, Jasper
1584:
1569:
1546:
1537:
1524:10.1086/236458
1497:
1490:
1470:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:temporal power
1236:
1233:
1217:Louis Napoleon
1067:Roman Republic
1060:temporal power
1023:Aurelio Saffi.
924:social reforms
887:
884:
882:
879:
844:Roman Republic
796:Roman Republic
789:
788:
786:
785:
783:Roman Republic
780:
775:
770:
764:
763:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
729:
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321:
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309:Italian French
306:
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301:
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281:
273:
272:
217:
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214:God and People
213:
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32:Roman Republic
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3748:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:1849 in Italy
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Duchy of Sora
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:Muslim Sicily
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
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2130:Aurelio Saffi
2128:
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2115:Daniele Manin
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2064:Flag of Italy
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2011:
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1556:"Revolutions"
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1302:Pope Pius IX.
1300:
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832:Aurelio Saffi
829:
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690:2nd Governolo
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636:1st Governolo
634:
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629:
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617:
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605:First Italian
598:
593:
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559:
556:
555:
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551:Today part of
549:
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531:
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493:
490:
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470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:25 April 1849
445:
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425:
411:
407:
403:
397:
396:Aurelio Saffi
394:
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389:
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121:February 2011
113:
110:
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103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3721:Pope Pius IX
3673:
3634:(1861–1946)
3612:Papal States
3581:
3440:Transpadania
3013:Stato da Màr
2695:Papal States
2606:Lombard rule
2570:Early Modern
2558:(395–476 AD)
2550:Roman Empire
2530:Ancient Rome
2272:Pope Pius IX
2166:Cesare Balbo
2073:Main leaders
1943:Quadrilatero
1849:Papal States
1811:Risorgimento
1810:
1754:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1698:
1691:
1677:
1667:
1634:
1626:
1601:
1578:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1480:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1443:
1387:
1383:
1355:
1350:motu proprio
1348:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1305:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1235:French siege
1225:ultramontane
1221:Napoleon III
1214:
1206:
1203:
1198:Walter Scott
1193:
1164:
1158:
1140:
1114:(Roman) and
1101:
1095:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1056:Abbé Arduini
1049:
1039:, Monsignor
1026:
1012:
994:
984:
969:
962:
953:
932:Pope Pius IX
922:government,
897:
855:Pope Pius IX
848:
816:Pope Pius IX
808:Papal States
795:
793:
731:
712:Papal States
699:
685:Monte Berico
677:
626:Goito Bridge
618:
563:Vatican City
516:Papal States
503:Papal States
485:Succeeded by
484:
479:
378:• 1849
220:
210:Dio e Popolo
206:Motto:
205:
197:Coat of arms
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3660:(1947–1954)
3654:(1943–1945)
3648:(1920–1924)
3640:(1882–1960)
3624:unification
3614:(1814–1870)
3608:(1815–1866)
3602:(1816–1861)
3596:(1814–1860)
3590:(1859–1860)
3584:(1849–1850)
3578:(1848–1849)
3560:(1815–1859)
3554:(1814–1859)
3548:(1814–1859)
3542:(1814–1829)
3536:(1815–1847)
3530:(1815–1848)
3420:Parthenopea
3381:(1792–1815)
3339:(1647–1648)
3305:(1282–1816)
3287:(1324–1861)
3248:Agugliastra
3113:Longobardia
2750:independent
2600:Vandal rule
2196:Ugo Foscolo
1978:Crimean War
1911:Young Italy
1424:Luigi Magni
1280:Bersaglieri
1183:Louis Blanc
1181:measure of
1103:Triumvirate
1013:Costituenti
1005:Campidoglio
863:Catholicism
836:triumvirate
663:Santa Lucia
649: [
631:Castelnuovo
480:Preceded by
469:Roman scudo
456:2 July 1850
364:Triumvirate
354:Directorial
3680:Categories
3491:Pontecorvo
3449:Monarchies
3435:Subalpinia
3400:Cispadania
3395:Cisalpinia
3377:Napoleonic
3084:(774–1139)
2996:(697–1797)
2698:(754–1870)
2660:(584–751)
2608:(568–774)
2395:Third Rome
1647:. p.
1518:(2): 212.
1463:18 January
1435:References
1337:San Marino
1289:Trastevere
1287:Romans of
1259:landed at
985:Without a
920:democratic
812:republican
350:Government
91:newspapers
3466:Guastalla
3456:Benevento
3388:Republics
3243:Judicates
3091:Byzantine
2748:and other
2686:(585–698)
2678:(554–752)
2672:(554–752)
2666:(533–751)
2651:(584–751)
2602:(435–534)
2596:(493–553)
2590:(476–493)
2581:(476–774)
2515:Iapygians
2380:Redshirts
2265:Opponents
1896:Carbonari
1602:Garibaldi
1558:(Podcast)
1532:144528801
1284:Janiculum
1110:(Roman),
996:tricolore
966:Terracina
658:Pastrengo
646:Peschiera
340:Religion
168:1849–1850
3425:Piedmont
3275:Oristano
3268:Logudoro
3258:Cagliari
3233:Sardinia
2966:Piedmont
2715:Holy See
2566:Medieval
2520:Picentes
2463:Samnites
1883:Timeline
1675:(1907).
1598:(1976).
1562:27 March
1426:'s film
1398:See also
1341:Holy See
1229:Habsburg
1146:Piedmont
912:liberals
749:Velletri
707:Trentino
465:Currency
3506:Corsica
3496:Tuscany
3461:Etruria
3410:Liguria
3263:Gallura
3253:Arborea
3169:Lombard
2869:Tuscany
2859:Trieste
2495:Ligures
2456:Etruria
2301:Museums
2052:Symbols
1318:Tuscany
1003:at the
906:of the
881:History
873:in its
867:Judaism
853:, with
842:of the
800:Italian
744:Tuscany
739:Brescia
727:Mortara
701:Custoza
695:Vicenza
668:Cornuda
409:History
334:Italian
312:Italian
295:Capital
235:Italian
221:Anthem:
159:Italian
105:scholar
3572:(1848)
3566:(1831)
3521:states
3486:Naples
3196:Norman
3003:Dogado
2874:Verona
2839:Mantua
2834:Istria
2814:Finale
2804:Ancona
2752:states
2572:states
2490:Veneti
2468:Latins
1757:, 1910
1733:–443.
1706:
1655:
1614:
1530:
1488:
1430:(1990)
1173:, and
1126:(from
1120:Teramo
1118:(from
936:priest
902:, the
840:crisis
830:, and
733:Novara
722:Mestre
641:Osoppo
412:
368:
324:German
285:Status
231:
223:
155:
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3622:Post-
3471:Italy
3415:Lucca
3405:Italy
2956:Savoy
2864:Turin
2844:Milan
2829:Ivrea
2505:Umbri
2478:Celts
2358:Other
1528:S2CID
1453:(PDF)
1269:Gaeta
1154:Rieti
1128:Forlì
1106:, of
940:Gaeta
820:Gaeta
679:Goito
653:]
620:Milan
558:Italy
112:JSTOR
98:books
3501:Elba
3430:Rome
3379:eras
3375:and
3348:Gozo
3147:Arab
3130:and
2809:Ceva
2473:Osci
1704:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1564:2018
1486:ISBN
1465:2016
916:Rome
865:and
794:The
754:Rome
299:Rome
84:news
2568:and
1731:440
1683:227
1649:331
1608:268
1520:doi
1267:to
1077:" (
957:Our
914:of
67:by
3682::
1651:.
1643::
1639:.
1610:.
1587:^
1526:.
1516:12
1514:.
1455:.
1373:.
1247:,
877:.
846:.
826:,
802::
651:it
2429:e
2422:t
2415:v
1835:)
1831:(
1813:)
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1712:.
1685:.
1661:.
1620:.
1566:.
1534:.
1522::
1494:.
1467:.
1357:"
1251:.
1200:.
798:(
596:e
589:t
582:v
237:)
233:(
161:)
157:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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