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fire, Herodotus suggests accidentally, which quickly spread. The
Persians in the citadel, being surrounded by a burning city, emerged into the market-place of Sardis, where they fought with the Greeks, forcing them back. The Greeks, demoralised, then retreated from the city, and began to make their way back to Ephesus.
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in battle there. The
Athenians now ended their alliance with the Ionians, since the Persians had proved to be anything but the easy prey that Aristagoras had described. However, the Ionians remained committed to their rebellion and the Persians did not seem to follow up their victory. Presumably
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This force was then guided by the
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Herodotus reports that when Darius heard of the burning of Sardis, he swore vengeance upon the
Athenians (after asking who they indeed were), and tasked a servant with reminding him three times each day of his vow: "Master, remember the Athenians".
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In the spring of 498 BC, an
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forces were not equipped to lay siege to any of the cities. Despite the Greek defeat in the first campaign, the revolt actually spread further. The
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was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the
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but were ultimately repelled by
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to join the rebellion. Furthermore, seeing the spread of the rebellion, the kingdoms of
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appointed by Persia to rule them. In 499 BC, the then-tyrant of
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A Persian force pursued the Greeks back to
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