372:
364:
593:
450:
69:
738:" anti-tank obstacles were built as part of each construction phase, sometimes by the thousands. Frequently vertical steel rods would be interspersed between the teeth. This standardisation was the most effective use of scarce raw materials, transport and workers, but proved an ineffective tank barrier as US bulldozers simply pushed bridges of soil over these devices.
696:
552:
540:
458:
442:
317:
647:
with concrete walls up to 3.5 m (11 ft) thick. One difference was that there were no embrasures at the front, only at the sides of the bunkers. Embrasures were only built at the front in special cases and were then protected with heavy metal doors. This construction phase included the towns
488:
was built on top of the
Siegfried Line. When the base was still open, the remnants of several old bunkers could be seen in the tree line near the main gate. Another bunker was outside the base perimeter fence near the base hospital. Once the base was closed, workers, digging up the base's fuel tanks,
745:
in German ('humps' or 'pimples' in
English) because of their shape. These blocks of reinforced concrete stand in several rows on a single foundation. There are two typical sorts of barrier: Type 1938 with four rows of teeth getting higher toward the back, and Type 1939 with five rows of such teeth.
615:
Its Type 10 bunkers were more strongly constructed than the earlier border fortifications. These had 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) thick ceilings and walls. A total of 3,471 were built along the entire length of the
Siegfried Line. They featured a central room or shelter for 10–12 men with a
414:. German loss of life and material was severe and the effort failed. There were serious clashes along other parts of the Siegfried Line and defending soldiers in many bunkers refused to surrender, often fighting to the death. By early 1945, the last Siegfried Line bunkers had fallen at the
398:. The battle in the heavily forested area claimed the lives of 24,000 American soldiers, along with 9,000 so-called non-battle casualties — those evacuated because of fatigue, exposure, accidents and disease. The German death toll is not documented. After the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, the
686:
emplacements added additional defence against both air and land targets. Flak turrets were designed to force enemy planes to fly higher, thus decreasing the accuracy of their bombing. These towers were protected at close range by bunkers from the Limes and Aachen-Saar programmes.
750:, was made by welding together several bars of steel in such a way that any tank rolling over it would get stuck and possibly damaged. If the contour of the land allowed it, water-filled ditches were dug instead of tank traps. Examples of this kind of defence are those north of
304:, French forces made minor attacks against some parts of the line, but the majority was left untested in battle. When the campaign finished, transportable weapons and materials, such as metal doors, were removed from the Siegfried Line and used in other places such as the
284:
inspected the line, the weak construction and inadequate weapons caused him to laugh. Despite France's declaration of war against
Germany in September 1939, there was no major combat involving the Siegfried Line at the start of the campaign in the West, except for a
511:
digs took place whenever any part of the line was to be removed, for example for road building. Archaeological activity was not able to stop the destruction of those sections, but furthered scientific knowledge and revealed details of the line's construction.
217:
changed several times during the late 1930s. It came to be known as the "Westwall", but in
English it was referred to as the "Siegfried Line" or, sometimes, the "West Wall". Various German names reflected different areas of construction:
571:
towards the front. Sleeping accommodations were hammocks. In exposed positions, similar small bunkers were erected with small round armoured "lookout" sections on the roofs. The programme was carried out by the Border Watch
806:
German propaganda, both at home and abroad, repeatedly portrayed the
Westwall during its construction as an unbreachable bulwark. At the start of the war, the opposing troops remained behind their own defence lines.
338:(Reich Labour Service), most of whom were 14 to 16-year-old boys, attempted to re-equip the line for defensive purposes. Local people were also called in to carry out work, mostly building anti-tank ditches.
770:. With this organisation's help, huge numbers of forced labourers – up to 500,000 at a time – worked on the Siegfried Line. Transport of materials and workers from all across Germany was managed by the
766:
The early fortifications were mostly built by private firms, but the private sector was unable to provide the number of workers needed for the programmes that followed; this gap was filled by the
631:
Heating was from a safety oven, the chimney of which was covered with a thick grating. Space was tight, with about 1 m (11 sq ft) per soldier, who was given a sleeping-place and a
811:
332:
on 6 June 1944, war in the West broke out once more. On 24 August 1944, Hitler gave a directive for renewed construction on the
Siegfried Line. 20,000 forced labourers and members of the
425:
The
British 21st Army Group, which included US formations, also attacked the Siegfried Line. The resulting fighting brought total US losses to approximately 68,000. In addition, the
620:
facing backwards and a combat section 50 cm (20 in) higher. This elevated section had embrasures at the front and sides for machine guns. More embrasures were provided for
297:
300:
drew foreign attention to the unfinished
Westwall, in several instances showcasing incomplete or test positions to portray the project finished and ready for action. During the
783:
Working conditions were highly dangerous. For example, the most primitive means had to be used to handle and assemble extremely heavy armour plating, weighing up to 60
1303:
899:
480:, about thirty bunkers still remain. Most of the rest were either destroyed with explosives or covered with earth. Tank traps still exist in many areas and, in the
308:
defences. The concrete sections were left in place in the countryside and soon became completely unfit for defense. The bunkers were used for storage instead.
1158:
1293:
402:
began, a last-ditch attempt by the
Germans to reverse the course of the war in the West. The offensive started in the area south of the Hürtgenwald, between
714:
district. The primary constructions were unarmed dugouts, but their extremely strong concrete design afforded excellent protection to the occupants. For
635:; the commanding officer had a chair. Surviving examples still retain signs warning "Walls have ears" and "Lights out when embrasures are open!"
1308:
358:
202:
710:
on the Rhine and was built after the start of the Second World War. The Siegfried Line originally ended in the north near Brüggen in the
1127:
872:
391:
was the logical route into Germany's Rhineland and its main industrial area, so it was where the Germans concentrated their defence.
1298:
1249:
1185:
1145:
1058:
997:
735:
544:
379:
In August 1944, the first clashes took place on the Siegfried Line. The section of the line where most fighting took place was the
195:
922:
851:
507:
At the same time, state funding was still being provided to destroy the remains of the Siegfried Line. Consequently, emergency
959:
882:
580:
immediately after the region was re-militarised by Germany from 1936 onwards, after having been de-militarised following the
1260:
255:
The origin of the name "Westwall" is unknown, but it appeared in popular use from the middle of 1939. There is a record of
342:
776:
railway company, which took advantage of the well-developed strategic railway lines built on Germany's western border in
810:
As a morale booster for British troops marching off to France, the Siegfried Line was the subject of a popular song: "
371:
346:
1152:
794:
Life on the building site and after work was monotonous, and many people gave up and left. Most workers received the
531:. That effect is magnified by the fact that the concrete ruins cannot be used for agricultural or forestry purposes.
395:
1028:
975:
604:
programme began in 1938 following an order by Hitler to strengthen fortifications on the western German border.
430:
426:
433:
over 20,000. That brought the overall cost of the Siegfried Line Campaign, in US personnel, close to 140,000.
1313:
1288:
1172:
485:
349:" were built along the borders of the occupied area. Those bunkers were mostly dugouts for single soldiers.
27:
This article is about the Second World War defensive line. For the First World War "Siegfriedstellung", see
1234:
289:
by the French. Instead, both sides remained in a safe position behind their defences, during the so-called
1263:– The little Siegfried line (German: WMTS Wetterau-Main-Tauber-Stellung) in the east of the Siegfried line
477:
673:
913:(aka Siegfried Switch), part of Siegfried Line and scene of heavy fighting between German and US troops
375:
U.S. soldiers pause for a rest among the ruins of the Siegfried Line in the Rhine Valley, February 1945
276:
At the start of World War II, the Siegfried Line had serious weaknesses. After the war, German General
601:
341:
Even during construction, it was becoming clear that the bunkers could not withstand newly developed
225:
643:
The Aachen-Saar programme bunkers were similar to those of the Limes programme: Type 107 double MG
772:
746:
Many other irregular lines of teeth were also built. Another design of tank obstacle, known as the
399:
334:
252:
The programmes were given the highest priority, putting a heavy demand on the available resources.
245:
946:
363:
1235:
German Doctrine of the Stabilized Front, Report by US Military Intelligence Division, August 1943
904:
731:
281:
388:
1244:
1120:
A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II
468:
During the post-war period, many sections of the Siegfried Line were removed using explosives.
1191:
1181:
1141:
1123:
1054:
993:
955:
767:
617:
325:
672:) continued parallel to the two other lines toward the east and consisted mainly of concrete
1271:
1177:
834:
520:
301:
260:
214:
280:
said that it had been "little better than a building site in 1939" and, when Field Marshal
213:
The official German name for the defensive line construction program before and during the
1199:
910:
887:
795:
581:
118:
114:
28:
496:), an effort has been made to preserve the remains of the Siegfried Line as a historical
747:
653:
508:
380:
286:
1282:
1267:
857:
755:
556:
345:
weapons. At the same time as the reactivation of the Siegfried Line, small concrete "
305:
201:
From September 1944 to March 1945, the Siegfried Line was subjected to a large-scale
187:
222:
Border Watch programme (pioneering programme) for the most advanced positions (1938)
867:
632:
609:
415:
256:
183:
171:
167:
147:
1022:
1012:
Kaufmann JE, Kaufmann HW: "Fortress third Reich", page 130–5. DA Capo Press, 2003.
592:
449:
877:
815:
777:
419:
277:
179:
1073:
MacDonald, Charles B. (1961). The Roer River Dams. The Siegfried Line Campaign.
394:
The Americans committed an estimated 120,000 troops plus reinforcements to the
1167:
862:
823:
715:
625:
567:
Small bunkers with 50 cm (20 in) thick walls were set up with three
411:
407:
290:
17:
612:; the cover story for the programme was that it was an archaeological study.
1226:: About bunkers built by the Germans during 1933–1945 in the whole of Europe
1203:
788:
577:
568:
68:
706:
The Geldern Emplacement lengthened the Siegfried Line northwards as far as
916:
837:
reportedly said "Fixed fortifications are monuments to man's stupidity."
727:
644:
621:
497:
462:
403:
329:
238:
1104:
James F. Dunnigan. The World War II Bookshelf. Citadel Press, 2005 p 110
492:
Since 1997, with the motto "The value of the unpleasant as a memorial" (
711:
695:
551:
539:
527:
where, thanks to its size, rare animals and plants can take refuge and
524:
501:
457:
441:
1229:
316:
751:
649:
234:
191:
624:, and the entire structure was constructed so as to be safe against
190:
on the border with Switzerland. The line featured more than 18,000
1195:
784:
707:
700:
694:
683:
679:
591:
550:
538:
523:
consider the remains of the Siegfried Line valuable as a chain of
481:
456:
448:
440:
384:
370:
367:
American soldiers cross the Siegfried Line and march into Germany.
362:
315:
175:
170:
built during the late 1930s. Started in 1936, opposite the French
656:, which were initially west of the Limes Programme defence line.
1254:
1051:
Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45
1239:
954:. Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 30.
528:
504:
groups from using the Siegfried Line for propaganda purposes.
1223:
1217:
1255:»You enter Germany: Bloody Huertgen and the Siegfried Line«
263:
to soldiers and workers at the "Westwall" on 20 May 1939.
1082:
The Siegfried Line Campaign. Charles B. MacDonald. Ch. 27
812:
We're Going to Hang out the Washing on the Siegfried Line
1138:
Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II
174:, it stretched more than 630 km (390 mi) from
1157:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C:
1257:– Documentary by Achim Konejung and Aribert Weis; 2007
298:
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
387:, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Aachen. The
429:incurred over 50,000 non-battle casualties and the
143:
135:
127:
106:
91:
86:
78:
41:
820:"On ira pendre notre linge sur la ligne Siegfried"
596:Type 10 Limes programme bunker seen from the rear
489:discovered lost bunkers buried below the tanks.
34:German defensive line built during the late 1930s
900:List of surviving elements of the Siegfried Line
741:"Dragon's teeth" tank traps were also known as
1159:United States Army Center of Military History
833:When asked about the Siegfried Line, General
726:Standard construction elements such as large
8:
49:
1240:Bunkers in Europe (include: Siegfried Line)
1220:: All about German fortifications 1933–1945
1180:. pp. 7, 48, 49–50, 54, 62, 225, 236.
1118:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022).
940:
938:
576:), a small military troop activated in the
992:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. p. 28.
974:Das kleine Volksblatt, Wien, 20 May 1939,
38:
1268:ALLIES PIERCE SIEGFRIED LINE ETC. (1944)
1304:Military installations of the Wehrmacht
1122:. Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate.
934:
907:, museum in a preserved bunker complex
500:. It was intended to stop reactionary
359:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine
1250:Storming Simserhof near Bitche – 1944
1245:Pillbox Warfare in the Siegfried Line
1136:Kauffmann, J.E. and Jurga, Robert M.
7:
608:refers to the former borders of the
484:, they run over several kilometres.
1294:German World War II defensive lines
1230:http://www.westwallmuseum-irrel.de/
494:Der Denkmalswert des Unerfreulichen
873:Czechoslovak border fortifications
718:they were often built near farms.
25:
1261:Der Weltkrieg war vor deiner Tuer
976:ANNO – AustriaN Newspapers Online
822:) met a great success during the
461:The Siegfried Line as a chain of
1270:is available for viewing at the
1095:, page 134. DA Capo Press, 2003.
923:Siegfried Line Museum, Pirmasens
699:Geldern Emplacement bunker near
535:Westwall construction programmes
67:
1151:MacDonald, Charles B. (1963) .
852:Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen
543:Aachen-Saar programme Type 39 "
231:Western Air Defense Zone (1938)
1049:McNab, Chris (20 March 2014).
919:, standard bunker construction
883:National Redoubt (Switzerland)
664:The Western Air Defence Zone (
182:, along the western border of
1:
1309:World War II sites in Germany
945:Macdonald, Charles B (1993).
846:Similar border fortifications
547:" tank barrier with 5 "teeth"
383:(Hürtgen Forest) area in the
113:Named (in English) after the
990:Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940
472:Preservation and destruction
453:Bunker on the Siegfried line
244:Geldern Emplacement between
1154:The Siegfried Line Campaign
1029:U.S. Army Pictorial Service
948:The Siegfried Line Campaign
730:bunkers, smaller concrete "
320:Front line in December 1944
1330:
1176:(1st ed.). New York:
1091:Kaufmann JE, Kaufmann HW:
666:Luftverteidigungszone West
516:Environmental conservation
356:
26:
1053:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
555:Water-filled trench near
159:, known in German as the
73:Map of the Siegfried Line
66:
59:
46:
1299:Historic defensive lines
978:, last viewed 1 Dec 2022
660:Western Air Defence Zone
445:Bunker ruins near Aachen
396:Battle of Hürtgen Forest
117:(or Hindenburg Line), a
1140:, Da Capo Press, 2002.
814:". A French version by
678:foundations. Scattered
521:Nature conservationists
178:on the border with the
988:Atkin, Ronald (1990).
703:
597:
559:
548:
478:North Rhine Westphalia
465:
454:
446:
376:
368:
321:
50:
1024:Video: Dragon's Teeth
698:
595:
554:
542:
460:
452:
444:
374:
366:
319:
248:and Kleve (1939–1940)
1093:Fortress third Reich
486:Zweibrücken Air Base
312:Reactivation in 1944
798:for their service.
773:Deutsche Reichsbahn
691:Geldern Emplacement
400:Battle of the Bulge
335:Reichsarbeitsdienst
164:(= western bulwark)
121:system of defences.
905:Besseringen B-Werk
894:Surviving elements
762:Working conditions
704:
598:
560:
549:
466:
455:
447:
377:
369:
322:
282:Gerd von Rundstedt
42:The Siegfried Line
768:Todt Organisation
618:stepped embrasure
186:, to the town of
153:
152:
115:Siegfriedstellung
16:(Redirected from
1321:
1272:Internet Archive
1207:
1178:Ballantine Books
1162:
1161:. CMH Pub 7-7-1.
1133:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
972:
966:
965:
953:
942:
835:George S. Patton
302:Battle of France
272:Minor early role
261:Order of the Day
241:programme (1939)
228:programme (1938)
215:Second World War
203:Allied offensive
102:
100:
71:
62:
61:Western Germany
53:
39:
21:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1279:
1278:
1214:
1188:
1166:
1150:
1130:
1117:
1114:
1112:Further reading
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
973:
969:
962:
951:
944:
943:
936:
931:
911:Orscholz Switch
896:
888:Mannerheim Line
863:Linea P (Spain)
848:
843:
828:Drôle de guerre
804:
796:West Wall Medal
764:
724:
693:
662:
641:
590:
582:First World War
565:
537:
518:
474:
439:
361:
355:
343:armour-piercing
314:
287:minor offensive
274:
269:
211:
166:, was a German
139:Concrete, steel
119:First World War
98:
96:
74:
60:
55:
35:
32:
29:Hindenburg Line
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1314:Rhine Province
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:Siegfried Line
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1224:Bunkersite.com
1221:
1213:
1212:External links
1210:
1209:
1208:
1186:
1164:
1148:
1134:
1129:978-1636241043
1128:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1014:
1005:
998:
980:
967:
960:
933:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
920:
914:
908:
902:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
847:
844:
842:
839:
803:
800:
763:
760:
748:Czech hedgehog
736:dragon's teeth
723:
720:
692:
689:
661:
658:
640:
637:
589:
586:
564:
561:
545:Dragon's teeth
536:
533:
517:
514:
509:archaeological
473:
470:
438:
437:Postwar period
435:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
326:D-Day landings
313:
310:
273:
270:
268:
265:
250:
249:
242:
232:
229:
223:
210:
207:
194:, tunnels and
168:defensive line
157:Siegfried Line
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
123:
122:
108:
104:
103:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
47:
44:
43:
33:
24:
18:Siegfried line
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:9780804176729
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1146:0-306-81174-X
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1060:9781782009511
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1001:
999:1-84158-078-3
995:
991:
984:
981:
977:
971:
968:
963:
957:
950:
949:
941:
939:
935:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Atlantic Wall
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
840:
838:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
802:In propaganda
801:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
774:
769:
761:
759:
757:
756:Geilenkirchen
753:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
702:
697:
690:
688:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
638:
636:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
594:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
562:
558:
557:Geilenkirchen
553:
546:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
515:
513:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
464:
459:
451:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Luxembourgish
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
373:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
336:
331:
327:
318:
311:
309:
307:
306:Atlantic Wall
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
271:
266:
264:
262:
258:
253:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
208:
206:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
188:Weil am Rhein
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
163:
158:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
116:
112:
111:
109:
107:Built by
105:
94:
90:
85:
82:Fortification
81:
77:
70:
65:
58:
54:
52:
45:
40:
37:
30:
19:
1276:
1266:A film clip
1171:
1153:
1137:
1119:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1023:
1017:
1008:
989:
983:
970:
947:
868:Maginot line
832:
827:
819:
809:
805:
793:
782:
771:
765:
742:
740:
725:
705:
674:
669:
665:
663:
642:
630:
614:
610:Roman Empire
605:
599:
573:
566:
563:Border Watch
519:
506:
493:
491:
475:
467:
424:
393:
378:
340:
333:
323:
295:
275:
254:
251:
212:
200:
184:Nazi Germany
172:Maginot Line
161:
160:
156:
154:
148:World War II
144:Battles/wars
110:German Army
87:Site history
51:Der Westwall
48:
36:
1168:Makos, Adam
1163:– full text
1034:21 February
878:Alpine Wall
816:Ray Ventura
778:World War I
654:Saarbrücken
639:Aachen-Saar
381:Hürtgenwald
278:Alfred Jodl
259:sending an
180:Netherlands
128:In use
1283:Categories
1218:BunkerBlog
1196:2018039460
961:1944961305
929:References
854:or Ostwall
824:Phoney War
789:short tons
716:camouflage
626:poison gas
574:Grenzwacht
569:embrasures
431:Ninth Army
427:First Army
412:Echternach
389:Aachen Gap
291:Phoney War
196:tank traps
1204:27342118M
1173:Spearhead
732:pillboxes
645:casemates
578:Rhineland
529:reproduce
324:With the
136:Materials
131:1939–1945
1170:(2019).
917:Regelbau
841:See also
734:", and "
728:Regelbau
722:Elements
670:LVZ West
622:riflemen
525:biotopes
498:monument
463:biotopes
420:Hunsrück
410:town of
406:and the
404:Monschau
330:Normandy
162:Westwall
712:Viersen
502:fascist
353:Clashes
347:Tobruks
267:History
246:Brüggen
192:bunkers
97: (
1202:
1194:
1184:
1144:
1126:
1057:
996:
958:
785:tonnes
752:Aachen
743:Höcker
650:Aachen
257:Hitler
235:Aachen
952:(PDF)
754:near
708:Kleve
701:Kleve
684:MG 34
680:MG 42
633:stool
606:Limes
602:Limes
588:Limes
482:Eifel
385:Eifel
226:Limes
176:Kleve
92:Built
1192:LCCN
1182:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1036:2012
994:ISBN
956:ISBN
787:(66
682:and
675:flak
652:and
600:The
418:and
416:Saar
296:The
239:Saar
209:Name
155:The
99:1936
95:1936
79:Type
830:).
791:).
668:or
648:of
476:In
328:in
1285::
1200:OL
1198:.
1190:.
1027:.
937:^
780:.
758:.
628:.
584:.
422:.
293:.
205:.
198:.
1206:.
1132:.
1063:.
1038:.
1002:.
964:.
826:(
818:(
572:(
237:–
101:)
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
