571:
590:
629:
177:
56:
613:
427:
38:
388:
This fern is known to grow to heights of 10 metres (33 ft) or more (though it occasionally takes a rare creeping form). The crown is dense, and mature fronds tend to be about 4 metres (13 ft) long and have a silver-white colouration on the undersides. This distinctive silver colouration has
535:
The Silver Fern was first discovered by the Māori people, who are the indigenous people of New
Zealand. According to the legend of the Māori people, the Silver Fern “once lived in the sea” and the Māori hunters would “...use the silver underside of the fern leaves to find their way home…”. When bent
757:
obtained trade marks for the name “All Blacks” and its own stylised fern, however the scope of the application was broader because they sought to register any 'fern'. In 2005, after a legal case lasting four years, the union failed in its bid to stop anyone else using any fern logo on any black
418:, and once established, it will tolerate drier conditions. It does best when sheltered from winds and should be protected from frost. Evidence of large amount of macro-charcoals in the top layers of soil suggest that Cyathea dealbata establish themselves in areas where anthropogenic fires occur
589:
393:
very rarely prostrate, usually erect, forming a woody trunk up to 12 metres (39 ft) tall, 160 to 450 millimetres (6.3 to 17.7 in) in diameter, covered in light brown or white projecting stipe bases; bearing scales near the apex.
628:
570:
410:
to the east. Its primary habitat is subcanopy areas of drier forests and in open scrub, although it is occasionally found on bush margins and in more open areas, and has been recorded from amongst rushes in a dune slack.
1368:
786:, has been borrowed into New Zealand English as a generic term for tree ferns. It is also used to refer to tree fern logs when used for landscaping purposes. English speakers generally pronounce the word
1225:
406:
epoch (around 5.0–1.8 million years ago), the silver fern occurs on the main islands of New
Zealand—although absent from the west and south regions of the South Island—and on the
1074:
1358:
1732:
1523:
648:
1423:., & Burns, B. R. (2018). Pioneer tree ferns influence community assembly in northern New Zealand forests. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(1), 18–30.
581:
525:
1400:
1255:
647:
The silver fern has been used as a symbol by New
Zealand national sports teams, in various stylised forms, since it was first worn by players in the
447:
during both world wars, and all
Commonwealth war graves of fallen New Zealand soldiers have the silver fern engraved on their tombstones. During the
1958:
1861:
1667:
1497:
910:
1968:
1706:
948:
1755:
1335:
1165:
612:
1953:
1016:
1217:
560:
In short, the fern has become one of the most widely recognized symbols of New
Zealand, next to the kiwi—however, it is not an official
1221:
1973:
1287:
1134:
1047:
992:
812:
652:
879:
1066:
754:
742:
528:
featured the silver fern. The silver fern is also used extensively within politics and printed material, such as the logo of the
1105:
497:, and was trademarked as early as 1885. It is a logo for many other organisations, such as (heavily stylised) the rail operator
459:
whereas the New
Zealand contingent wore a silver fern symbol. New Zealand peacekeepers have since used both the silver fern and
1874:
1693:
1510:
1308:
1138:
561:
444:
55:
1711:
1195:
557:. Its circular shape conveys the idea of perpetual movement, and its inward coil suggests a return to the point of origin.
1948:
1943:
1719:
389:
made them useful for laying along tracks for night walking. The scales are a dark brown and are often twisted and glossy.
847:
20:
1641:
1572:
513:
487:
470:
units wear the silver fern, normally as a battle honour granted for serving with New
Zealand troops. For example, the
901:
1938:
1897:
1794:
1737:
1559:
1528:
502:
1963:
1902:
1799:
1564:
1760:
529:
483:
475:
1390:
1247:
1488:
471:
341:
to New
Zealand. The fern is usually recognisable by the silver-white colour of the under-surface of mature
1450:
1420:
1395:
550:
536:
at an angle, the leaves of the fern would catch the moonlight and “illuminate a path through the forest”
376:
479:
153:
1632:
176:
1889:
1747:
1538:
1331:
1161:
517:
494:
463:
symbols for different deployments to differentiate from their
Australian and British counterparts.
1910:
1820:
1585:
721:
655:, and most other national women's sports teams have nicknames based on the term "Ferns", such as
439:
The earliest use of the silver fern as an official emblem was by the New
Zealand Army during the
244:
184:
50:
1435:
1008:
1781:
1546:
1283:
1277:
1043:
988:
782:
545:
symbol is inspired by the shape of an unfurling silver fern frond. It is found extensively in
319:
130:
1786:
1551:
972:
789:
727:
717:
577:
546:
521:
448:
295:
266:
1768:
596:
554:
440:
407:
875:
606:
on the tail and otherwise painted in all black livery with a silver fern on the fuselage
984:
977:
943:
664:
346:
80:
1932:
1097:
637:
wearing the Silver Fern Brooch in her official portrait as Queen of New Zealand, 2012
1304:
1126:
1915:
1825:
1590:
681:
634:
467:
1646:
1577:
1359:"The history of black: Why do Kiwi sports teams wear black and when did it start?"
1852:
1812:
1473:
1187:
1724:
1680:
1626:
1482:
1363:
733:
711:
699:
693:
656:
460:
426:
120:
1617:
853:
451:, Egyptians took exception to New Zealand and Canadian peacekeepers having the
705:
687:
675:
660:
619:
599:
456:
452:
110:
1654:
741:
The silver fern is also extensively used as part of the official symbols of
493:
The silver fern has long been used on dairy products, including the logo of
334:
345:. It is a symbol commonly associated with the country both overseas and by
1773:
1846:
1611:
1467:
846:
Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Alsophila dealbata".
498:
403:
338:
1424:
37:
1866:
1672:
1502:
506:
390:
1685:
1879:
1698:
1515:
1444:
1807:
1659:
914:
553:, and is used in a stylised form as the logo for national airline
425:
415:
342:
67:
541:
431:
100:
90:
1448:
402:
Arriving relatively late in New Zealand's history during the
876:"Ferns and lycophytes – Ferns and lycophytes in New Zealand"
1098:"Cyathea dealbata | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network"
804:
801:
310:
307:
281:
278:
275:
1009:"Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Cyathea dealbata"
798:
304:
651:
which toured Britain. "Silver Ferns" is the name of the
1071:
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ
813:
944:"Government and nation – National animal and flower"
795:
670:
National sport teams using the silver fern include:
301:
272:
1836:
1601:
1457:
792:
443:. Since then, the silver fern has been used by the
298:
269:
976:
1332:"Nation and government – Nationhood and identity"
524:, utilise the fern. The official proposal of the
414:The fern is known to grow well in well-drained
849:Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World
1279:Making Ends Meet: Essays and Talks, 1992–2004
938:
936:
934:
8:
1391:"NZRU bid for silver fern rights thrown out"
1334:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
1307:. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
878:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
455:on their uniforms. Canadian troops wore the
1164:. e Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
775:
328:
322:
1445:
1282:. Victoria University Press. p. 187.
175:
36:
27:
622:jersey from 1905, featuring a silver fern
911:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
649:1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
1188:"NZ confirms flag referendum candidate"
949:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
874:Brownsey, Patrick (24 September 2007).
833:
767:
566:
1162:"Coat of arms – Coat of arms overview"
841:
839:
837:
526:2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums
1425:https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.42.5
1067:"The significance of the silver fern"
1038:Parsons, Stuart; et al. (2006).
781:
191:
7:
1890:3781fa2a-24b7-4154-855e-d5ca7a2b3d71
1748:9784daeb-0cbe-4d7a-9039-8b4cfc18aefb
1539:cec45b2a-44e3-4a63-bba4-671dc333b882
1419:Brock, Perry, G. L. W., Lee, W. G.,
1371:from the original on 11 October 2018
1338:from the original on 11 October 2018
1141:from the original on 11 October 2018
1061:
1059:
1019:from the original on 11 October 2018
882:from the original on 11 October 2018
1903:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17186860-1
1800:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17072400-1
1565:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17533980-1
1441:– Te Papa for Flora of New Zealand
1403:from the original on 11 April 2015
1330:Wilson, John (16 September 2016).
1168:from the original on 26 April 2022
549:art, from carving to the official
14:
1436:Definitive scientific account of
1228:from the original on 2 March 2019
1135:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1042:. Pearson Education New Zealand.
512:Silver fern fronds appear on the
435:or unfurling frond of silver fern
16:Species of medium-sized tree fern
1311:from the original on 1 July 2022
1160:Levine, Stephen (12 June 2012).
1077:from the original on 11 May 2021
788:
755:New Zealand Rugby Football Union
667:(women's association football).
627:
611:
588:
569:
333:), is a species of medium-sized
294:
265:
54:
45:Frond, showing silver underside
1959:National symbols of New Zealand
1258:from the original on 2021-05-04
1248:"New Zealand icon: Silver fern"
1218:"Register of Political Parties"
1198:from the original on 2 May 2022
1108:from the original on 2019-12-23
505:is also the name of a class of
445:New Zealand Expeditionary Force
1969:Trees of mild maritime climate
1096:de Lange, P. J. (March 2004).
983:. Timber Press, Inc. pp.
1:
852:. Vol. 8. Archived from
1954:Endemic flora of New Zealand
21:Silver fern (disambiguation)
514:coat of arms of New Zealand
488:Second Battle of El Alamein
1990:
482:, all of whom fought with
18:
663:(women's basketball) and
190:
183:
174:
159:
152:
51:Scientific classification
49:
44:
35:
30:
1974:Plants described in 1786
530:New Zealand Labour Party
484:2nd New Zealand Division
476:Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry
355:is the correct name for
252:, commonly known as the
659:(women's rugby union),
1396:The New Zealand Herald
776:
466:Additionally, several
436:
329:
323:
1127:"Silver Fern railcar"
653:national netball team
518:flags for New Zealand
480:Warwickshire Yeomanry
472:Queen’s Royal Hussars
429:
1949:Trees of New Zealand
1944:Ferns of New Zealand
1838:Polypodium dealbatum
1399:. 14 December 2005.
1222:Electoral Commission
1194:. 15 December 2015.
743:New Zealand Olympics
582:2015 flag referendum
377:Sphaeropteris glauca
363:because the epithet
226:Polypodium dealbatum
19:For other uses, see
1276:Wedde, Ian (2005).
1137:. 16 October 2014.
736:(American football)
516:. Some alternative
495:New Zealand Natural
218:Hemitelia falciloba
169:(Colenso) R.M.Tryon
1489:Alsophila tricolor
1459:Alsophila tricolor
722:Black Sticks Women
437:
374:(now a synonym of
369:Alsophila dealbata
367:is preoccupied by
353:Alsophila tricolor
240:Alsophila tricolor
163:Alsophila tricolor
1939:Alsophila (plant)
1926:
1925:
1782:Open Tree of Life
1547:Open Tree of Life
1451:Taxon identifiers
973:Braggins, John E.
702:(women's cricket)
373:
236:
235:
230:
222:
214:
206:
205:(Colenso) Domin
202:Cyathea falciloba
198:
1981:
1964:Ornamental trees
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1725:NHMSYS0000457789
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:Cyathea dealbata
1622:
1621:
1620:
1603:Cyathea dealbata
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1446:
1438:Cyathea dealbata
1421:Schwendenmann, L
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1102:www.nzpcn.org.nz
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1040:Biology Aotearoa
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1013:www.nzflora.info
1005:
999:
998:
982:
971:Large, Mark F.;
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
940:
929:
928:
926:
925:
919:
913:. Archived from
908:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
871:
865:
864:
862:
861:
843:
821:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
785:
779:
772:
728:Team New Zealand
718:Black Sticks Men
631:
615:
602:with a stylised
592:
580:proposal of the
578:silver fern flag
573:
522:silver fern flag
449:1956 Suez Crisis
371:
357:Cyathea dealbata
332:
326:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
258:silver tree-fern
249:Cyathea dealbata
228:
220:
212:
210:Cyathea tricolor
204:
197:(G.Forst.) Sw.
196:
194:Cyathea dealbata
179:
165:
145:A. tricolor
59:
58:
40:
28:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1769:Observation.org
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1453:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1303:Walrond, Carl.
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1073:. 6 June 2017.
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
942:
941:
932:
923:
921:
917:
906:
900:
899:
895:
885:
883:
873:
872:
868:
859:
857:
845:
844:
835:
830:
825:
824:
814:
791:
787:
783:[ˈpɔŋa]
774:The Māori word
773:
769:
764:
751:
739:
714:(women's rugby)
708:(men's cricket)
645:
638:
632:
623:
616:
607:
597:Air New Zealand
593:
584:
574:
562:national symbol
555:Air New Zealand
441:Second Boer War
424:
408:Chatham Islands
400:
386:
297:
293:
268:
264:
170:
167:
161:
148:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:wfo-0000149374
1907:
1894:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:wfo-0000139888
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1623:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:wfo-0000139767
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1479:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1430:External links
1428:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1288:
1268:
1239:
1209:
1179:
1152:
1118:
1088:
1055:
1048:
1030:
1000:
993:
963:
952:. 3 March 2009
930:
903:BSBI List 2007
893:
866:
832:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
766:
765:
763:
760:
750:
747:
738:
737:
731:
725:
724:(field hockey)
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
672:
665:Football Ferns
644:
641:
640:
639:
633:
626:
624:
617:
610:
608:
594:
587:
585:
575:
568:
520:, such as the
423:
420:
399:
396:
385:
382:
347:New Zealanders
234:
233:
232:
231:
223:
215:
207:
199:
188:
187:
181:
180:
172:
171:
168:
157:
156:
150:
149:
142:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:Polypodiopsida
98:
94:
93:
91:Polypodiophyta
88:
84:
83:
78:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1357:Strang, Ben.
1353:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1289:9780864735034
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:1-877268-00-3
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
994:0-88192-630-2
990:
986:
981:
980:
974:
967:
964:
951:
950:
945:
939:
937:
935:
931:
920:on 2015-06-26
916:
912:
905:
904:
897:
894:
881:
877:
870:
867:
856:on 2017-09-02
855:
851:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
827:
819:
818:
809:
784:
780:, pronounced
778:
771:
768:
761:
759:
756:
753:In 1991, the
748:
746:
744:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
671:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
636:
630:
625:
621:
614:
609:
605:
601:
598:
591:
586:
583:
579:
576:The rejected
572:
567:
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
433:
428:
421:
419:
417:
412:
409:
405:
397:
395:
392:
383:
381:
379:
378:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
325:
321:
315:
292:
286:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
246:
242:
241:
227:
224:
219:
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
195:
192:
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
166:
164:
158:
155:
154:Binomial name
151:
147:
146:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:Tracheophytes
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1837:
1602:
1458:
1437:
1418:
1405:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1298:
1278:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1070:
1039:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
978:
966:
954:. Retrieved
947:
922:. Retrieved
915:the original
902:
896:
884:. Retrieved
869:
858:. Retrieved
854:the original
848:
770:
752:
740:
696:(basketball)
682:Silver Ferns
669:
646:
643:Use in sport
635:Elizabeth II
603:
559:
540:
538:
534:
511:
492:
468:British Army
465:
438:
430:
413:
401:
387:
375:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
349:themselves.
290:
261:
257:
253:
248:
247:
239:
238:
237:
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
162:
160:
144:
143:
131:
74:
31:Silver fern
25:
1681:iNaturalist
1627:Wikispecies
1483:Wikispecies
1364:Stuff.co.nz
956:16 February
749:Controversy
734:Iron Blacks
712:Black Ferns
700:White Ferns
694:Tall Blacks
657:Black Ferns
503:Silver Fern
384:Description
254:silver fern
121:Cyatheaceae
1933:Categories
1880:17186860-1
1699:17072400-1
1516:17533980-1
1375:11 October
1342:12 October
1315:12 October
1305:"The koru"
1262:2021-03-26
1232:12 October
1202:12 October
1172:12 October
1145:12 October
1112:2019-05-17
1081:13 October
1023:11 October
979:Tree Ferns
924:2014-10-17
886:12 October
860:2019-08-20
828:References
706:Black Caps
690:(football)
688:All Whites
676:All Blacks
661:Tall Ferns
620:All Blacks
600:ATR 72-600
551:Māori flag
457:Maple Leaf
453:Union Flag
422:In culture
111:Cyatheales
87:Division:
1853:Q17178293
1474:Q17185483
1252:TNZ Media
1131:NZHistory
762:Footnotes
730:(sailing)
684:(netball)
361:Alsophila
335:tree fern
229:G.Forst.
221:Colenso
213:Colenso
139:Species:
132:Alsophila
64:Kingdom:
1847:Wikidata
1808:Species+
1618:Q1248008
1612:Wikidata
1468:Wikidata
1407:11 April
1401:Archived
1369:Archived
1336:Archived
1309:Archived
1256:Archived
1226:Archived
1196:Archived
1192:BBC News
1166:Archived
1139:Archived
1106:Archived
1075:Archived
1017:Archived
975:(2004).
880:Archived
758:jersey.
499:KiwiRail
478:and the
404:Pliocene
391:Rhizomes
365:dealbata
260:, or as
185:Synonyms
117:Family:
1867:5650675
1673:3598702
1503:5530419
985:120–121
745:teams.
678:(rugby)
507:railcar
486:at the
398:Habitat
372:C.Presl
339:endemic
324:kaponga
245:synonym
127:Genus:
107:Order:
97:Class:
68:Plantae
1887:NZOR:
1787:799282
1774:232711
1745:NZOR:
1738:544599
1712:914440
1686:131669
1647:119992
1578:186505
1552:328026
1536:NZOR:
1529:411275
1286:
1046:
991:
720:&
501:. The
474:, the
343:fronds
318:(from
1813:28262
1756:NZPCN
1660:CZADE
918:(xls)
907:(xls)
777:ponga
547:Māori
416:humus
330:ponga
320:Māori
291:punga
262:ponga
75:Clade
1898:POWO
1875:IPNI
1862:GBIF
1795:POWO
1761:1776
1733:NCBI
1707:ITIS
1694:IPNI
1668:GBIF
1655:EPPO
1642:APNI
1560:POWO
1524:NCBI
1511:IPNI
1498:GBIF
1409:2015
1377:2018
1344:2018
1317:2018
1284:ISBN
1234:2018
1204:2018
1174:2018
1147:2018
1083:2018
1044:ISBN
1025:2018
989:ISBN
958:2010
888:2018
815:PUNG
604:koru
542:koru
539:The
461:kiwi
432:Koru
1911:WFO
1821:WFO
1720:NBN
1586:WFO
1573:RHS
618:An
595:An
380:).
359:in
327:or
289:or
256:or
1935::
1913::
1900::
1877::
1864::
1849::
1823::
1810::
1797::
1784::
1771::
1758::
1735::
1722::
1709::
1696::
1683::
1670::
1657::
1644::
1629::
1614::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1549::
1526::
1513::
1500::
1485::
1470::
1393:.
1367:.
1361:.
1254:.
1250:.
1224:.
1220:.
1190:.
1133:.
1129:.
1104:.
1100:.
1069:.
1058:^
1015:.
1011:.
987:.
946:.
933:^
909:.
836:^
817:-ə
564:.
532:.
509:.
490:.
337:,
243:,
77::
1411:.
1379:.
1346:.
1319:.
1292:.
1265:.
1236:.
1206:.
1176:.
1149:.
1115:.
1085:.
1052:.
1027:.
997:.
960:.
927:.
890:.
863:.
820:.
808:/
805:ə
802:ŋ
799:ʌ
796:p
793:ˈ
790:/
314:/
311:ə
308:ŋ
305:ʌ
302:p
299:ˈ
296:/
285:/
282:ə
279:ŋ
276:ɒ
273:p
270:ˈ
267:/
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
