232:
These catheters are associated with greater cost than other catheters. A 2014 Multicenter Cohort Study found that using a silver-alloy hydrogel urinary catheter did reduce symptomatic
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) occurrences as defined by both NHSN and clinical criteria. A 2011 critical analysis of eight studies found a consistent pattern which supported using silver-alloy urinary catheters over uncoated catheters to reduce infections in adult patients, and concluded that using silver-alloy catheters would significantly improve patient care. A 2007 systemic review concluded that using silver-alloy indwelling catheters for short-term catheterizing will reduce the risk of catheter-acquired urinary tract infection, but called for further studies to evaluate the economic benefits of using the expensive silver alloy-catheters. Two systemic reviews in 2004 found that using silver-alloy catheters reduced asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria more than standard catheters, for patients who were catheterised for a short time. A 2000 randomized crossover study found that using the more expensive silver-coated catheter may result in cost savings by preventing nosocomial UTI infections, and another 2000 study found that using silver alloy catheters for short-term urinary catheterization reduces the incidence of symptomatic UTI and bacteremia compared with standard catheters, and may thus yield cost savings.
208:(VAP), especially during the initial days of utilisation. A 2014 study concluded that using silver-coated endotracheal tubes will help to prevent VAP and that this may save on hospital costs. A 2012 systematic review of randomized controlled trials concluded that the limited evidence available indicates that using silver-coated endotracheal tubes will reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, microbiologic burden, and device-related adverse events among adult patients. Another 2012 review agreed that the use of silver-coated endotracheal tubes reduces the prevalence of VAP in intubated patients, but cautioned that this on its own is not sufficient to prevent infection. They also suggested that more research is needed to establish the cost-effectiveness of the treatment. Another 2012 study agreed that there is evidence that endotracheal tubes coated with silver may reduce the incidence of
39:
437:
540:(NCCIH) warns that marketing claims about colloidal silver are scientifically unsupported, that the silver content of marketed supplements varies widely, and that colloidal silver products can have serious side effects such as argyria. In 2009, the USFDA issued a consumer advisory warning about the potential adverse effects of colloidal silver, and said that "there are no legally marketed prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs containing silver that are taken by mouth".
4476:
1889:
It is impossible to draw firm and confident conclusions about the effectiveness of specific dressings, however silver sulphadiazine was consistently associated with poorer healing outcomes than biosynthetic, silicon-coated and silver dressings whilst hydrogel-treated burns had better healing outcomes
342:
in which the skin becomes blue or blue-gray. Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of silver-containing creams and solutions, while the ingestion, inhalation, or injection can result in generalized argyria. Preliminary reports of treatment with laser therapy have been reported. These
632:
in his writings discussed the use of silver in wound care. At the beginning of the twentieth century surgeons routinely used silver sutures to reduce the risk of infection. In the early 20th century, physicians used silver-containing eyedrops to treat ophthalmic problems, for various infections, and
307:
Silver nitrate is also used in certain laboratory procedures to stain cells. As it turns them permanently a dark-purple/black color, in doing so increasing individual cells' visibility under a microscope and allowing for differentiation between cells, or identification of irregularities. Silver is
231:
A 2014 systemic review concluded that using silver alloy-coated catheters showed no significant difference in incidences of symptomatic
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) versus using standard catheters, although silver-alloy catheters seemed to cause less discomfort to patients.
472:
consisting of silver particles suspended in liquid) and formulations containing silver salts were used by physicians in the early 20th century, but their use was largely discontinued in the 1940s following the development of modern antibiotics. Since about 1990, there has been a resurgence of the
322:
has been used as a potential aid to help stop smoking; a review of the literature in 2012, however, found no effect of silver acetate on smoking cessation at a six-month endpoint and if there is an effect it would be small. Silver has also been used in cosmetics, intended to enhance antimicrobial
337:
Though toxicity of silver is low, the human body has no biological use for silver and when inhaled, ingested, injected, or applied topically, silver can accumulate irreversibly in the body, particularly in the skin, and chronic use combined with exposure to sunlight can result in a disfiguring
521:
to
Internet sites that have continued to promote colloidal silver as an antibiotic or for other medical purposes. Despite the efforts of the FDA, silver products remain widely available on the market today. A review of websites promoting nasal sprays containing colloidal silver suggested that
279:
imaging were the standard before digital techniques arrived; these function essentially the same as other silver-halide photographic films, although for x-ray use the developing process is very simple and takes only a few minutes. Silver x-ray film remains popular for its accuracy, and cost
128:. Applying an electric current across silver electrodes enhances antibiotic action at the anode, likely due to the release of silver into the bacterial culture. The antibacterial action of electrodes coated with silver nanostructures is greatly improved in the presence of an electric field.
659:
Prior to the introduction of modern antibiotics, colloidal silver was used as a germicide and disinfectant. With the development of modern antibiotics in the 1940s, the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent diminished, although it retains some use in medicinal compounds today.
1759:
Nherera LM, Trueman P, Roberts CD, Berg L (August 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes associated with nanocrystalline silver use compared to alternative silver delivery systems in the management of superficial and deep partial thickness burns".
505:
in humans; there is no dietary requirement for silver, and hence, no such thing as a silver "deficiency". There is no evidence that colloidal silver treats or prevents any medical condition, and it can cause serious and potentially irreversible side effects, such as
161:
However systemic reviews in 2014, 2017 and 2018 concluded that more modern treatments, both with and without silver, show better results for wound healing and infection-prevention than silver sulfadiazine, and therefore SSD is no longer generally recommended.
263:. In vitro tests demonstrated more potent amoebicidal effects for the drugs when conjugated with silver nanoparticles as compared to the same drugs when used alone. They also found that conjugating the drugs with silver nanoparticles enhanced their anti-
2224:
Li X, Yuan Q, Wang L, Du L, Deng L (February 2012). "Silver-coated endotracheal tube versus non-coated endotracheal tube for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia among adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
620:
was also warned by the New York
Attorney General's office to stop marketing his colloidal silver infused products (toothpaste, mouthwash, dietary supplements, etc.) because he made unproven claims of its ability to fend off COVID-19.
243:(CVC) reduces the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections. However, they also found that the efficacy of the CSS-CVC coating was progressively eroded by blood-flow, and that the antibacterial function was lost after 48 hours.
1795:
Nímia HH, Carvalho VF, Isaac C, Souza FÁ, Gemperli R, Paggiaro AO (March 2019). "Comparative study of Silver
Sulfadiazine with other materials for healing and infection prevention in burns: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
672:
The
National Health Services in the UK spent about £25 million on silver-containing dressings in 2006. Silver-containing dressings represent about 14% of the total dressings used and about 25% of the overall wound dressing costs.
406:(WHO) includes silver in a colloidal state produced by electrolysis of silver electrodes in water, and colloidal silver in water filters as two of a number of water disinfection methods specified to provide safe drinking water in
1715:
Rashaan ZM, Krijnen P, Klamer RR, Schipper IB, Dekkers OM, Breederveld RS (2014). "Nonsilver treatment vs. silver sulfadiazine in treatment of partial-thickness burn wounds in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
418:
and used in developing countries for water disinfection (in this application the silver inhibits microbial growth on the filter substrate, to prevent clogging, and does not directly disinfect the filtered water).
3515:"Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule"
2498:"Chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine coating on central venous catheters is not sufficient for protection against catheter-related infection: Simulation-based laboratory research with clinical validation"
559:
It may be illegal to market as preventing or treating cancer, and in some jurisdictions illegal to sell colloidal silver for consumption. In 2015 an
English man was prosecuted and found guilty under the
1902:
Heyneman A, Hoeksema H, Vandekerckhove D, Pirayesh A, Monstrey S (November 2016). "The role of silver sulphadiazine in the conservative treatment of partial thickness burn wounds: A systematic review".
212:(VAP) and delay its onset, but concluded that no benefit was seen in the duration of intubation, the duration of stay in intensive care or the mortality rate. They also raised concerns surrounding the
343:
laser treatments are painful and general anesthesia is required. A similar laser treatment has been used to clear silver particles from the eye, a condition related to argyria called argyrosis. The
459:
Not to be sold for consumption or for disinfection in Sweden. Not to treat or prevent cancer (UK, Sweden, etc.) Illegal to be marketed/advertised as a dietary supplement or medicine in the U.S.
308:
also used in bone prostheses and cardiac devices. In reconstructive hip and knee surgery, silver-coated titanium prostheses are indicated in cases of recalcitrant prosthetic joint infections.
513:
In August 1999, the U.S. FDA banned colloidal silver sellers from claiming any therapeutic or preventive value for the product, although silver-containing products continue to be promoted as
4392:"An evidence-based environmental perspective of manufactured silver nanoparticle in syntheses and applications: a systematic review and critical appraisal of peer-reviewed scientific papers"
3205:
113:. The antibacterial action of silver is dependent on the silver ion. The effectiveness of silver compounds as an antiseptic is based on the ability of the biologically active silver ion (
537:
2545:
Anwar A, Rajendran K, Siddiqui R, Raza Shah M, Khan NA (January 2019). "Clinically
Approved Drugs against CNS Diseases as Potential Therapeutic Agents To Target Brain-Eating Amoebae".
656:
employed silver wire, which he had a jeweler fashion, as a suture in gynecological surgery. This produced very favorable results when compared with its predecessors, silk and catgut.
473:
promotion of colloidal silver as a dietary supplement, marketed with claims of it being an essential mineral supplement, or that it can prevent or treat numerous diseases, such as
556:
stated that "colloidal silver as a cure-all is a fraud with a long history, with quacks claiming it could cure cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, diabetes, and numerous other diseases".
582:
has issued warning letters to firms including colloidal silver marketers for selling products with false and misleading claims to prevent, treat, mitigate, diagnose or cure
382:
for such people. Although medical devices containing silver are widely used in hospitals, no thorough testing and standardization of these products has yet been undertaken.
124:) to irreversibly damage key enzyme systems in the cell membranes of pathogens. The antibacterial action of silver has long been known to be enhanced by the presence of an
88:. There is tentative evidence that using silver-alloy indwelling catheters for short-term catheterizing will reduce the risk of catheter-acquired urinary tract infections.
3481:
1977:
344:
3019:
Rhee DY, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK (October 2008). "Treatment of argyria after colloidal silver ingestion using Q-switched 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser".
1083:"Multicenter cohort study to assess the impact of a silver-alloy and hydrogel-coated urinary catheter on symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections"
3888:
1283:
1163:
Schumm K, Lam TB (2008). "Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults: a short version
Cochrane review".
131:
Silver, used as a topical antiseptic, is incorporated by bacteria it kills. Thus dead bacteria may be the source of silver that may kill additional bacteria.
3949:
4024:
2367:"Review: silver alloy catheters are more effective than standard catheters for reducing bacteriuria in adults in hospital having short term catheterisation"
399:
3998:
897:
Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN, Dibo SA (March 2007). "Effect of silver on burn wound infection control and healing: review of the literature".
4511:
3927:
864:
Medici S, Peana M, Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Lachowicz JI, Remelli M, Zoroddu MA (2016). "Silver coordination compounds: A new horizon in medicine".
219:
The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration in 2007 cleared an endotracheal tube with a fine coat of silver to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated
2866:
Kokura S, Handa O, Takagi T, Ishikawa T, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (August 2010). "Silver nanoparticles as a safe preservative for use in cosmetics".
4457:
3554:
699:
3440:
3319:
3292:
1234:
689:
522:
information about silver-containing nasal sprays on the Internet is misleading and inaccurate. Colloidal silver is also sold in some topical
166:
1309:
375:
Colloidal silver may interact with some prescription medications, reducing the absorption of some antibiotics and thyroxine, among others.
3971:
1625:"Healing of burn wounds by topical treatment: A randomized controlled comparison between silver sulfadiazine and nano-crystalline silver"
1609:
1578:
365:
722:
May A, Kopecki Z, Carney B, Cowin A (March 2022). "Antimicrobial silver dressings: a review of emerging issues for modern wound care".
390:
Electrolytically dissolved silver has been used as a water disinfecting agent, for example, the drinking water supplies of the Russian
1603:
1572:
454:
3858:
3816:
3742:
3717:
3689:
2976:
Okan D, Woo K, Sibbald RG (June 2007). "So what if you are blue? Oral colloidal silver and argyria are out: safe dressings are in".
2295:
259:, tested the effectiveness of existing drugs as well as the effectiveness of the same drugs when they were conjugated with silver
3820:
536:(TGA) found there were no legitimate medical uses for colloidal silver and no evidence to support its marketing claims. The U.S.
533:
3485:
1985:
680:
in consumer applications being released into the environment, for example that they may pose a threat to benign soil organisms.
526:, as well as some toothpastes, which are regulated by the FDA as cosmetics (other than drug ingredients making medical claims).
3975:
3803:
579:
209:
205:
368:
whose purposeful consumption of colloidal silver was a self-prescribed measure he undertook in response to his fears that the
173:(FDA) approved a number of topical preparations of silver sulfadiazine for treatment of second-degree and third-degree burns.
158:
to prevent infection. It was discovered in the 1960s, and was the standard topical antimicrobial for burn wounds for decades.
2179:"Cost-effectiveness analysis of a silver-coated endotracheal tube to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia"
3844:
501:. No medical evidence supports the effectiveness of colloidal silver for any of these claimed indications. Silver is not an
3343:
2105:"Silver Antimicrobial Dressings in Wound Management: A Comparison of Antibacterial, Physical, and Chemical Characteristics"
544:
states that colloidal silver dietary supplements have not been found safe or effective for the treatment of any condition.
4526:
4466:
3459:
3163:
765:
Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM, Zoroddu MA (July 2019). "Medical Uses of Silver: History, Myths, and Scientific Evidence".
4531:
2299:
1981:
602:
189:
170:
68:
include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing
2590:"Digital radiology to improve the quality of care in countries with limited resources: a feasibility study from Angola"
2733:
Rosenblatt A, Stamford TC, Niederman R (February 2009). "Silver diamine fluoride: a caries 'silver-fluoride bullet'".
2457:"The potential clinical and economic benefits of silver alloy urinary catheters in preventing urinary tract infection"
395:
91:
Silver generally has low toxicity, and minimal risk is expected when silver is used in approved medical applications.
3917:
601:(AG) for marketing colloidal silver products and making false claims about their effectiveness against COVID-19. The
312:
appears to be an effective intervention to reduce dental caries (tooth decay). Silver is also a component in dental
38:
3235:"The increasing use of silver-based products as antimicrobial agents: a useful development or a cause for concern?"
411:
2941:
Brandt D, Park B, Hoang M, Jacobe HT (August 2005). "Argyria secondary to ingestion of homemade silver solution".
3350:
1953:
598:
403:
3845:"Dietary Supplements Containing Silver May Cause Permanent Discoloration of Skin and Mucous Membranes (Argyria)"
2130:"Silver-coated endotracheal tubes for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients"
583:
251:
Research in 2018 into the treatment of central nervous system infections caused by free-living amoebae such as
240:
192:(FDA). However, silver-containing dressings may cause staining, and in some cases tingling sensations as well.
280:
effectiveness, particularly in developing countries, where digital X-ray technology is usually not available.
185:
review found that silver-containing dressings may increase the probability of healing for venous leg ulcers.
3738:
1374:
573:
360:
309:
182:
3685:
3615:
Fung MC, Weintraub M, Bowen DL (October 1995). "Colloidal silver proteins marketed as health supplements".
664:(SSD) is a compound containing silver and the antibiotic sodium sulfadiazine, which was developed in 1968.
4521:
4501:
436:
200:
A 2015 systematic review concluded that the limited evidence available indicates that using silver-coated
181:
Despite its widespread use, there is only mixed evidence that silver in dressings has any benefit. A 2018
4329:
4220:
3138:
4516:
4506:
3922:
3184:
3176:
552:
364:
show. Karason died in 2013 at the age of 62 after a heart attack. Another example is Montana politician
378:
Some people are allergic to silver, and the use of treatments and medical devices containing silver is
517:
in the U.S. under the looser regulatory standards applied to supplements. The FDA has issued numerous
4403:
3577:
3514:
2601:
1517:
1460:
818:
Maillard JY, Hartemann P (November 2013). "Silver as an antimicrobial: facts and gaps in knowledge".
447:
92:
73:
2128:
Tokmaji G, Vermeulen H, Müller MC, Kwakman PH, Schultz MJ, Zaat SA (August 2015). Tokmaji G (ed.).
661:
313:
145:
104:
69:
3180:
1035:
Bouadma L, Wolff M, Lucet JC (August 2012). "Ventilator-associated pneumonia and its prevention".
410:. Along these lines, a ceramic filtration system coated with silver particles has been created by
4372:
3274:
3001:
2758:
2715:
2570:
2396:
2250:
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1831:
1741:
1188:
1060:
979:
922:
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800:
747:
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407:
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in newborn babies. Silver nitrate is also sometimes used in dermatology in solid stick form as a
188:
A number of wound dressings containing silver as an anti-bacterial have been cleared by the U.S.
151:
4025:"Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones ordered to stop peddling phony coronavirus cures by New York AG"
2686:"Antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties of two different types of titanium silver coating"
46:
is added to some bandages for its antimicrobial effect, but evidence of its usefulness is mixed.
4419:
4364:
4310:
4174:
4125:
4087:
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3786:
3667:
3632:
3597:
3529:
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3432:
3397:
3315:
3288:
3256:
3120:
3071:
3036:
2993:
2958:
2923:
2906:
Fung MC, Bowen DL (1996). "Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment".
2883:
2848:
2799:
2750:
2707:
2629:
2588:
Zennaro F, Oliveira Gomes JA, Casalino A, Lonardi M, Starc M, Paoletti P, et al. (2013).
2562:
2527:
2478:
2437:
2388:
2347:
2322:"Types of indwelling urethral catheters for short-term catheterisation in hospitalised adults"
2277:
2242:
2198:
2159:
2037:
1930:
1880:
1823:
1777:
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1697:
1656:
1599:
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1562:
1543:
1486:
1429:
1356:
1333:
Griffith RD, Simmons BJ, Yazdani Abyaneh MA, Bray FN, Falto-Aizpurua LA, Nouri K (June 2015).
1240:
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1142:
1112:
1052:
1014:
971:
914:
835:
792:
739:
609:
order to Bakker and others about peddling the unproven products that was compared to selling "
502:
415:
369:
293:
201:
81:
4411:
4356:
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2027:
2019:
1957:
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1476:
1468:
1419:
1411:
1346:
1222:
1172:
1133:
Beattie M (July 26 – August 1, 2011). "Can silver alloy catheters reduce infection rates?".
1102:
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1006:
961:
953:
906:
877:
869:
827:
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731:
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546:
379:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
1674:
Gomes MT, Campos GR, Piccolo N, França CM, Guedes GH, Lopes F, et al. (January 2017).
676:
Concerns have been expressed about the potential environmental cost of manufactured silver
4496:
4480:
2416:"A randomized crossover study of silver-coated urinary catheters in hospitalized patients"
561:
264:
213:
4453:
3824:
3550:
2303:
4407:
4390:
Tolaymat TM, El Badawy AM, Genaidy A, Scheckel KG, Luxton TP, Suidan M (February 2010).
4336:. Gerstein – University of Toronto : Toronto Collection: London Constable & Co.
3710:
2684:
Kontakis MG, Diez-Escudero A, Hariri H, Andersson B, Järhult JD, Hailer NP (June 2021).
2605:
2342:
2321:
2178:
1521:
1472:
1464:
1284:"Over-the-Counter Drug Products Containing Colloidal Silver Ingredients or Silver Salts"
288:
Silver compounds have been used in external preparations as antiseptics, including both
4305:
4280:
4264:
4239:
4169:
4144:
4082:
4057:
3402:
3115:
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2989:
2843:
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2624:
2589:
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2154:
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2032:
2007:
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966:
941:
694:
653:
634:
494:
319:
297:
289:
125:
4441:
4227:. Gerstein-University of Toronto : Toronto Collection: London Constable & Co.
4205:
4192:
MacLeod CE (1912). "Electric Metallic Colloids and Their Therapeutical Applications".
1424:
1399:
1217:
Lansdown AB (2006). "Silver in Health Care: Antimicrobial Effects and Safety in Use".
4490:
4376:
3628:
3425:
3373:"Ron Rivera: Potter who developed a water filter that saved lives in the third world"
3032:
2719:
2238:
1010:
997:
Hermans MH (December 2006). "Silver-containing dressings and the need for evidence".
957:
751:
677:
590:
550:
lists colloidal silver as a "supplement to avoid", describing it as "likely unsafe".
301:
236:
4415:
3372:
3005:
2762:
2574:
2400:
2254:
2210:
1835:
1745:
1064:
983:
926:
847:
804:
76:
may be used to treat external infections. The limited evidence available shows that
2834:
2333:
2023:
1866:
1676:"Experimental burns: Comparison between silver sulfadiazine and photobiomodulation"
1623:
Adhya A, Bain J, Ray O, Hazra A, Adhikari S, Dutta G, et al. (December 2014).
1192:
498:
351:
260:
1351:
1334:
17:
3309:
2614:
2558:
2473:
2456:
2432:
2415:
1258:
1098:
1048:
831:
778:
398:. Many modern hospitals filter hot water through copper-silver filters to defeat
350:
One incident of argyria came to the public's attention in 2008, when a man named
3427:
Mobilizing Science-Based Enterprises for Energy, Water, and Medicines in Nigeria
3354:
2006:
Norman G, Westby MJ, Rithalia AD, Stubbs N, Soares MO, Dumville JC (June 2018).
1916:
1809:
1773:
910:
646:
629:
354:, whose skin turned blue from using colloidal silver for over 10 years to treat
4296:
4073:
3781:
3764:
2954:
2879:
1692:
1675:
1592:
Coran AG, Caldamone A, Adzick NS, Krummel TM, Laberge JM, Shamberger R (2012).
3862:
2919:
2455:
Saint S, Veenstra DL, Sullivan SD, Chenoweth C, Fendrick AM (September 2000).
2366:
2145:
2104:
873:
617:
613:", and the Food and Drug Administration also warned Bakker about his actions.
594:
541:
355:
4360:
2746:
2513:
1641:
304:("lunar caustic") to treat certain skin conditions, such as corns and warts.
4255:
4029:
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642:
610:
530:
523:
482:
220:
85:
4423:
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1950:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1934:
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918:
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796:
743:
4121:
3999:"Missouri Sues Televangelist Jim Bakker For Selling Fake Coronavirus Cure"
3636:
3124:
2927:
1449:"Enhancement of antibacterial properties of Ag nanorods by electric field"
1398:
Spadaro JA, Berger TJ, Barranco SD, Chapin SE, Becker RO (November 1974).
649:. During World War I, soldiers used silver leaf to treat infected wounds.
54:
4056:
Dai T, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Hashmi JT, Kurup DB, Hamblin MR (June 2010).
3251:
3234:
3215:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. July 2009. Archived from
2702:
2685:
2268:
Kane T, Claman F (2012). "Silver tube coatings in pneumonia prevention".
882:
638:
478:
109:
2414:
Karchmer TB, Giannetta ET, Muto CA, Strain BA, Farr BM (November 2000).
1962:
1818:
1506:"Antibacterial activity of silver-killed bacteria: the "zombies" effect"
1415:
787:
3593:
2496:
Choi YJ, Lim JK, Park JJ, Huh H, Kim DJ, Gong CH, Yoon SZ (June 2017).
2383:
507:
469:
339:
332:
2662:
1729:
1529:
1226:
1176:
735:
3216:
2665:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. July 2009
1400:"Antibacterial effects of silver electrodes with weak direct current"
474:
77:
43:
4391:
2320:
Lam TB, Omar MI, Fisher E, Gillies K, MacLennan S (September 2014).
3482:"Vad gäller om jag vill sälja kolloidalt silver som biocidprodukt?"
3284:
2194:
4108:
Alexander JW (June 2009). "History of the medical use of silver".
3311:
Silver in Healthcare: Its Antimicrobial Efficacy and Safety in Use
276:
1221:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 33. pp. 17–34.
372:
would make antibiotics unavailable, an event that did not occur.
3950:"Man is fined after selling 'cancer cure' which he made at home"
3578:"Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver"
564:
for selling colloidal silver with claims it could treat cancer.
490:
155:
3164:
Man who turned blue after taking silver for skin condition dies
616:
Controversial web show host, podcaster and conspiracy theorist
3276:
Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants
486:
391:
296:, which can be used in dilute solution as eyedrops to prevent
3454:
3452:
2008:"Dressings and topical agents for treating venous leg ulcers"
3431:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2007. p.
3279:. Vol. 1. National Academies Press. 2004. p. 324.
1564:
Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice
4281:"Silver-coated nylon dressings for pediatric burn victims"
3972:"Fraudulent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Products"
3650:
Newman M, Kolecki P (October 2001). "Argyria in the ED".
568:
Fraudulent products marketed during the COVID-19 outbreak
1966:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1849:
Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A (March 2013).
538:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
2296:"FDA Clears Silver-Coated Breathing Tube For Marketing"
1851:"Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns"
167:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
4464:
4279:
Borsuk DE, Gallant M, Richard D, Williams HB (2007).
3817:"Regulation of colloidal silver and related products"
3804:"Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)"
1598:(7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 369.
95:
products such as colloidal silver are controversial.
3859:"Lyme Disease: Questionable Diagnosis and Treatment"
3765:"Silver nasal sprays: misleading Internet marketing"
1335:"Colloidal Silver: Dangerous and Readily Available"
859:
857:
453:
446:
429:
347:(ATSDR) describes argyria as a "cosmetic problem".
31:
4058:"Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections"
3219:on 3 February 2012 – via Wellness Proposals.
3144:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2058:. Food and Drug Administration (February 3, 2003).
1081:Lederer JW, Jarvis WR, Thomas L, Ritter J (2014).
84:may reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated
3484:. Kemi (Swedish Chemicals Agency). Archived from
2177:Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Kollef M (August 2009).
942:"Silver-containing alginate fibres and dressings"
1087:Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing
345:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
4221:"Chapter IX: Colloidal Remedies and Their Uses"
4103:
4101:
4062:Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery
4051:
4049:
4047:
3763:Gaslin MT, Rubin C, Pribitkin EA (April 2008).
3228:
3226:
2315:
2313:
1504:Wakshlak RB, Pedahzur R, Avnir D (April 2015).
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
3089:Geyer O, Rothkoff L, Lazar M (December 1989).
2943:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2901:
2899:
2897:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
1030:
1028:
216:nature of some of the studies then available.
2502:The Journal of International Medical Research
1158:
1156:
1128:
1126:
323:effects and the preservation of ingredients.
154:used in partial thickness and full thickness
107:and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and fungi
8:
4330:"Chapter VIII: Germicides and Disinfectants"
3091:"Clearing of corneal argyrosis by YAG laser"
1453:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
1076:
1074:
4145:"Collosol Argentum and ITS Ophthalmic Uses"
3952:. Chelmsford Weekly News. 15 September 2014
3918:"Scam 'cures' for swine flu face crackdown"
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3166:. Nydailynews.com. Retrieved on 2016-11-26.
3054:Jacobs R (2006). "Argyria: my life story".
2823:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2326:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2183:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
2134:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2070:". Argentum Medical LLC (January 17, 2003).
2012:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1855:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
239:and silver-sulfadiazine (CSS) used to coat
3847:. FDA Consumer Advisory (October 6, 2009).
3652:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
3181:"Fun And Intrigue With The Periodic Table"
2908:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
633:sometimes internally for diseases such as
435:
37:
4334:The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease
4304:
4263:
4225:The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease
4168:
4081:
3780:
3250:
3239:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3114:
2842:
2793:
2701:
2623:
2613:
2521:
2472:
2431:
2382:
2341:
2153:
2031:
1961:
1924:
1874:
1817:
1691:
1650:
1640:
1567:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 814.
1537:
1480:
1423:
1350:
1106:
965:
881:
786:
235:A 2017 study found that a combination of
103:Silver and most silver compounds have an
4454:"Integrative Medicine: Colloidal Silver"
3545:
3543:
3462:. Livsmedelsverket (Swedish Food Agency)
2817:Lancaster T, Stead LF (September 2012).
1375:"Colloidal Silver: Risk Without Benefit"
4471:
4285:The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery
1680:Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
711:
275:Silver-halide imaging plates used with
4458:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
3997:Schwartz, Matthew S. (11 March 2020).
3930:from the original on November 11, 2012
3555:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
2819:"Silver acetate for smoking cessation"
2094:. Kinetic Concepts (February 6, 2006).
1629:Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy
1561:Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (2013).
1447:Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (February 2009).
1037:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
700:Antibiotic properties of nanoparticles
426:
28:
3889:"Twelve supplements you should avoid"
1404:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
717:
715:
690:List of ineffective cancer treatments
7:
4448:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4396:The Science of the Total Environment
3095:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
652:In the 1840s, founder of gynecology
4347:"Silver dressings--do they work?".
4240:"Some recent observations on sprue"
3142:(Page last updated: March 26, 2014)
1948:Organization, World Health (2019).
1890:than those treated with usual care.
1219:Biofunctional Textiles and the Skin
50:
3068:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.09.001
2990:10.1097/01.ASW.0000276415.91750.0f
2227:Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine
1310:"The truth about colloidal silver"
25:
3743:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3718:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3690:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3528:(158): 44653–44658. August 1999.
2978:Advances in Skin & Wound Care
2778:"Silver lining for caries cloud?"
4474:
3821:Therapeutic Goods Administration
3629:10.1001/jama.1995.03530150020017
3576:Wadhera A, Fung M (March 2005).
3033:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34302.x
2239:10.1111/j.1756-5391.2012.01165.x
1612:from the original on 2016-09-13.
1581:from the original on 2016-09-13.
1011:10.1097/00000446-200612000-00025
958:10.1111/j.1742-4801.2005.00101.x
820:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
534:Therapeutic Goods Administration
247:Conjugations with existing drugs
204:reduces the risk of contracting
4416:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.003
3976:US Food and Drug Administration
3769:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
3686:"Colloidal Silver Not Approved"
3396:Corbett S (December 24, 2008).
999:The American Journal of Nursing
580:US Food and Drug Administration
402:and legionella infections. The
210:ventilator associated pneumonia
206:ventilator-associated pneumonia
150:Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a
4512:Alternative medical treatments
4349:Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
4023:Bote, Joshua (13 March 2020).
3314:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
2835:10.1002/14651858.CD000191.pub2
2690:European Cells & Materials
2334:10.1002/14651858.CD004013.pub4
2024:10.1002/14651858.CD012583.pub2
1867:10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub4
866:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
767:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1:
4206:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66545-0
3806:Food and Drug Administration.
3342:Solsona F, Mendez JP (2003).
2461:Archives of Internal Medicine
2420:Archives of Internal Medicine
1718:Wound Repair and Regeneration
1473:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/015003
1352:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.120
3823:. 2005-11-09. Archived from
2615:10.1371/journal.pone.0073939
2559:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00484
2474:10.1001/archinte.160.17.2670
2433:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3294
2302:. 2007-11-08. Archived from
2300:Food and Drug Administration
2092:"510(k) Summary for K053627"
2080:510(k) "Summary for K050032"
2056:"510(k) Summary for K022483"
1982:Food and Drug Administration
1165:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1099:10.1097/WON.0000000000000056
1049:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328355a835
832:10.3109/1040841X.2012.713323
779:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01439
603:Attorney General of New York
441:A bottle of colloidal silver
202:endotracheal breathing tubes
190:Food and Drug Administration
171:Food and Drug Administration
82:endotracheal breathing tubes
3308:Lansdown AB (27 May 2010).
3206:"Colloidal Silver Products"
2068:510(k) "Summary for K023609
1917:10.1016/j.burns.2016.03.029
1810:10.1016/j.burns.2018.05.014
1774:10.1016/j.burns.2017.01.004
946:International Wound Journal
911:10.1016/j.burns.2006.06.010
396:International Space Station
4548:
4297:10.1177/229255030701500111
4074:10.2174/157489110791233522
3782:10.1177/014556130808700414
3582:Dermatology Online Journal
3062:(1): 66–9, discussion 69.
2955:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.026
2880:10.1016/j.nano.2009.12.002
2735:Journal of Dental Research
1693:10.1590/1806-9282.63.01.29
571:
330:
143:
3371:Richmond C (2008-10-16).
3351:World Health Organization
3162:Moran, Lee. (2013-09-25)
2920:10.3109/15563659609020246
2547:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
2146:10.1002/14651858.CD009201
1954:World Health Organization
874:10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.015
599:Missouri Attorney General
434:
404:World Health Organization
51:
36:
4361:10.1136/dtb.2010.02.0014
4355:(4): 38–42. April 2010.
3916:Colker D (May 2, 2009).
2782:Evidence-Based Dentistry
2747:10.1177/0022034508329406
2514:10.1177/0300060517708944
1642:10.4103/0976-0105.145776
584:coronavirus disease 2019
257:Acanthamoeba castellanii
241:central venous catheters
4446:Drug Information Portal
4256:10.1136/bmj.2.2759.1282
4149:British Medical Journal
4143:Roe AL (January 1915).
3664:10.1053/ajem.2001.25773
3233:Chopra I (April 2007).
2365:Rosier PK (July 2004).
2082:Euromed (May 17, 2005).
1005:(12): 60–8, quiz 68–9.
574:COVID-19 misinformation
310:Silver diamine fluoride
4161:10.1136/bmj.1.2820.104
3107:10.1136/bjo.73.12.1009
3056:Clinics in Dermatology
2795:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400661
2371:Evidence-Based Nursing
1263:Science-Based Medicine
66:medical uses of silver
32:Medical uses of silver
4122:10.1089/sur.2008.9941
3923:The Los Angeles Times
3185:National Public Radio
3177:All Things Considered
2949:(2 Suppl 1): S105-7.
2306:on November 14, 2007.
1984:(FDA). Archived from
572:Further information:
553:The Los Angeles Times
423:Alternative medicine
4527:Alternative medicine
3739:"FDA Warning Letter"
3711:"FDA Warning Letter"
3344:"Water Disinfection"
3139:"ToxFAQs for Silver"
3021:Dermatologic Surgery
2703:10.22203/eCM.v041a45
868:. 327–328: 349–359.
408:developing countries
358:, appeared on NBC's
93:Alternative medicine
74:silver nanomaterials
4532:Dietary supplements
4460:. 10 February 2023.
4408:2010ScTEn.408..999T
4110:Surgical Infections
3869:on February 9, 2014
3460:"Kolloidalt silver"
3398:"Solution in a Pot"
2606:2013PLoSO...873939Z
1522:2015NatSR...5E9555W
1465:2009STAdM..10a5003A
1416:10.1128/AAC.6.5.637
940:Qin Y (June 2005).
662:Silver sulfadiazine
515:dietary supplements
448:Alternative therapy
392:Mir orbital station
338:condition known as
146:Silver sulfadiazine
140:Antibacterial cream
105:oligodynamic effect
99:Mechanism of action
70:silver sulfadiazine
4328:Searle AB (1920).
4238:Cantlie J (1913).
4219:Searle AB (1920).
3594:10.5070/D30832G6D3
3551:"Colloidal silver"
3252:10.1093/jac/dkm006
2663:"Colloidal Silver"
2384:10.1136/ebn.7.3.85
1510:Scientific Reports
1379:www.quackwatch.org
386:Water purification
196:Endotracheal tubes
152:topical antibiotic
18:Silver supplements
4200:(4614): 322–323.
3442:978-0-309-11118-8
3360:on July 10, 2006.
3321:978-1-84973-006-8
3294:978-0-309-09166-4
3179:(July 17, 2010).
2467:(17): 2670–2675.
2426:(21): 3294–3298.
1730:10.1111/wrr.12196
1595:Pediatric Surgery
1530:10.1038/srep09555
1290:. August 17, 1999
1236:978-3-8055-8121-9
1227:10.1159/000093928
1177:10.1002/nau.20645
1141:(29): 19–20, 22.
773:(13): 5923–5943.
736:10.1111/ans.17382
503:essential mineral
463:
462:
416:Potters for Peace
294:silver proteinate
253:Naegleria fowleri
62:
61:
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3897:. September 2010
3894:Consumer Reports
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607:cease and desist
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547:Consumer Reports
466:Colloidal silver
439:
430:Colloidal silver
427:
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55:edit on Wikidata
41:
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3683:
3679:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3623:(15): 1196–97.
3614:
3613:
3609:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3101:(12): 1009–10.
3088:
3087:
3083:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3027:(10): 1427–30.
3018:
3017:
3013:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2829:(9): CD000191.
2816:
2815:
2811:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2641:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2328:(9): CD004013.
2319:
2318:
2311:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2140:(8): CD009201.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2109:Wounds Research
2103:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2018:(6): CD012583.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1926:1854/LU-8507323
1901:
1900:
1896:
1861:(3): CD002106.
1848:
1847:
1843:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1034:
1033:
1026:
996:
995:
991:
939:
938:
934:
896:
895:
891:
863:
862:
855:
817:
816:
812:
764:
763:
759:
721:
720:
713:
708:
686:
670:
627:
576:
570:
562:Cancer Act 1939
519:warning letters
442:
425:
388:
380:contraindicated
335:
329:
327:Adverse effects
286:
273:
249:
229:
198:
179:
148:
142:
137:
120:
118:
117:
116:
114:
101:
58:
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4463:
4462:
4450:
4436:
4435:External links
4433:
4430:
4429:
4382:
4339:
4320:
4271:
4230:
4211:
4184:
4135:
4097:
4043:
4015:
3989:
3978:. 7 April 2020
3963:
3941:
3908:
3880:
3849:
3837:
3808:
3796:
3775:(4): 217–220.
3755:
3730:
3702:
3677:
3642:
3607:
3568:
3557:. May 16, 2011
3539:
3499:
3473:
3448:
3441:
3416:
3403:New York Times
3388:
3363:
3334:
3320:
3300:
3293:
3285:10.17226/10942
3266:
3222:
3197:
3168:
3155:
3130:
3081:
3046:
3011:
2968:
2933:
2914:(1): 119–126.
2893:
2874:(4): 570–574.
2858:
2809:
2768:
2741:(2): 116–125.
2725:
2676:
2639:
2580:
2553:(1): 658–666.
2537:
2488:
2447:
2406:
2357:
2309:
2287:
2260:
2216:
2195:10.1086/599005
2189:(8): 759–763.
2169:
2120:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2054:Ethicon, Inc.
2047:
1998:
1969:
1940:
1894:
1841:
1804:(2): 282–292.
1787:
1768:(5): 939–948.
1751:
1724:(4): 473–482.
1707:
1666:
1615:
1605:978-0323091619
1604:
1584:
1574:978-1455749874
1573:
1553:
1496:
1439:
1390:
1366:
1325:
1301:
1275:
1259:"Hi Ho Silver"
1250:
1235:
1198:
1152:
1122:
1070:
1043:(4): 395–404.
1024:
989:
932:
889:
853:
810:
757:
730:(3): 379–384.
710:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
697:
695:Colloidal gold
692:
685:
682:
669:
666:
654:J. Marion Sims
635:tropical sprue
626:
623:
569:
566:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
444:
443:
440:
432:
431:
424:
421:
387:
384:
331:Main article:
328:
325:
320:Silver acetate
298:conjunctivitis
290:silver nitrate
285:
282:
272:
269:
248:
245:
228:
225:
197:
194:
178:
175:
141:
138:
136:
133:
126:electric field
119:
100:
97:
60:
59:
52:
49:
48:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4544:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Pseudoscience
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Nanomaterials
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:(2820): 104.
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4116:(3): 289–92.
4115:
4111:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:(2): 124–51.
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:McSweegan E.
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3827:on 2014-09-30
3826:
3822:
3819:. Australian
3818:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:(6): 525–26.
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3488:on 2016-10-10
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3245:(4): 587–90.
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:(6): 326–30.
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:(9): e73939.
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2276:(36): 21–23.
2275:
2271:
2270:Nursing Times
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1988:on 2014-08-13
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(1): 015003.
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:(5): 637–42.
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:(8): 738–46.
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Nursing Times
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:(5): 473–80.
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:(2): 139–48.
904:
900:
893:
890:
884:
883:11392/2350679
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:(4): 373–83.
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
712:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
679:
678:nanomaterials
674:
667:
665:
663:
657:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
624:
622:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:televangelist
587:
585:
581:
575:
567:
565:
563:
557:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:In 2002, the
527:
525:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
458:
456:
452:
449:
445:
438:
433:
428:
422:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
376:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
348:
346:
341:
334:
326:
324:
321:
317:
315:
311:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
278:
270:
268:
266:
265:acanthamoebic
262:
261:nanoparticles
258:
254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
237:chlorhexidine
233:
226:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
186:
184:
176:
174:
172:
168:
165:It is on the
163:
159:
157:
153:
147:
139:
134:
132:
129:
127:
112:
111:
106:
98:
96:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
56:
45:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
4517:Health fraud
4507:Biomaterials
4445:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4323:
4291:(1): 29–31.
4288:
4284:
4274:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4224:
4214:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4113:
4109:
4065:
4061:
4034:. Retrieved
4028:
4018:
4006:. Retrieved
4002:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3921:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3892:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3852:
3840:
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3825:the original
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