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806:. The clock was to be a turret one and would be placed into the university's rotunda. Jefferson provided all of the clock's plans and specifications. According to these plans, Willard precisely assembled all the clock's pieces. The clock was installed in 1827. Jefferson, however, did not live to see the operating clock because he died in July, 1826. In 1895 a blaze destroyed both the university's building and Willard's clock.
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462:—most clockmakers either fabricated their movements from wood or other inferior materials, or they imported parts and entire movements from English suppliers and assembled them into the locally-produced mahogany clock cases. By their quality, the clocks of Boston became a status symbol. Americans were eager to buy clocks for
408:. There, Simon Willard carries on the clockmaking business, in all its branches." Like Aaron, Simon was still interested in perfecting the mechanism of compact clocks. Nonetheless, from the 1790s onward, Willard's workshop also built tall clocks in great numbers while also performing general clock repair.
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Simon
Willard's clocks required considerable skilled handcraftsmanship, and their movements were outstandingly precise. His own skills were considerable, and he was able to file cogwheels without leaving file-marks, producing mechanisms with a margin of error of just thirty seconds over the course of
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Willard patented its creation quite late (1802) but most competitors of Simon dodged this document, reaping much money with their own versions of the Patent
Timepiece. However, Simon never filed a demand against such usage. After 1802, in Simon's workshop, the smaller Banjo and shelf clocks were the
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Simon
Willard invented the Patent Timepiece, later called the "banjo" clock, at Roxbury. It was America's first commercially successful wall clock. It was an innovative design. It was the first American eight-day wall clock, the first American wallclock to have the pendulum suspended in front of the
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Succeeding
Willard generations continued successfully as horologists. Beginning in 1828, Simon Willard Jr. (1795–1874) apprenticed in horology at his father's shop; he subsequently established his own workshop in Boston. Also, he specialized in both watches and chronometers, while his foremost jobs
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On August 30, 1848, Simon
Willard died in Boston. He was 95 years old. Because of his commercial traits, Simon finished his life with just five hundred dollars. However, simultaneously all other competing clock manufacturers had benefitted from producing the Banjo Clock massively, although the
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At the age of eleven, Simon began to study horology, showing some inherent aptitude for it. A year later, Benjamin hired an
Englishman named Morris to teach horology—particularly to Simon. Years afterward, Simon revealed that Morris did not actually know much on the matter and that his brother
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At his workshop in
Grafton, Willard studied the clocks by other makers which were brought to him to be repaired. He extensively experimented, seeking to improve the efficiency of the driving and the regulation parts of those timepieces' parts. The smallest clock of the time was the
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weight in the case, and the first
American wallclock to have the weight attached to a pulley. The brass clock mechanism was reduced to a much smaller size, therefore saving brass which was in scarce supply in the early 19th century. Its shape was an imitation of the traditional
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In the most expensive tall clock units, the mahogany cases had a mid-18th century
English style and, bearing exactly similar English brass mechanisms all, their case complexity determined their final price. Distinctively for Willard's workshop, above the clock's top
474:, or other public spaces. Simon Willard's clocks were the most famous in America. However, they were still too expensive for most people. Indeed, Simon Willard preferred to build sumptuous models that featured elaborate artistic details (especially brass trim).
606:(1780s, Grafton). It was similar to the tall model, with its original hood and base, but lacking its middle body. The shortened shelf clocks had lower prices, too, and they were commercially successful. Shelf models were produced until approximately 1830.
404:), and set up a four-room workshop on his own. Soon thereafter, his brother Aaron settled in the same neighborhood, a quarter mile away. In 1784, Willard advertised: "Simon Willard opened a shop in Roxbury Street, nearly facing the road which turns off to
718:. There they held many conversations. On one occasion, Thomas Jefferson invited Willard to chop a young tree down. Subsequently, Jefferson transformed it into a cane. It was given a silver mount that read: "Thomas Jefferson to Simon Willard, Monticello."
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334:. Simon Willard's parents were Benjamin Willard (1716–1775) and Sarah Brooks (1717–1775), who were Grafton natives. Like all the Willard brothers, Simon was born on the family farm in Grafton, April 3, 1753. He was the second son; his brothers were
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The gallery, or banjo, clock had been invented years before, in
Grafton, but its patent was issued in 1802. The original model had been called the Grafton wall clock. Later, it was also known as the Improved Timepiece. In 1816, its patent expired.
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Simon Willard personally interviewed his customers, evaluating each detail, and he ordered his technicians to extensively test each movement in the customer's own home. Into each clock, Simon included a brochure, instructions, and a written
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produced in America. Originally known as the "Patent Alarm Timepiece", they have become known as lighthouse clocks (a 20th-century term) for their obvious similarities. The design of the cases were based on the Classical art then in vogue;
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which was malfunctioning. Many craftsmen had unsuccessfully attempted to repair it, until finally Harvard's authorities offered an important reward to Simon if he was able to fix it. For days, Willard analyzed the device. He fixed the
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During his career, Willard manufactured 1,200 tall models. However, after 1802, in which the gallery clock was finally patented, he spurned the manufacture of the tall clock, which was thereafter produced only by special commission.
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The Willard brothers revolutionized clock manufacturing by both division of labor and by using multiple previously molded parts. However, it is commonly accepted that historically their clocks weren't definitively popular. Instead,
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received Simon Willard. Madison gifted Willard with a second illustrious cane. Its mounting was silvered, and it read "Presented by James Madison, Ex-President of the United States, to Simon Willard, May 29, 1827."
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A History of Simon Willard, Inventor and Clockmaker — Together With Some Account of His Sons – His Apprentices – and the Workmen Associated With Him, With Brief Notices of Other Clockmakers of the Family
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Among their first correspondence, in 1801 Thomas Jefferson alerted Simon Willard that his banjo timepiece hadn't yet been patented. Subsequently, on November 25, 1801, Willard made his application to the
361:, had been built in 1718 by the Willards' third American generation. When Simon Willard was born, the house had just one room. The elder brother, Benjamin, who was 10 years older than Simon, learned
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bread and butter models while Simon pursued his other great projects, throughout the United States. Eventually, Willard's workshop manufactured 4,000 small timepieces (Banjo and shelf clocks).
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Simon Willard Roxbury Tall Case Clock. Circa 1793. A brass plaque reads “Given by John Goddard as a wedding gift to his son Benjamin Goddard, M. Louisa May, 1793.” Dial signed “Simon Willard.”
1021:. The 122-clock collection ranges from 1725 up to 1825. Some pieces are valuated above hundreds of thousands of dollars. The collection features several clocks attributed to Simon Willard.
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by drilling a hole and fastening a rivet. The satisfied authorities asked: "Now, Mr. Willard. How much do we owe you?" Willard simply answered: "Oh. About a ninepence will do, I guess."
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Like some other contemporary horologists, the Willards divided their lives between farm chores and the clock business. As the latter became profitable, Benjamin set up a workshop in
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Since its patenting, the Patent Timepiece remained with the same original design. Typically, they were surrounded by glass tablets, which were reversely painted with
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painted different motifs. Also, with few extra mechanism, amusing wheels with animated figures were featured on the dial, enticing the customer interest effectively.
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radius around their shops. By 1807, twenty factories in Boston were sub-contracted to supply parts or materials to the Willard brothers' businesses. This included
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770:. Additionally, he oversaw Harvard's management of its clocks. Willard presented two clocks to Harvard. One was a tall-case clock; the other was a wall-mounted
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The third clock which was patented by Willard was the Patent Alarm Timepiece, which was also known as the Lighthouse and which was similar to the English
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In 1787, Simon Willard married again, to Mary Bird, a 24-year-old Boston native. Of their sons, both Benjamin and Simon continued their father's craft.
866:. The other was a bare mechanism, designed to fit into the preexisting case sculpted by Carlo Franzoni in 1819 and titled "Car of History"; it depicts
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2377:"Timekeeping: The Lifestyle of Accuracy – An Interpretive Essay for the J. Cheney Wells Collection of New England Clocks at Old Sturbridge Village"
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1049:, owns a Chippendale brass-mounted mahogany astronomical wall clock by Simon Willard: Engraving date 1780-81; perpetual calendar begins 1780.
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In 1839, Simon Willard retired. He sold his business to Elnathan Taber, his apprentice. Furthermore, Taber received the business' name too.
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works, and other important artistic resources. Both Willard brothers utilized the same suppliers and often even shared the same workers.
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issued a commemorative 10 cent stamp which features a Banjo clock, thus remembering Simon Willard. The stamp — designed by Derry Craig (
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requested Simon Willard to build a large gallery clock. Subsequently, he was invited both to set the clock up and to show its working.
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was arising, Simon's Patent Timepiece revolutionized the clock industry, becoming the most popular clock in the United States, whereas
380:, in 1767. Simon Willard managed his own business in Grafton; some clocks survive bearing the maker's mark "Simon Willard, Grafton."
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and opened a workshop adjacent to the house in 1766. It is presumed that the other Willard brothers were taught horology by Benjamin.
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Its small size meant a much lower price of 30 dollars, although this was still a large amount of money. Nonetheless, while American
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Simon and Aaron Willard both combined 18th century knowledge of horology with then-contemporary industrial methods (pre-cast parts,
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Cheney, Robert C.; Zea, Philip M. (born 1953) (Winter 1992). "Elegant Faces & Mahogany Cases: Clocks By The Willard Family".
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depicting Clio, muse of history, recording the proceedings of the house. Fitted with a clock mechanism by Simon Willard in 1837.
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were Harvard's astronomical clock and the astronomical regulator which standardized the time for all New England's railroads.
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on November 29, 1776. She was a 20 years old Grafton native. Their lone son was born in 1777, on February 6, and he was named
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motifs. Additionally, Willard expanded the Banjo clock in accordance with the patent, making much larger "seconds beating"
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298:. Among his many innovations and timekeeping improvements, Simon Willard is best known for inventing the eight-day patent
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643:. Some of these clocks, however, are less formal and reflect the vernacular interest in painted furniture, particularly
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699:. The patent was both granted and issued on February 8, 1802. It was signed by President Jefferson, Secretary of State
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482:. Simon's workshop produced fewer clocks than did Aaron's, and today the higher prices that Simon's clocks reach at
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318:(1605–1676) – was of the fifth Willard generation in America. The original Willard family had arrived in 1634 from
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Nowadays, Simon Willard's clocks are recognized as American masterpieces. As such, they are avidly sought by both
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898:, simplifying its components. Willard's clock jack was patented, on July 2, 1764, and the document was inked by
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After an official request, in 1837 the last two of Simon Willard's important works were again destined for the
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750:. A replica has since replaced the original clock within the Old South Meeting House, now a museum on Boston's
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a month. By about 1810, both Simon and Aaron were producing clocks which as good as those being produced in
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The Grafton farm which held the original Willard family's workshop is open to the public and has become a
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Immediately after arriving to Boston, Willard developed a movable mechanism to turn meat on a spit, the
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Eventually, this trip had particular importance because Simon Willard became acquainted with President
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Clock Making in New England, 1725–1825: An Interpretation of the Old Sturbridge Village Collection
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1079:) — is a rendering of the dial, or face, of Willard's Banjo Clock, from a watercolor painting by
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Materials gathered chiefly by Joseph Willard (1798–1865) and Charles Wilkes Walker (1849–1927).
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971:. In perfect condition, a Simon Willard's clock is usually sold from $ 50,000 up to $ 250,000.
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855:. Although Willard was already 84 years old, he travelled to personally install both.
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1778:(edition limited to 500 copies). Boston: Ernest Oswald Cockayne (1857–1940) (printer)
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It is worth mention, an unusual exemplary displayed in one of the bookshelves of the
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Husher, Richard William (1921–2019); Welch, Walter William, Jr. (1907–1992) (1980).
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For 50 years, Willard was responsible for the periodic maintenance of all clocks at
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In about 1780, Simon Willard moved to 2196 Roxbury Street in Boston (later known as
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and a large bird figure were mounted. In addition, like Aaron, Simon built a glass
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Benjamin had been his actual mentor. After one more year, Simon built his first
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A unique Empire lighthouse clock in mahogany case, at the White House library.
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In 1826, Thomas Jefferson requested that Simon Willard build a clock for the
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2017:
1001:, which exhibits over 90 original clocks and many Willards' heirlooms too.
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1093:. The stamp was re-issued July 15, 2008, three months before Nolan died.
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Old South Meeting House's Willard gallery clock, now at Old South Church.
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In subsequent years, Simon Willard visited Thomas Jefferson at his home,
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1415:"Federal and Empire Treasures: The Lighthouse Clocks of Simon Willard"
2160:→ The author was a 6th great-grandson (9th generation descendant) of
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This article is about the American clockmaker. For other people, see
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2038:(Section 5: Sunday Magazine). Vol. 86, no. 146. p. 6
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Simon Willard – a 2nd great-grandson of the Massachusetts colonist
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which were quite sumptuous, being adorned with many fine details.
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1870:→ The author is a great-grandson of Simon Willard (1753–1848).
1793:→ The author is a great-grandson of Simon Willard (1753–1848).
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Pope, Charles Henry (1841–1918) (compiler and editor) (1915).
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door, whose top had a half arch shape. Onto the dial, Boston
278:(April 3, 1753 – August 30, 1848) was a celebrated American
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popularized clock ownership, among common American people.
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A c. 1810 Simon Willard gallery clock in the lobby of the
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Willard, Harvey Bradford, PhD (1925–2008) (Spring 1997).
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corresponding royalties were never claimed by Willard.
1502:. Boston: The Willard Family Association. p. 280
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1238:(10¢ postage stamp of Simon Willard's Banjo Clock).
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443:(from nearby mills), clock parts (amongst which 20
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1958:Willard, Harvey Bradford, PhD (1925–2008) (2001).
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602:Before creating the Banjo model, Simon designed a
2219:"Concord, Massachusetts, Clockmakers, 1789–1817"
734:Minister Joseph Eckley and the congregation of
539:, three pedestals were, on which two spherical
894:. For it, he reduced the traditional English
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1728:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1499:Willard Genealogy – Sequel to Willard Memoir
2403:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2261:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1995:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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781:A particular incident relates to Harvard's
622:In 1818 he invented and patented a type of
454:Since the early United States lacked vital
2194:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1999:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1991:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2381:(Old Sturbridge Village research paper).
2190:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1467:"Early History of Old Sturbridge Village"
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2164:(1605–1675), the Massachusetts colonist.
1541:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
738:in Boston, the site of planning for the
686:. After that they became close friends.
392:, which was based on his gallery clock.
282:. Simon Willard clocks were produced in
2430:Richmond Then and Now – A Photo History
2217:Wood, David F. (born 1950) (May 2000).
1834:Willard, John Ware (1859–1914) (1968).
1771:Willard, John Ware (1859–1914) (1911).
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1089:Louis James Nolan; 1926–2008), late of
1037:, houses several Simon Willard clocks.
330:), and they were among the founders of
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342:(1757–1844), and Ephraim (1755–1832).
874:. Both clocks are still operational.
810:Former President James Madison (1827)
7:
2326:Biography – Encyclopedia of Antiques
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2425:The National Watch and Clock Museum
2373:Zea, Philip M. (born 1953) (1986).
559:Patent Timepiece, or "banjo" clocks
486:reflect their superior refinement.
2466:People from Grafton, Massachusetts
1219:"American Clock", January 24, 2003
774:that was installed in a room near
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1712:A Study of Simon Willard's Clocks
1071:Derry Noyes; born 1952 → wife of
1045:The Dedham Historical Society in
834:Carlo Franzoni's 1819 sculptural
794:The University of Virginia (1826)
2136:The Texas Jack Association, Inc.
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1570:
1569:
1413:Jackman, Bob (October 1, 2002).
1053:Simon Willard's US postage stamp
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144:portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1807
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1344:"The Willards and Their Clocks"
1270:"The Willards and Their Clocks"
1031:National Watch and Clock Museum
1025:National Watch and Clock Museum
862:but was later installed in the
579:lacked some counterpart of it.
41:needs additional citations for
2420:Willard House and Clock Museum
1935:Willard House and Clock Museum
1340:Dyer, Walter Alden (1878–1943)
1266:Dyer, Walter Alden (1878–1943)
1057:On January 24, 2003, with its
999:Willard House and Clock Museum
989:Willard House and Clock Museum
858:One clock was placed into the
359:Willard House and Clock Museum
357:The farm, now operated as the
18:Simon Willard (disambiguation)
1:
1702:1040519884 (all editions)
1331:1042918985 (all editions)
1288:Doubleday, Page & Company
1011:J. Cheney Wells Clock Gallery
302:that came to be known as the
2321:"Willard, Simon (1753–1848)"
2314:(Research Library database).
2280:423919491 (all editions)
1915:906035744 (all editions)
1838:Simon Willard and His Clocks
1420:Antiques and the Arts Weekly
1240:United States Postal Service
847:United States Capitol (1837)
690:Thomas Jefferson (1801–1802)
353:Descendants of Simon Willard
2209:17799876 (all editions)
1564:36164693 (all editions)
663:United States Senate (1801)
396:A pioneer American industry
2482:
2432:(archived 22 January 2007)
2362:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1826:2751629 (all editions)
1763:6703552 (all editions)
1454:8901208 (all editions)
1228:References linked to notes
630:and regarded as the first
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344:
15:
2235:: 760–769. Archived from
2198:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1884:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1807:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1545:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1471:Sturbridge, Massachusetts
1397:422878 (all editions)
1041:Dedham Historical Society
1019:Sturbridge, Massachusetts
864:Old Supreme Court Chamber
716:Charlottesville, Virginia
149:
137:
2026:Jay-Bee (May 24, 1936).
1962:A Search for My Ancestry
1349:Early American Craftsmen
1195:Jackman, October 1, 2002
768:Cambridge, Massachusetts
378:Lexington, Massachusetts
23:Massachusetts clockmaker
2138:: 10–14. Archived from
2035:Richmond Times-Dispatch
1275:Country Life in America
1159:"Benjamin Willard, Jr."
736:Old South Meeting House
730:Old South Meeting House
703:, and Attorney General
429:standardized production
2383:Old Sturbridge Village
1931:"American Clock Stamp"
1659:Old Sturbridge Village
1463:Old Sturbridge Village
1429:Bee Publishing Company
1242:. 2003. Archived from
1207:Old Sturbridge Village
1059:American Design Series
1035:Columbia, Pennsylvania
1015:Old Sturbridge Village
1005:Old Sturbridge Village
922:Simon Willard married
872:National Statuary Hall
843:
800:University of Virginia
726:
619:
519:
416:
332:Concord, Massachusetts
304:gallery or banjo clock
237:Benjamin Willard
2350:Jacksonville, Florida
2329:. n.d. Archived from
2224:The Magazine Antiques
1937:. n.d. Archived from
1716:Nahant, Massachusetts
1477:on September 10, 2007
1284:Garden City, New York
1047:Dedham, Massachusetts
853:United States Capitol
833:
724:
669:United States Capitol
617:
509:
414:
2456:American clockmakers
2132:Fork Union, Virginia
2118:The Texas Jack Scout
2029:"Grandfather Clocks"
1425:Newtown, Connecticut
1246:on November 30, 2006
1102:Junior Daniel Munroe
610:The lighthouse clock
527:Simon Willard built
186:30 August 1848
50:improve this article
2352:, now nonexistent).
2333:on October 26, 2003
2239:on January 14, 2005
2089:on January 22, 2007
1718:: Husher and Welch.
1637:. pp. 140–141.
1609:. pp. 139–140.
1595:. pp. 137–138.
1354:The Century Company
1173:, pp. 140–141.
1161:, pp. 137–138.
1149:, pp. 139–140.
928:Isaac Watts Willard
822:, former President
652:White House library
458:—most particularly
2233:Brant Publications
1968:Bradenton, Florida
1844:Dover Publications
1646:General references
1591:"Benjamin Willard"
1577:"Benjamin Willard"
1534:has generic name (
1356:. pp. 133–161
1132:"Benjamin Willard"
907:Skeleton Timepiece
892:outdoor fireplaces
860:Old Senate Chamber
844:
727:
620:
520:
417:
157:3 April 1753
2177:External link in
1907:978-0-4862-1943-1
1755:978-0-9603-9440-1
1690:978-0-9133-8703-0
1619:"Ephraim Willard"
1581:. pp. 69–70.
1435:on March 19, 2006
1183:"Ephraim Willard"
1134:, pp. 69–70.
1063:US Postal Service
402:Washington Street
273:
272:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2473:
2461:Willard Brothers
2408:
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2165:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2145:on April 8, 2005
2144:
2125:
2123:official website
2115:
2111:"Willard Clocks"
2102:
2096:
2094:
2085:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2043:
2031:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1976:
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1965:
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1948:
1946:
1923:Other references
1889:
1879:
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1869:
1865:Internet Archive
1862:
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1788:Internet Archive
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1473:. Archived from
1448:
1442:
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1431:. Archived from
1383:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1342:(October 1915).
1317:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1259:
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1251:
1236:"American Clock"
1222:
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1077:Gregory B. Craig
1070:
820:Orange, Virginia
744:Old South Church
740:Boston Tea Party
697:US Patent Office
684:Thomas Jefferson
628:lighthouse clock
566:wheel barometers
347:Willard Brothers
286:in the towns of
269:
268:
256:Benjamin Willard
244:
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2343:Wayback Machine
2336:
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2282:(publication);
2274:(publication);
2253:
2249:Wayback Machine
2242:
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2155:Wayback Machine
2148:
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2099:Wayback Machine
2092:
2090:
2083:"Archived link"
2081:
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1983:
1972:
1970:
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1951:Wayback Machine
1944:
1942:
1941:on May 24, 2006
1929:
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1643:
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1633:"Aaron Willard"
1629:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1605:"Simon Willard"
1601:
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1573:
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1201:
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1171:"Aaron Willard"
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1147:"Simon Willard"
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
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1117:
1099:
1091:McLean Virginia
1084:
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948:
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804:Charlottesville
796:
776:University Hall
772:regulator clock
764:Harvard College
760:
758:Harvard College
732:
692:
665:
660:
626:, known as the
612:
600:
598:The shelf clock
561:
529:longcase clocks
525:
523:Longcase clocks
504:
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65:"Simon Willard"
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2211:(publication).
2105:
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924:Hannah Willard
919:
918:Hannah Willard
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840:Car of History
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1903:0-4862-1943-7
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1751:0-9603-9440-0
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1281:
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1268:(June 1915).
1267:
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1227:
1220:
1215:
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1128:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1110:Abel Hutchins
1109:
1107:
1106:Levi Hutchins
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
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917:
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901:
897:
896:Lantern clock
893:
889:
888:roasting jack
884:
877:
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873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
846:
841:
837:
836:chariot clock
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:At his home,
809:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
784:
779:
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769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
752:Freedom Trail
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
723:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:James Madison
698:
689:
687:
685:
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678:
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662:
658:Renowned work
657:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:Neoclassicism
633:
629:
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456:raw materials
452:
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445:cabinetmakers
442:
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386:bracket clock
381:
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338:(1743–1803),
337:
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329:
325:
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317:
316:Simon Willard
309:
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305:
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293:
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285:
284:Massachusetts
281:
277:
276:Simon Willard
267:
261:
260:Aaron Willard
257:
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132:Simon Willard
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
19:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2375:
2341:– via
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2325:
2257:cite journal
2247:– via
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2228:
2222:
2170:cite journal
2153:– via
2147:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2127:
2117:
2097:– via
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2046:– via
2040:. Retrieved
2033:
1979:FamilySearch
1977:– via
1971:. Retrieved
1961:
1949:– via
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1863:– via
1857:. Retrieved
1842:. New York:
1837:
1786:– via
1780:. Retrieved
1773:
1711:
1654:
1634:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1592:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1512:Google Books
1510:– via
1504:. Retrieved
1498:
1485:– via
1481:February 14,
1479:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1443:– via
1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1418:
1407:(Chapter 6).
1366:Google Books
1364:– via
1358:. Retrieved
1352:. New York:
1348:
1308:cite journal
1300:Google Books
1298:– via
1292:. Retrieved
1279:
1273:
1254:– via
1250:December 30,
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1127:
1115:Bibliography
1085:
1067:
1056:
1044:
1028:
1008:
992:
965:antiquarians
952:
949:
940:
937:
921:
904:
900:John Hancock
885:
881:
857:
850:
839:
813:
797:
783:Great Orrery
780:
761:
746:in Boston's
733:
709:
705:Levi Lincoln
693:
681:
666:
649:
624:mantel clock
621:
601:
588:neoclassical
585:
581:
570:
562:
553:
533:
526:
488:
476:
453:
431:, efficient
418:
399:
382:
375:
367:
356:
313:
275:
274:
112:
106:October 2008
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2451:1848 deaths
2446:1753 births
2389:October 21,
2385:(publisher)
2337:October 21,
2298:(article);
2243:October 21,
2180:|type=
2149:October 21,
2093:October 21,
2042:October 21,
1945:October 21,
1859:October 21,
1097:Apprentices
632:alarm clock
604:shelf clock
573:consumerism
516:White House
496:advertising
390:shelf clock
2440:Categories
2057:sn83-45389
2018:1048494816
1073:Washington
946:Last years
878:Inventions
816:Montpelier
712:Monticello
673:Washington
592:regulators
502:The clocks
433:management
371:tall clock
320:Horsmonden
310:Early life
280:clockmaker
217:Clockmaker
213:Occupation
76:newspapers
2399:cite book
2358:cite book
2304:211157353
2296:808060479
2272:0161-9284
2073:671359674
2069:226970780
2010:865855348
1987:cite book
1876:cite book
1799:cite book
1724:cite book
1667:cite book
1524:cite book
1439:March 23,
1405:852406757
1374:cite book
1323:0011-0175
1081:Lou Nolan
977:Eli Terry
934:Mary Bird
913:Marriages
512:West Wing
492:guarantee
300:timepiece
231:Parent(s)
194:(aged 95)
2312:01619284
2308:ProQuest
2300:ProQuest
2292:46907138
2288:44045938
2014:47017200
1973:July 22,
1895:68-23802
1782:July 22,
1743:80-65021
1682:92-27611
1556:15-27575
1506:July 21,
1465:(n.d.).
1399:(book);
1389:15-22279
1360:July 22,
1294:July 22,
748:Back Bay
667:For the
549:painters
537:fretwork
472:churches
441:mahogany
421:template
406:Plymouth
363:horology
336:Benjamin
2065:3741172
1818:11-8831
1290:: 44–47
1075:lawyer
984:Museums
969:museums
824:Madison
714:, near
541:finials
514:of the
484:auction
468:offices
464:parlors
447:were),
423:usage,
328:England
294:, near
292:Roxbury
288:Grafton
198:Roxbury
168:Grafton
90:scholar
2346:
2310:
2306:&
2302:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2207:
2158:
2063:
2055:
2008:
1913:
1901:
1893:
1868:
1850:
1824:
1816:
1791:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1700:
1688:
1680:
1562:
1554:
1516:
1452:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1329:
1321:
1061:, the
997:, the
995:museum
958:Legacy
838:, the
788:orrery
677:Senate
675:, the
641:Empire
577:Europe
480:Europe
449:gilder
296:Boston
262:
252:Family
219:
200:
170:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2231:(5).
2143:(PDF)
2130:(2).
2114:(PDF)
1282:(2).
1120:Notes
818:, in
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