537:
129:
1828:
599:
487:
677:
150:
412:
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2205:
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small scales, two rows of large, round scutes with shallow keels ran along the animals sides. One row ran directly along the flank, with the other either slightly higher or lower and composed of scutes only 1/4 the size of the flank scutes. The flank row of larger scutes extended all the way to the base of the tail, and remained uniform in size across the entire row.
1848:
658:(four-limbed vertebrate) in the Yixian Formation, and probably played an important role in the aquatic food chain. Its long and highly flexible neck and small, flattened skull indicates that it captured small prey animals like fish or arthropods using a sideways-strike, similar to modern aquatic predators with flattened skulls. Unlike other choristoderans,
730:, which governs the naming of animals, mandates that the older name is valid. However, in June 2001 paleontologists Joshua Smith and Jerry Harris noted that since both were published at almost exactly the same time, a third party needed to select which name would better serve as the objective senior
527:
was described in 2023, which preserves partial scales from most areas of the body. The preserved portion of the head scales were rhomboid in shape, while those of the neck were rectangular. The webbed nature of the feet was confirmed. The integument was considered comparable to that of crocodilians.
515:
was covered mostly in small, irregularly patterned polygonal scales, though these varied across the body. The scales of the hind legs were smaller, finer and more irregular than those of the torso, while the scales of the tail were nearly square and arranged in more regular rows. In addition to the
519:
The tail itself has preserved soft tissue extending well beyond the margins of the skeleton. This, combined with the already flattened appearance of the tail vertebrae, suggests that a ridge of skin may have extended from the top and bottom of the tail creating a small fin. The feet and hands also
505:, and another (with clearer impressions) cannot be assigned to a species because part of the neck (the length of which is a key indicator of species) was destroyed when fossil dealers grafted a skull from a different specimen onto the slab. However, both specimens show nearly identical patterns of
566:
gave birth to live young and that egg shells never fully developed inside the body of the mother. However, in 2006, Ji and colleagues re-examined the holotype specimen and noted clearly defined, though thin and leathery, shells. They agreed, however, that these eggs must have developed inside the
454:
were largely similar in anatomy, both achieved a maximum adult body size of about 0.8 meters. They had small heads with numerous needle-like teeth, and extremely long tails with more than 55 vertebrae. The primary difference between the two species is the number of vertebrae in the neck.
621:
was among the most aquatically adapted choristoderans, with smoother, flatter scales than its relatives, a tall and flattened tail for swimming, a long neck and webbed feet. Because the torso was fairly inflexible and the limbs were not particularly adapted for aquatic life,
582:, described by Ji and colleagues in 2010, appeared to be pregnant, containing 18 fully developed embryos arranged in pairs. One of the rear-most embryos was positioned in a reverse, head-first position, a complication which may have killed the mother. This confirmed that
668:, which may have been a prey item, and at least one specimen preserved fish ribs as stomach contents. However, the lack of preserved stomach contents among the thousands of known specimens may indicate that they ate mainly soft-bodied prey.
703:
562:, several eggs containing embryos were preserved in and around the body. These eggs appeared to lack mineralized shells, which Ji and colleagues later interpreted as evidence that
438:, though subsequent study showed that the fossil beds it was found in might also belong to the Yixian Formation, specifically from younger rocks and a different region than
1615:
Ji, Q.; Ji, S.; Cheng, Y.; You, H.; Lu, J.; Yuan, C. (2004). "The first fossil soft-shell eggs with embryos from Late
Mesozoic Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China".
640:. All specimens are preserved in silt characteristic of the deepest part of the lake environment, and are often preserved alongside deep-water fish and crustaceans.
2287:
1753:
Smith, J. B.; Harris, J. D. (2001). "A taxonomic problem concerning two diapsid genera from the lower Yixian
Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China".
727:
662:
was likely an active predator, rather than one that used a "sit and wait" ambush strategy. Its fossils are often found preserved alongside the small fish
575:
embryos. These shells were soft, and more similar to the eggs of lizards than to those of crocodiles, but nonetheless possessed a thin mineralized shell.
1429:
Ji, Q.; Ji, S.; Lü, J.; You, H.; Yuan, C. (2006). "Embryos of Early
Cretaceous Choristodera (Reptilia) from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning, China".
571:), but were likely expelled from the body when the mother died. Hou and colleagues (2010) also described several eggs with flexible shells, containing
2274:
738:
as the senior synonym because the manuscript for its description had apparently been submitted (though not published) earlier. They therefore made
1889:
626:
probably swam using mainly its tall, flattened tail. The chest was barrel-shaped and made up of thick, heavy rib bones which would have helped
613:
species were aquatic, a lifestyle reflected by their long necks and tails and relatively small limbs. Superficially, they resembled miniature
1586:"A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous long-necked choristodere Hyphalosaurus from Liaoning, China with exceptionally-preserved integument"
2341:
2361:
137:
2351:
710:. Each team described the taxon and published their results independently in January 1999, giving the animal two different names:
707:
430:
specimens are known from the Yixian
Formation, including entire growth series from embryos in eggs to fully grown adults.
422:
fossils are relatively widespread in the Jehol beds, which represent a series of freshwater lakes. Several specimens of
149:
1694:
Ji, Qiang; Wu, Xiao-chun; Cheng, Yen-nien (2010-02-24). "Cretaceous choristoderan reptiles gave birth to live young".
1882:
1393:
from the Lower
Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China and its paleobiogeographic significance"
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1852:
684:
2204:
536:
644:
is also conspicuously absent from the aquatic sediments of the
Jiufotang Formation, which preserved a more
2242:
1780:
Dong, Liping; Matsumoto, Ryoko; Kusuhashi, Nao; Wang, Yuanqing; Wang, Yuan; Evans, Susan E. (2020-08-02).
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2346:
2313:
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1875:
411:
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1703:
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were mirror images of one another and in fact represented different halves of the same specimen. The
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1971:
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Hou, Lian-Hai; Li, Pi-Peng; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Gao, Ke-Qin; Norell, Mark A. (2010-04-22).
1531:
886:
506:
217:
1782:"A new choristodere (Reptilia: Choristodera) from an Aptian–Albian coal deposit in China"
1707:
1584:
Wang, Miaoyan; Xing, Lida; Niu, Kecheng; Liang, Qingqing; Evans, Susan E. (April 2023).
617:, though this resemblance arose convergently and does not reflect a close relationship.
2109:
2061:
1671:
1638:
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1526:
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mother which would later have given live birth (a reproductive method sometimes called
345:
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In 2007, the UK Royal
Society announced that it had discovered a two-headed fossil of
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have been described with clear impressions of the skin. One specimen represents
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specimens representing all growth stages in scientific and private collections.
399:. They are among the best-known animals from the Jehol Biota, with thousands of
54:
17:
2157:
1956:
1934:
1823:
1715:
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have been recovered from the Yixian
Formation, dating 122 million years ago.
360:
342:
99:
64:
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1805:
1723:
1662:
1639:"Implications of flexible-shelled eggs in a Cretaceous choristoderan reptile"
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590:, the only known Mesozoic fresh-water reptiles to give birth to live young.
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104:
48:
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that such a reptile has been found fossilized and the oldest known case of
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age), about 123-120 million years ago. The genus contains two species,
352:
348:
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191:
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84:
1467:(Diapsida: Choristodera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China"
1916:
787:
783:
400:
368:
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2236:
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Buffetaut, Eric; Li, Jianjun; Tong, Haiyan; Zhang, He (2007-02-22).
791:
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535:
485:
410:
396:
338:
1643:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
770:, from the Early Cretaceous of Japan. The choristoderes were a
637:
2240:
1909:
1871:
1867:
734:. Smith and Harris took the opportunity to do so, selecting
1767:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0389:ATPCTD]2.0.CO;2
801:
Phylogeny from the analysis of Dong and colleagues (2020):
704:
Institute of
Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
764:. Its closest relative was the similarly built species,
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1982:
1955:
1527:"A two-headed reptile from the Cretaceous of China"
442:. However, a 2024 study confirmed the presence of
698:were given to different groups of researchers in
636:appears to have exclusively inhabited deep-water
1431:Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea
547:Numerous embryonic and/or newborn specimens of
1387:Zhang, L.-J.; Ji, S.-A.; Zhang, H.-C. (2024).
1883:
1632:
1630:
8:
1461:Gao, Ke-Qin; Ksepka, Daniel T. (June 2008).
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1422:
1420:
27:Genus of extinct freshwater aquatic reptiles
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2039:
2030:
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1961:
1952:
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794:. The choristoderes became extinct by the
774:of aquatic reptiles that survived the end-
127:
31:
1670:
1560:
1498:
1408:
434:was originally reported from the younger
752:is related to the large, crocodile-like
1376:
1463:"Osteology and taxonomic revision of
7:
1786:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
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970:
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136:Fossil specimen, on display at the
1755:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
523:A third specimen, attributable to
337:(meaning "submerged lizard") is a
138:National Museum of Natural Science
25:
718:. It was quickly recognized that
2221:
2220:
2203:
1846:
1826:
1483:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00907.x
690:The slab and counterslab of the
148:
1389:"Discovery of the choristodere
708:Beijing Natural History Museum
586:and other choristoderans were
446:from the Jiufotang Formation.
359:. They lived during the early
1:
1863:with two heads has been found
1798:10.1080/14772019.2020.1749147
1602:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105451
758:and the smaller, lizard-like
716:Sinohydrosaurus lingyuanensis
459:had 19 neck vertebrae, while
1391:Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis
520:appear to have been webbed.
2342:Cretaceous reptiles of Asia
1859:A fossil unborn or newborn
1276:Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis
712:Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis
648:, shallow-water ecosystem.
578:Another fossil specimen of
255:Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis
2378:
2362:Prehistoric reptile genera
1397:Journal of Palaeogeography
672:Classification and species
260:Gao, Tang & Wang, 1999
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2201:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2006:
1964:
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1716:10.1007/s00114-010-0654-2
1410:10.1016/j.jop.2024.05.003
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683:fossils displayed in the
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237:Gao, Tang & Wang 1999
145:Scientific classification
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34:
2352:Cretaceous choristoderes
1617:Acta Geoscientica Sinica
685:Hong Kong Science Museum
415:Size compared to a human
323:Li, Zhang & Li, 1999
918:Ikechosaurus sunailinae
706:and the other from the
407:Description and biology
1655:10.1098/rspb.2009.2035
1545:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0580
778:extinction along with
687:
606:
544:
494:
416:
2314:Paleobiology Database
679:
654:is the most abundant
601:
539:
497:Several specimens of
489:
414:
1855:at Wikimedia Commons
742:a junior synonym of
1834:Paleontology portal
1708:2010NW.....97..423J
1696:Naturwissenschaften
1649:(1685): 1235–1239.
1590:Cretaceous Research
1073:"Allochoristodera"
602:Fossil specimen of
472:first recorded time
436:Jiufotang Formation
389:Jiufotang Formation
351:, belonging to the
1471:Journal of Anatomy
688:
607:
545:
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417:
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2301:Open Tree of Life
2243:Taxon identifiers
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2233:
2212:
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2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2117:Khurendukhosaurus
2021:
2020:
2017:
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2002:
2001:
1851:Media related to
1792:(15): 1223–1242.
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1140:
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1062:
1054:
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1003:
1002:
951:Tchoiria klauseni
681:H. baitaigouensis
604:H. baitaigouensis
580:H. baitaigouensis
573:H. baitaigouensis
560:H. baitaigouensis
525:H. lingyuanensis,
461:H. baitaigouensis
452:H. baitaigouensis
444:H. baitaigouensis
432:H. baitaigouensis
428:H. baitaigouensis
426:and thousands of
393:Liaoning Province
381:H. baitaigouensis
330:
329:
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295:H. baitaigouensis
287:
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16:(Redirected from
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2080:Allochoristodera
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696:H. lingyuanensis
630:stay submerged.
542:H. lingyuanensis
503:H. lingyuanensis
492:H. lingyuanensis
468:H. lingyuanensis
457:H. lingyuanensis
448:H. lingyuanensis
440:H. lingyuanensis
424:H. lingyuanensis
377:Yixian Formation
373:H. lingyuanensis
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42:Early Cretaceous
40:Temporal range:
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2172:Mengshanosaurus
2135:Neochoristodera
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2013:
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1173:L. inexpectatus
1141:
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887:Neochoristodera
740:Sinohydrosaurus
720:Sinohydrosaurus
702:, one from the
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490:Restoration of
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18:Sinohydrosaurus
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2110:Philydrosaurus
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2062:Heishanosaurus
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1841:External links
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408:
405:
383:from both the
328:
327:
326:
325:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
289:
270:
269:
263:
262:
259:
247:
246:
240:
239:
225:
221:
220:
212:
208:
207:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:Hyphalosaurus
2248:
2244:
2239:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:Simoedosaurus
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:Champsosaurus
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2124:Lazarussuchus
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:Monjurosuchus
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:Hyphalosaurus
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:Coeruleodraco
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1861:Hyphalosaurus
1857:
1854:
1853:Hyphalosaurus
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:Hyphalosaurus
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:(1): 111–118.
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Hyphalosaurus
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Lazarussuchus
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1159:Lazarussuchus
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:Monjurosuchus
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:S. dakotensis
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1015:Simoedosaurus
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
966:
965:
964:Champsosaurus
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
935:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
903:pijiagouensis
902:
895:
894:
888:
885:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
867:
866:Coeruleodraco
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:
842:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
825:
824:
817:
816:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:
761:Monjurosuchus
757:
756:
755:Champsosaurus
751:
750:Hyphalosaurus
747:
745:
744:Hyphalosaurus
741:
737:
736:Hyphalosaurus
733:
729:
725:
724:Hyphalosaurus
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
666:
661:
660:Hyphalosaurus
657:
653:
652:Hyphalosaurus
649:
647:
643:
642:Hyphalosaurus
639:
635:
634:Hyphalosaurus
631:
629:
628:Hyphalosaurus
625:
624:Hyphalosaurus
620:
619:Hyphalosaurus
616:
612:
611:Hyphalosaurus
605:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
584:Hyphalosaurus
581:
576:
574:
570:
569:ovoviviparity
565:
564:Hyphalosaurus
561:
557:
552:
550:
549:Hyphalosaurus
543:
538:
531:
529:
526:
521:
517:
514:
513:Hyphalosaurus
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:Hyphalosaurus
493:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Hyphalosaurus
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:period (late
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
335:
334:Hyphalosaurus
321:
318:
317:
315:
312:
308:
301:
296:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
271:
268:
264:
257:
256:
248:
245:
241:
234:
233:
232:Hyphalosaurus
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:123–120
43:
37:
36:Hyphalosaurus
33:
30:
19:
2357:Yixian fauna
2347:Choristodera
2250:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2165:Liaoxisaurus
2163:
2156:
2151:Ikechosaurus
2149:
2142:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2035:Choristodera
2010:Choristodera
2008:
1984:Choristodera
1927:Superclass:
1899:Choristodera
1860:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1539:(1): 80–81.
1536:
1530:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1434:
1430:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1130:P. proseilus
1129:
1128:
1115:P. proseilus
1114:
1113:
1099:
1084:
1083:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1013:
992:
991:
977:
976:
962:
950:
949:
932:
931:
917:
916:
901:Ikechosaurus
899:
898:
864:
863:
846:
845:
821:
820:
809:Choristodera
808:
800:
780:crocodilians
767:Shokawa ikoi
765:
759:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
723:
719:
715:
711:
695:
694:specimen of
689:
680:
663:
659:
651:
650:
641:
633:
632:
627:
623:
618:
610:
608:
603:
583:
579:
577:
572:
563:
559:
558:specimen of
553:
548:
546:
541:
532:Reproduction
524:
522:
518:
512:
511:
502:
498:
496:
491:
467:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
380:
372:
357:Choristodera
333:
332:
331:
319:
299:
294:
283:
278:
254:
253:
244:Type species
231:
230:
205:Choristodera
35:
29:
2069:Irenosaurus
2055:Cteniogenys
1029:S. lemoinei
823:Cteniogenys
615:plesiosaurs
476:polycephaly
2336:Categories
2158:Kosmodraco
1993:see below↓
1972:Sauropsida
1957:Sauropsida
1939:Subclass:
1935:Sauropsida
1623:: 275–285.
1596:: 105451.
1371:References
1204:L. dvoraki
868:jurassicus
776:Cretaceous
588:viviparous
361:Cretaceous
343:freshwater
1929:Tetrapoda
1915:Kingdom:
1814:219047160
1806:1477-2019
1724:0028-1042
1663:0962-8452
1553:1744-9561
1491:0021-8782
1088:splendens
665:Lycoptera
540:Juvenile
375:from the
367:to early
365:Barremian
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
2260:Wikidata
2226:Category
2186:Tchoiria
1941:Diapsida
1923:Chordata
1921:Phylum:
1917:Animalia
1732:20179895
1681:20018793
1571:17443971
1509:18510504
978:C. gigas
934:Tchoiria
850:pygmaeus
692:holotype
656:tetrapod
556:holotype
463:had 26.
349:reptiles
311:Synonyms
211:Family:
192:Reptilia
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
2306:4128910
2293:1409324
2280:4823712
2266:Q135218
2096:Shokawa
1933:Class:
1740:8719805
1704:Bibcode
1672:2842823
1562:2373827
1500:2423398
1292:Shokawa
936:namsari
796:Miocene
788:lizards
784:turtles
732:synonym
700:Beijing
594:Ecology
554:In the
353:extinct
346:aquatic
267:Species
224:Genus:
198:Order:
188:Class:
116:↓
2319:104045
1812:
1804:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1679:
1669:
1661:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1507:
1497:
1489:
1238:orlovi
792:snakes
646:swampy
507:scales
470:, the
401:fossil
385:Yixian
369:Aptian
355:order
302:, 2004
300:et al.
286:, 1999
284:et al.
2288:IRMNG
1810:S2CID
1736:S2CID
772:clade
638:lakes
609:Both
397:China
339:genus
2275:GBIF
1970:see
1802:ISSN
1728:PMID
1720:ISSN
1677:PMID
1659:ISSN
1567:PMID
1549:ISSN
1505:PMID
1487:ISSN
1294:ikoi
1255:sp.
1190:sp.
826:sp.
790:and
728:ICZN
722:and
714:and
482:Skin
450:and
387:and
379:and
282:Gao
55:PreꞒ
1794:doi
1763:doi
1712:doi
1667:PMC
1651:doi
1647:277
1598:doi
1594:144
1557:PMC
1541:doi
1495:PMC
1479:doi
1475:212
1405:doi
391:of
341:of
298:Ji
2338::
2316::
2303::
2290::
2277::
2262::
1808:.
1800:.
1790:18
1788:.
1784:.
1759:21
1757:.
1734:.
1726:.
1718:.
1710:.
1700:97
1698:.
1675:.
1665:.
1657:.
1645:.
1641:.
1629:^
1621:25
1619:.
1592:.
1588:.
1565:.
1555:.
1547:.
1535:.
1529:.
1517:^
1503:.
1493:.
1485:.
1473:.
1469:.
1443:^
1435:22
1433:.
1419:^
1401:13
1399:.
1395:.
1379:^
798:.
786:,
782:,
746:.
509:.
478:.
395:,
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
1891:e
1884:t
1877:v
1816:.
1796::
1769:.
1765::
1742:.
1714::
1706::
1683:.
1653::
1604:.
1600::
1573:.
1543::
1537:3
1511:.
1481::
1413:.
1407::
292:†
276:†
251:†
228:†
215:†
202:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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