843:'s shops the day after release. Retailers stocked the machine in large numbers in expectation of good Christmas sales. However, the machine did not sell as well as expected and, because retailers still had unsold stock, Sinclair's income from orders dipped alarmingly in January. The Spectrum+ had the same technical specifications as the original Spectrum. An enhanced model, the ZX Spectrum 128, was launched in Spain in September 1985, with development funded by the Spanish distributor Investronica. The UK launch of this was delayed until January 1986, because retailers had large unsold stocks of the previous model.
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299:. It was originally incorporated in 1973 as Westminster Mail Order Ltd, renamed Sinclair Instrument Ltd, then Science of Cambridge Ltd, then Sinclair Computers Ltd, and finally Sinclair Research Ltd. It remained dormant until 1976, when it was activated with the intention of continuing Sinclair's commercial work from his earlier company
1497:, to be launched within a year. "Technology has moved on quite a bit, there are new batteries available and I just rethought the thing. The C5 was OK, but I think we can do a better job now." The two-wheel X-1 was to have been available in July 2011 at the price of £595, but failed to reach production.
888:
and distributor Prism entering receivership. Although the collapse of the latter was not expected to have a significant effect on
Sinclair's ability to reach customers, the observation was made that "Sir Clive would not be trying to go public unless he thought he could use the cash", indicating that
835:
in May of that year. (In 1982 it had upheld complaints about delays in shipping
Spectrums.) Especially severe were allegations that Sinclair was cashing cheques months before machines were shipped. In the autumn Sinclair was still publicly predicting it would be a "million seller", and that 250,000
959:
Since 1986, the company has continued to exist, but in a completely different form. In 1993, 1994, and 1995 Sinclair made continuing losses on decreasing turnover. Investors became worried that Clive
Sinclair himself was using his own personal wealth to fund his inventions. By 1990 the company's
789:
In late 1983 Timex decided to pull out of the Timex
Sinclair venture which, due to strong competition, had failed to break into the United States market. However, Timex computers continued to be produced for several years in other countries. Timex Portugal launched improved versions, the
361:
pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later
Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions until his death in September 2021.
1354:
and a new 512×192-pixel monochrome video mode. Due to the limited size of flat CRT that could be manufactured, a series of folding lenses and mirrors were necessary to magnify the screen image to a usable size. The project was cancelled after the
Amstrad take-over, but the
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processor. Production was delayed by several months, due to unfinished development of hardware and software at the time of the QL's launch. Hardware reliability problems and software bugs resulted in the QL acquiring a poor reputation from which it never recovered.
635:
products, radios, calculators and scientific instruments. When it became clear that
Radionics was failing, Sinclair took steps to ensure that he would be able to continue to pursue his commercial goals. In February 1975, he changed the name of Ablesdeal Ltd (a
865:
electric vehicle on 10 January 1985, but it was a commercial disaster, selling only 17,000 units and losing
Sinclair £7,000,000. Sinclair Vehicles went into liquidation later the same year. The failure of the C5, combined with those of the QL and the
860:
Sinclair had long had an interest in electric vehicles, and during the early 1980s he worked on the design of a single-seater "personal vehicle", eventually starting a company called
Sinclair Vehicles Ltd in March 1983. He launched the
974:
In 2003, the
Sinclair "ZA20 Wheelchair Drive Unit" was introduced, designed and manufactured in conjunction with Hong Kong's Daka Designs, a partnership which also led to the SeaDoo Sea Scooter underwater propulsion unit.
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invented by Sinclair, which was on sale for £200. It had been originally announced two years previously. In November 2010, Sinclair Research announced the X-1 two-wheel electric vehicle, which failed to reach production.
892:
On 28 May 1985, Sinclair Research had announced it wanted to raise an extra £10m to £15m to restructure the organisation. Given the loss of confidence in the company, the money proved hard to find. In June 1985,
967:" electric bicycle was released, Sinclair's second attempt at changing people's means of transport. It had a maximum speed of 10 mph (16 km/h), and was only available by mail order. Much like the
747:(a version of the ZX81) in the United States. In March 1982 Sinclair Research Ltd made an £8.55m profit on turnover of £27.17m, including a £383,000 government grant to develop a flat screen.
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at 25 Willis Road, Cambridge, into the company's new headquarters. (Following Sinclair's financial troubles, the premises were sold to Cambridgeshire County Council in December 1985.)
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Sinclair Research had reportedly intended a public offering of shares on 12 March 1985, but this offering was postponed, ostensibly due to turmoil in the microcomputer industry, with
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add-ons for the ZX Spectrum. A number of QL peripherals were developed by other companies but marketed under the Sinclair brand. External storage for the Spectrum was usually on
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1393:, 128 KiB of RAM, and two custom chips providing much enhanced graphics and audio capabilities. After the Amstrad buy-out in 1986, two engineers who had worked on the project,
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entire staff had been reduced to just Sinclair himself, a salesman/administrator, and an R&D employee. By 1997 only Sinclair himself was working at his company.
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was launched in February 1980 at £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 ready-built. In November of the same year Science of Cambridge was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.
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The future of Sinclair Research remained uncertain until 7 April 1986, when the company sold its entire computer product range, and the "Sinclair" brand name, to
2399:
971:, the "Zike" was a commercial failure, and sold only 2,000 units. In 1999 Sinclair released the world's smallest radio, in the form of the "Z1 Micro AM Radio".
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640:
he had bought in September 1973 for just such an eventuality) to Westminster Mail Order Ltd. The name was changed to Sinclair Instrument Ltd in August 1975.
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unlike Sinclair's previous portable televisions. The TV80 was a commercial failure selling only 15,000 units and not covering its development costs of £4m.
678:
and parts from a Sinclair calculator. Curry was impressed and encouraged Sinclair to adopt it as a product. In June 1978, Science of Cambridge launched its
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2526:
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927:, with shareholdings in several new "spin-off" companies formed to exploit technologies developed by the main company. These included Anamartic Ltd (
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At the January 1985 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, Sinclair re-entered the United States market, announcing the "FM Wristwatch Radio", an
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would be sold by the end of the year. QL production was suspended in February 1985, and the price was halved by the end of the year.
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went on sale. The QL was nowhere near as successful as Sinclair's earlier computers. It suffered from several design flaws, and
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became available on the high street, introducing home computing to a generation, with more that 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the
79:
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the postponement of an offering whose timing would have been planned for optimal effect would be a setback for the company.
1241:
The following computer products were under development at Sinclair Research during the 1980s but never reached production:
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Fully working QLs were not available until late summer and complaints against Sinclair regarding delays were upheld by the
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1985:
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This codename was assigned to a QL follow-on project running from 1984 to 1986. Among the features associated with
93:
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1001:
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The ZX Spectrum+, a repackaged ZX Spectrum with a QL-like keyboard, was launched in October 1984 and appeared in
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and other enhancements, was launched in Spain in September 1985 and the UK in January 1986, priced at £179.95.
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battery, had a fixed volume and was inserted in the ear. The X1 radio had three buttons, an on/off switch, a
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button to restart the scanning process. It came with a short length of aerial and a detachable ear hook.
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at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the
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Sinclair created various peripherals for its computers, including memory expansion modules, the
2017:
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noted that it was "difficult to find a good word for Sinclair Research in the computer press".
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programming language was originally intended for this model but was later adopted for the QL.
1190:
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in the United States) was priced at £49.95 in kit form and £69.95 ready-built, by mail order.
1016:
with an LED display, measuring voltage (DC and AC), current and resistance, released in 1975.
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2039:"Sinclair FTV1 (TV-80) miniature television receiver | Science Museum Group Collection"
1962:
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was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against
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for £5 million. The deal did not include the company itself, only its name and products.
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announced a takeover of Sinclair Research, through Hollis Brothers, a subsidiary of his
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and was intended to be a cheap Z80-based games console implemented in two chips, using
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attached. However, the watch had several problems and never went into full production.
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1990:
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1321:, which was described as the "SuperSpectrum" in an article in the June 1986 issue of
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17:
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In June 1997 Sinclair Research released the X1 radio for £9.50. This miniature mono
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program, the company established the "MetaLab" research centre at Milton Hall near
235:
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2496:
1277:, was designed by Steve Berry. It was cancelled in November 1983 in favour of the
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was announced in January 1984, priced at £399. Marketed as a more sophisticated
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In November 1979, Science of Cambridge Ltd was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.
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newspaper that he was working on a new prototype electric vehicle, called the
1463:
This name has been associated with a design concept for a "Super QL" based on
1306:
1174:
1162:
1114:
1077:
1013:
850:
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This was rumoured to be a hypothetical portable version of the QL similar to
1153:
The ZX Spectrum+ was a repackaged ZX Spectrum 48K, launched in October 1984.
3005:
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2845:
2767:
1995:
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operational. The company's first product was a watch-like Wrist Calculator.
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183:
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30:
Not to be confused with the earlier company also founded by Clive Sinclair,
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undergoing refinancing, and other companies such as Sinclair's competitor
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obtained a license to manufacture and market Sinclair's computers in the
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760:
In January 1983 the ZX Spectrum personal computer was presented at the
693:
microprocessor. Sinclair Instrument Ltd introduced the computer as the
689:, Sinclair's chief engineer, designed a new microcomputer based on the
327:
2497:'Pocket TVs failed before. What's changed?', BBC News Magazine article
3015:
2779:
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1302:
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Inventors of the A-bike, Sir Clive Sinclair and Alexander Kalogroulis
213:
2458:
Sinclair Archaeology: The Complete Photo Guide to Collectable Models
1317:(QL) had converged with it. This project is not to be confused with
667:
Around the same time, Ian Williamson showed Chris Curry a prototype
148:
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1638:
as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com, retrieved May 21, 2023.
333:
At the height of its success, and largely inspired by the Japanese
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and other advanced projects. A combination of the failures of the
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This was to be a portable computer with an integral flat-screen
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to leave Radionics, which he had worked for since 1966, and get
358:
315:
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2515:
870:, caused investors to lose confidence in Sinclair's judgement.
1452:
1274:
932:
847:
36:
2501:
2199:"Re: Does anyone remember the Spectrum to Spectrum+ upgrade?"
1032:
sold by Science of Cambridge, introduced in 1977 for £39.95.
750:
In 1982 Clive Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth
1359:
concept eventually transformed into the Cambridge Computer
623:
On 25 July 1961, Clive Sinclair founded his first company,
1567:"Sir Clive Sinclair resigns from the home computer market"
647:
became involved in Radionics in 1976, Sinclair encouraged
2147:"Loki, Janus, Pandora: The Unreleased Sinclair Computers"
1097:
was launched on 23 April 1982, priced at £125 for the 16
806:
system, although it was not well received by the market.
778:
In 1983 the company bought Milton Hall in the village of
1664:
1662:
1373:
This project was intended to create a greatly enhanced
369:
291:
was a British consumer electronics company founded by
1313:
was cancelled in 1982 after the specification of the
1189:, as was common in that era. Rather than an optional
1084:, an updated version of the original 1982 ZX Spectrum
818:
was announced on 12 January 1984, shortly before the
2322:
Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian (13 November 2010).
1161:
The ZX Spectrum 128, with RAM expanded to 128 kB, a
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2914:
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2710:
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1841:
643:Finding it inconvenient to share control after the
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208:
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1994:. No. 50. May 1986. p. 7. Archived from
1117:. Launched in September 1983, it used a flattened
663:In July 1977, Sinclair Instrument Ltd was renamed
303:, and adopted the name Sinclair Research in 1981.
1696:
1694:
697:in February 1980, as both a kit and ready-built.
3116:Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom
3096:Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom
2347:"Sir Clive Sinclair's X-1 pedal-electric hybrid"
904:. However, the deal was aborted in August 1985.
27:British consumer electronics company (1973–2021)
798:; that company also developed and launched the
1671:"Micro Industry in U.K. Shows Stiff Upper Lip"
935:mobile telephony) and Cambridge Computer Ltd (
719:In March 1981, Sinclair Computers was renamed
2527:
2141:
2139:
2137:
1249:Standing for "Low Cost Colour Computer", the
1004:was released by Sinclair Instrument in 1977.
8:
3126:Electronics companies disestablished in 2021
1679:. Vol. 2, no. 19. pp. 1, 35.
1101:RAM version and £175 for the 48 KB version.
775:was launched, but was a commercial failure.
141:
3111:Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
2543:Sinclair computers, derivatives, and clones
2507:www.1000bit.net, 1000BiT Sinclair's section
1448:application suite on ROM, and possibly the
2534:
2520:
2512:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1417:, this was a project to produce an add-on
1193:, Sinclair instead opted to offer its own
140:
3136:Computer companies disestablished in 2021
3121:Electronics companies established in 1973
1057:1000, a U.S. version of the Sinclair ZX81
786:research and development facility there.
743:was launched. In July Timex launched the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3156:British companies disestablished in 2021
2371:Sinclair Research - Sir Clive Sinclair.
1265:cartridges for storage. A multi-tasking
2426:Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986).
2288:"A little piece of Sinclair history..."
1557:
3131:Computer companies established in 1973
2460:. Portslade: Hove Books. 130 pp.
2430:. London: Penguin Books. 224 pp.
1986:"Amstrad axes QL in Sinclair sell out"
1958:"Amstrad has bought Sinclair Research"
1649:"Sinclair Instrument Wrist Calculator"
1437:were increased RAM capacity, internal
3151:British companies established in 1973
2428:Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology
2063:Sinclair and the 'Sunrise' Technology
704:Commercial success and home computers
7:
1653:Centre for Computing History website
919:Sinclair Research was reduced to an
306:In 1980, Clive Sinclair entered the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3101:Defunct computer hardware companies
2286:Rupert Goodwins (26 October 1999).
3106:Defunct computer systems companies
2445:. London: Duckworth. 184 pp.
2197:Rupert Goodwins (18 August 1999).
1851:. The Center for Computing History
1703:"Sir Clive Makes The Quantum Leap"
1140:for professional users, it used a
25:
3146:Defunct companies based in London
2398:Dunn, Michael (8 December 2014).
2345:Coxworth, Ben (5 November 2010).
2106:"Re: Sinclair Loki Superspectrum"
1669:Clarke, Jerry (27 October 1980).
978:July 2006 saw the release of the
2600:
1758:Roger Munford (September 1984).
1624:Sinclair Radionics advertisement
727:was launched. In February 1982,
599:
598:
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582:
567:
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534:
519:
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502:
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471:
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455:
454:
439:
438:
423:
422:
407:
406:
391:
390:
147:
41:
2260:Rick Dickinson (16 July 2007).
2171:Rick Dickinson (16 July 2007).
2104:Rupert Goodwins (12 May 2002).
1924:"Sinclair to Sell British Unit"
1600:"Sinclair: A Corporate History"
1487:In November 2010 Sinclair told
833:Advertising Standards Authority
52:needs additional citations for
2400:"Sir Clive Sinclair interview"
2059:"The Quantum Leap - to where?"
2057:Ian Adamson; Richard Kennedy.
1:
3161:1986 mergers and acquisitions
2324:"Whose bright idea was that?"
1305:and ZX Net ports. Sinclair's
1253:was developed during 1983 by
1028:(Microcomputer Kit 14) was a
931:), Shaye Communications Ltd (
876:Amstrad acquisition of assets
3141:Companies based in Cambridge
1826:. No. 22. November 1985
782:, for £2m, establishing its
767:. In September the Sinclair
673:National Semiconductor SC/MP
2479:Sinclair Nostalgia Products
682:microcomputer in kit form.
3177:
2598:
1895:Kewney, Guy (April 1985).
1849:"Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128"
1701:Denham, Sue (March 1984).
1343:-compatible with a faster
616:
29:
2456:Tedeschi, Enrico (1986).
1731:"QL News / SinclairWatch"
1385:was to have a 7 MHz
1377:, possibly rivalling the
1339:display. Initially to be
1297:, equipped with built-in
765:Consumer Electronics Show
665:Science of Cambridge Ltd.
645:National Enterprise Board
371:Profit and turnover data
335:Fifth Generation Computer
233:, Director (1979 to 1986)
146:
1966:. No. 28. p. 7
1956:Graham Kidd (May 1986).
1788:"Timex/Sinclair history"
1565:John Minson (May 1986).
1405:to continue their work.
1273:, with a full windowing
631:. The company developed
613:Founding and early years
2240:"ql-users" mailing list
1901:Personal Computer World
1739:. No. 5. July 1984
1465:wafer-scale integration
929:wafer-scale integration
659:Development of the ZX80
625:Sinclair Radionics Ltd.
347:wafer-scale integration
343:artificial intelligence
1630:, (further details at
1209:
1208:X1 Button Radio (1997)
1085:
1058:
956:
939:portable computer and
810:Mid-1980s developments
780:Milton, Cambridgeshire
716:
2441:Dale, Rodney (1985).
1871:"FM Wristwatch Radio"
1207:
1080:
1053:
954:
721:Sinclair Research Ltd
711:
341:, in order to pursue
289:Sinclair Research Ltd
142:Sinclair Research Ltd
18:Sinclair Research Ltd
2828:ZX Spectrum based:
2554:Science of Cambridge
1998:on 24 September 2006
1935:The Associated Press
1169:Computer peripherals
941:satellite television
251:Sinclair ZX Spectrum
186:, England, UK (1973)
61:improve this article
3036:Magnum Light Phaser
3001:Rotronics Wafadrive
2988:Beta Disk Interface
2552:Sinclair Research /
2373:"Sinclair Research"
1636:Practical Wireless,
1527:Sinclair Scientific
1261:and (non-volatile)
947:Return to invention
653:Sinclair Instrument
372:
351:formal verification
274:Number of employees
143:
76:"Sinclair Research"
2972:FDD3000 Disk Drive
2958:Neptun 156 Monitor
2728:ZX Spectrum clones
2694:Cambridge Computer
2502:ZX81 Online Museum
2485:The Sinclair Story
2443:The Sinclair Story
2018:"Wrist Calculator"
1930:The New York Times
1903:. pp. 101–102
1818:"Kept in the Dark"
1547:Sinclair President
1522:Sinclair Radionics
1517:Sinclair Executive
1237:Cancelled projects
1213:X1 Button FM Radio
1210:
1086:
1059:
957:
717:
619:Sinclair Radionics
370:
301:Sinclair Radionics
32:Sinclair Radionics
3091:Sinclair Research
3078:
3077:
3065:Richard Altwasser
3031:Stack Light Rifle
3026:RAM Music Machine
2981:Other peripherals
2949:Timex peripherals
2916:Sinclair Research
2655:Timex Corporation
2645:ZX Spectrum Vega+
2379:on 3 October 2015
2295:comp.sys.sinclair
2207:comp.sys.sinclair
2114:comp.sys.sinclair
2084:"Planet Sinclair"
1532:Sinclair Vehicles
1289:Intended to be a
1191:floppy disk drive
729:Timex Corporation
610:
609:
357:computer and the
286:
285:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3168:
2882:ZX Spectrum Next
2838:CZ Spectrum Plus
2640:ZX Spectrum Vega
2633:Licenced systems
2604:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:. Archived from
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2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2313:
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2185:
2183:
2173:"Pandora to Z88"
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2159:
2157:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1562:
1403:Flare Technology
1267:operating system
1002:Wrist Calculator
996:Wrist Calculator
895:business magnate
755:bottling factory
602:
601:
586:
585:
570:
569:
554:
553:
538:
537:
522:
521:
506:
505:
490:
489:
474:
473:
458:
457:
442:
441:
426:
425:
410:
409:
394:
393:
373:
310:market with the
151:
144:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3040:
2976:
2944:
2910:
2854:Scorpion ZS-256
2746:
2745:related systems
2744:
2737:
2716:
2706:
2688:
2649:
2628:
2605:
2596:
2586:ZX Spectrum 128
2556:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2492:Planet Sinclair
2475:
2423:
2421:Further reading
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2262:"QL and Beyond"
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2151:Planet Sinclair
2145:
2144:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1875:Planet Sinclair
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1798:on 17 July 2006
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1604:Planet Sinclair
1598:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1503:
1415:Rupert Goodwins
1379:Commodore Amiga
1239:
1221:, powered by a
1157:ZX Spectrum 128
1082:ZX Spectrum 128
993:
984:folding bicycle
949:
925:holding company
923:business and a
917:
882:Acorn Computers
878:
820:Apple Macintosh
812:
739:. In April the
735:under the name
706:
661:
621:
615:
368:
281:
279:
275:
253:
238:
234:
227:
220:
216:
172:
160:Limited company
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Rick Dickinson
3057:
3056:John Pemberton
3054:
3052:Clive Sinclair
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:FDD Disk Drive
2964:
2959:
2956:
2955:TS2040 Printer
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:ZX Interface 2
2932:
2930:ZX Interface 1
2927:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2884:
2826:
2764:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:ZX80/81 clones
2719:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2624:ZX Spectrum +3
2621:
2619:ZX Spectrum +2
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2470:
2469:
2454:
2439:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2390:
2363:
2351:www.gizmag.com
2337:
2314:
2278:
2252:
2236:"Q-Emulator 2"
2226:
2189:
2163:
2133:
2096:
2075:
2044:
2030:
2009:
1977:
1948:
1937:. 18 June 1985
1914:
1897:"Still waters"
1887:
1862:
1837:
1809:
1779:
1750:
1722:
1690:
1658:
1640:
1626:, March 1963,
1616:
1586:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Timex Sinclair
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Sinclair BASIC
1502:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1431:
1430:
1421:drive for the
1411:
1410:
1399:Martin Brennan
1395:John Mathieson
1371:
1370:
1333:
1332:
1287:
1286:
1255:Martin Brennan
1247:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1229:button, and a
1215:
1214:
1187:cassette tapes
1183:ZX Interface 2
1179:ZX Interface 1
1171:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1142:Motorola 68008
1127:
1126:
1107:
1106:
1091:
1090:
1070:(known as the
1064:
1063:
1055:Timex Sinclair
1038:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1008:Multimeter DM2
998:
997:
992:
989:
963:In 1992, the "
948:
945:
916:
913:
902:Pergamon Press
898:Robert Maxwell
877:
874:
811:
808:
737:Timex Sinclair
705:
702:
676:microprocessor
660:
657:
614:
611:
608:
607:
604:
596:
592:
591:
588:
580:
576:
575:
572:
564:
560:
559:
556:
548:
544:
543:
540:
532:
528:
527:
524:
516:
512:
511:
508:
500:
496:
495:
492:
484:
480:
479:
476:
468:
464:
463:
460:
452:
448:
447:
444:
436:
432:
431:
428:
420:
416:
415:
412:
404:
400:
399:
396:
388:
384:
383:
380:
377:
367:
364:
293:Clive Sinclair
284:
283:
276:
273:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
248:
244:
243:
240:Rick Dickinson
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
212:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
195:Clive Sinclair
192:
188:
187:
181:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
135:
134:
117:September 2020
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3070:Steve Vickers
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2940:ZX Microdrive
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:Komputer 2086
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:ZX81 based:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2743:Compatible or
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:0-9527883-0-6
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:0-7156-1901-2
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:0-14-008774-5
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:Sinclair User
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1765:Your Spectrum
1761:
1754:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1736:Your Spectrum
1732:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1708:Your Spectrum
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:According to
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:ZX Microdrive
1350:, a built-in
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:Sinclair User
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:SuperSpectrum
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:ZX Microdrive
1296:
1295:home computer
1292:
1285:SuperSpectrum
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:ZX Microdrive
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:microcomputer
1136:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:was a pocket
1112:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:home computer
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
961:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
912:
910:
905:
903:
899:
896:
890:
887:
883:
875:
873:
871:
869:
864:
858:
856:
852:
849:
844:
842:
837:
834:
829:
827:
826:
825:Your Sinclair
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
763:
758:
756:
753:
752:mineral water
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Sinclair ZX81
722:
714:
710:
703:
701:
698:
696:
692:
688:
685:In May 1979,
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
669:microcomputer
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
638:shelf company
634:
630:
626:
620:
612:
605:
597:
595:1995 to 1996
594:
593:
589:
581:
579:1994 to 1995
578:
577:
573:
565:
563:1993 to 1994
562:
561:
557:
549:
547:1992 to 1993
546:
545:
541:
533:
531:1991 to 1992
530:
529:
525:
517:
515:1990 to 1991
514:
513:
509:
501:
499:1989 to 1990
498:
497:
493:
485:
483:1988 to 1989
482:
481:
477:
469:
466:
465:
461:
453:
450:
449:
445:
437:
434:
433:
429:
421:
418:
417:
413:
405:
402:
401:
397:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
375:
374:
365:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:home computer
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
277:
271:
267:
264:£102 million
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2962:TS2050 Modem
2915:
2892:One Per Desk
2800:CZ 1500 Plus
2796:CZ 1000 Plus
2752:ZX80 based:
2582:ZX Spectrum+
2551:
2542:
2487:book extract
2484:
2457:
2442:
2427:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2234:Tony Tebby.
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
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2166:
2154:. Retrieved
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2124:. Retrieved
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
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2066:. Retrieved
2062:
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2021:. Retrieved
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1989:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1928:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
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1828:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
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1770:. Retrieved
1768:. No. 7
1763:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1711:. No. 2
1706:
1674:
1652:
1643:
1635:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1577:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1490:The Guardian
1488:
1486:
1483:Sinclair X-1
1476:
1474:
1467:technology.
1462:
1445:
1441:drives, the
1434:
1432:
1412:
1382:
1372:
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1322:
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1301:, joystick,
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1240:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1197:system, the
1195:mass storage
1172:
1160:
1152:
1149:ZX Spectrum+
1128:
1108:
1092:
1065:
1039:
1030:computer kit
1023:
1011:
999:
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918:
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823:
813:
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783:
777:
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749:
720:
718:
699:
687:Jim Westwood
684:
664:
662:
642:
622:
332:
305:
288:
287:
268: (1985)
236:Jim Westwood
231:Nigel Searle
209:Headquarters
156:Company type
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2918:peripherals
2906:Jupiter Ace
2812:Ringo R-470
2804:CZ Spectrum
2776:Lambda 8300
2578:ZX Spectrum
2330:13 November
2245:15 December
2219:23 November
2156:15 December
2126:23 November
2068:15 December
1830:15 December
1802:15 December
1772:15 December
1743:15 December
1609:15 December
1579:12 November
1512:Sinclair C5
1439:floppy disk
1423:ZX Spectrum
1419:floppy disk
1375:ZX Spectrum
1341:ZX Spectrum
1131:Sinclair QL
1125:Sinclair QL
1095:ZX Spectrum
1089:ZX Spectrum
863:Sinclair C5
816:Sinclair QL
804:floppy disk
741:ZX Spectrum
713:ZX Spectrum
671:based on a
649:Chris Curry
355:Sinclair QL
320:ZX Spectrum
278:140 (1980s)
255:Sinclair QL
174:Electronics
3085:Categories
2925:ZX Printer
2886:QL based:
2409:5 February
2383:13 October
2356:5 February
2023:13 October
1941:4 December
1907:22 October
1880:9 December
1855:4 December
1553:References
1409:Bob/Florin
1401:, founded
1327:magazine.
1307:SuperBASIC
1177:, and the
1175:ZX Printer
1163:sound chip
1115:television
1014:multimeter
1012:A digital
851:wristwatch
773:television
617:See also:
242:, Designer
226:Key people
87:newspapers
3006:Multiface
2902:SAM Coupé
2846:Dubna 48K
2768:Apply 300
2733:QL clones
2712:Lists of
2675:(TC 2068)
2291:Newsgroup
2203:Newsgroup
2110:Newsgroup
2002:19 August
1970:19 August
1792:ZQAOnline
1685:0199-6649
1676:InfoWorld
915:Spin-offs
762:Las Vegas
691:Zilog Z80
629:Cambridge
382:Turnover
339:Cambridge
324:Commodore
297:Cambridge
184:Cambridge
170:Computing
3021:SpecDrum
3011:Kempston
2993:DISCiPLE
2888:CST Thor
2862:Kay 1024
2858:Sprinter
2842:Didaktik
2834:Pentagon
2808:NE-Z8000
2754:MicroAce
2673:T/S 2068
2668:T/S 1500
2663:T/S 1000
2326:. London
2271:21 April
2182:21 April
2089:12 April
1715:19 April
1632:page 877
1628:page 876
1501:See also
1269:for the
1219:FM radio
991:Products
723:and the
462:£77.69m
459:£14.28m
446:£54.53m
430:£27.17m
282:1 (1997)
280:3 (1990)
247:Products
166:Industry
2900:Other:
2896:Q40/Q60
2792:CZ 1500
2788:CZ 1000
2784:CZ 2000
2772:AS-1000
2684:TC 3256
2679:TC 2048
2611:Amstrad
2299:Usenet:
2293::
2211:Usenet:
2205::
2118:Usenet:
2112::
1760:"Circe"
1477:Pandora
1471:Proteus
1446:Xchange
1357:Pandora
1331:Pandora
1293:-based
1072:TS 1000
921:R&D
909:Amstrad
853:with a
841:WHSmith
800:FDD3000
792:TS 2048
784:MetaLab
771:pocket
745:TS 1000
603:−£123K
587:−£304K
571:−£195K
555:−£169K
539:−£593K
523:−£272K
491:−£183K
443:£13.8m
427:£8.55m
379:Profit
376:Period
366:History
328:Amstrad
261:Revenue
201:Defunct
191:Founder
180:Founded
101:scholar
3045:People
3016:Currah
2850:Hobbit
2780:CP-200
2762:NE-Z80
2714:clones
2464:
2449:
2434:
2301:
2266:Flickr
2213:
2177:Flickr
2120:
1683:
1303:RS-232
1223:CR2032
1135:32-bit
980:A-bike
715:(1982)
606:£256K
590:£436K
574:£511K
558:£380K
507:£618K
478:£102m
475:−£18m
414:£4.6m
411:£818K
398:£640K
395:£131K
214:London
103:
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2878:Robik
2870:TK90X
2816:TK82C
2307:4 May
1963:CRASH
1823:CRASH
1572:CRASH
1459:Janus
1443:Psion
1435:Tyche
1429:Tyche
1291:68008
1231:Reset
855:radio
633:hi-fi
467:1985
451:1984
435:1983
419:1982
403:1981
387:1980
108:JSTOR
94:books
2997:MB02
2874:TK95
2824:TK85
2820:TK83
2758:TK80
2573:ZX81
2568:ZX80
2563:MK14
2462:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2411:2017
2385:2015
2358:2017
2332:2010
2309:2009
2273:2008
2247:2006
2221:2006
2184:2008
2158:2006
2128:2006
2091:2011
2070:2006
2025:2015
2004:2006
1972:2006
1943:2009
1909:2021
1882:2009
1857:2009
1832:2006
1804:2006
1774:2006
1745:2006
1717:2006
1681:ISSN
1611:2006
1581:2006
1575:(28)
1542:TV80
1397:and
1383:Loki
1368:Loki
1319:Loki
1315:ZX83
1227:Scan
1181:and
1129:The
1111:TV80
1109:The
1105:TV80
1093:The
1068:ZX81
1066:The
1062:ZX81
1042:ZX80
1040:The
1036:ZX80
1026:MK14
1024:The
1020:MK14
1000:The
982:, a
965:Zike
886:Oric
868:TV80
814:The
802:, a
796:2068
794:and
769:TV80
695:ZX80
680:MK14
542:£1K
526:£5K
510:£5K
494:£8K
359:TV80
326:and
316:ZX81
312:ZX80
204:2021
80:news
2830:ATM
2702:Z88
2404:EDN
1495:X-1
1453:GUI
1450:GEM
1391:CPU
1387:Z80
1361:Z88
1348:CPU
1345:Z80
1337:CRT
1275:GUI
1271:LC3
1263:RAM
1259:ROM
1251:LC3
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1119:CRT
937:Z88
933:CT2
848:LCD
733:USA
627:in
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