233:
2139:
452:'s remarks about the rally generated negative responses. In his initial statement following the rally, Trump condemned the "display of hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides." This first statement and his subsequent defenses of it, in which he also referred to "very fine people on both sides", were criticized as implying a
887:, the protections available through a designation of 'highly confidential' mitigate that harm, and Plaintiffs' interest in this information, which is relevant to testing their claims of an alleged violent conspiracy based on racial and religious animus, outweighs the potential harm to right to association".
1020:
appeal brief on March 17, 2023, arguing that holding the trial in
Charlottesville denied him the right to a fair trial. Christopher Cantwell filed a pro se appeal on March 20, 2023, arguing that the jury held "improper passion and prejudice", and that he couldn't adequately prepare his defense as he
890:
On April 26, 2019, U.S. Magistrate Judge Joel C. Hoppe gave defendant Jeff Schoep seven days to comply with plaintiffs' discovery requests after they alleged he was avoiding producing court-ordered evidence in the lawsuit. Vanguard
America were forced to pay over $ 16,000 for not supplying documents
815:
were entered against defendants Andrew Anglin; Moonbase
Holdings, LLC; East Coast Knights of the Ku Klux Klan; Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights; Augustus Sol Invictus; Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan; and the Nationalist Front. Robert "Azzmador" Ray was a fugitive while the lawsuit was
478:
Section 1985, which describes "conspiracy to interfere with civil rights". The provision is rarely invoked in lawsuits, but has been referenced in several lawsuits related to protests. It is one of the few laws that can form the basis for an accusation that private citizens (rather than the
456:
between the white supremacist protesters and the counter-protesters. Trump later stated (in the same statement) that "I'm not talking about the neo-Nazis and the white nationalists, because they should be condemned totally–but you had many people in that group other than neo-Nazis and white
2131:
931:
Altogether, plaintiffs spent approximately two weeks calling witnesses; the defense spent two days doing the same. A video deposition was shown of
Samantha Froelich, an ex-girlfriend of Elliot Kline, who described her experiences as a former member of Identity Evropa and the alt-right.
944:
Associate
Professor and extremism researcher Peter Simi appeared as an expert witness to describe the importance of violence to the ideology of the white supremacist movement, and the strategy within the movement of claiming violent statements are jokes to try to create
2077:
2234:
2172:
898:
During the discovery phase, Cantwell made violent antisemitic threats against the plaintiff's lawyers, and two attorneys requested to end their representation due to his "repugnant or imprudent" behavior. Cantwell subsequently began defending himself
3435:
980:
On the fourth claim, jurors found that all defendants named in the charge (Kessler, Spencer, Kline, Ray, and
Cantwell) had engaged in race-based harassment or violence, and awarded $ 200,000 in punitive damages against each defendant.
995:
million. Following the verdict, lawyers for the plaintiffs said they intended to try the defendants again on the two claims that could not be decided. In early 2023, the judge reduced the jury's punitive damages verdict from $
1810:
952:
The defense rested on
November 17, and closing statements began on November 18. On November 19, the jury entered deliberations with 11 jurors instead of the usual 12, as one juror was forced to quarantine as a result of the
857:
To demonstrate the claims that the organizers colluded to incite violence, plaintiffs turned to the social media tools used by the organizers, and to anonymous users that communicated with them on alt-right servers on the
31:
2069:
2226:
2162:
425:
mile (800 m) away from the rally site, killing
Heather Heyer and injuring 35 people. Fields fled the scene in his car but was arrested soon afterward. He was tried and convicted in Virginia state court of
2518:
1986:
2433:
508:
41:
878:
Joseph C. Spero denied the motion to quash the portion of the subpoena seeking the identity of the senders, but granted the motion to quash the subpoena seeking the contents of the messages based on the
2869:
984:
The final two claims only applied to Fields, the perpetrator of the car attack. Jurors found that he was liable for assault and battery and intentional infliction of harm, and awarded a total of $ 12
2549:
1391:
1196:
1623:
2685:
1799:
1751:
1588:
2613:
2764:
1121:
1439:
1524:
829:
The plaintiffs claimed that their civil rights had been violated as the organizers had urged those attending to arm themselves and partake in violence. The plaintiffs sought both
3420:
2265:
2299:
917:. In September 2021, Judge Moon denied a motion for summary judgment filed by the League of the South and its leaders, Hill and Tubbs, allowing the case to proceed to trial.
1778:
1268:
3140:
2017:
1835:
901:
1924:
3250:
2487:
1976:
1654:
1376:
969:
on the first two claims, to determine whether defendants had engaged in a federal race-based conspiracy. Jurors found all defendants liable on the third claim, of
1871:
357:
1051:
2108:
1677:
949:. Fields, the perpetrator of the car attack, refused to testify. Defendants called a member of the League of the South and a Charlottesville police officer.
2203:
802:
642:
622:
2808:
1339:
307:
1303:
1403:
2392:
1170:
1090:
866:, which collected more than one thousand screenshots of the Discord servers used during the time of the rally's planning. The plaintiffs requested
3400:
2132:"Neo-Nazi sympathizer pleads guilty to federal hate crimes for plowing car into crowd of protesters at 'Unite the Right' rally in Charlottesville"
1721:
1612:
798:
607:
345:
3079:
2695:
1743:
3017:
1578:
1514:
3107:
2052:
2605:
232:
883:. The identities were ordered to be kept confidential. Spero wrote that "While even limited disclosure of this information may create some
1430:
3243:
1233:
2257:
3214:
1767:
786:
567:
557:
475:
2353:
2288:
1800:"One dead as car strikes crowds amid protests of white nationalist gathering in Charlottesville; two police die in helicopter crash"
806:
617:
315:
2989:
1555:
2321:
3425:
2933:
2009:
906:
368:
1260:
1463:
1367:
2718:
1491:
3415:
3378:
3236:
2639:
875:
1825:
1646:
3048:
3355:
954:
349:
2961:
913:
as a representative for the
Fraternal Order of the Alt Knights, called the plaintiffs "verminous cretins" in an email to
1860:
479:
government) has impeded a plaintiff's civil rights. Although the law is applicable, Jack
Beerman, a law professor from
2897:
1899:
770:
736:(known by the pseudonym Mike Enoch) were listed in the lawsuit as promoters of the event. The lawsuit also identified
652:
627:
484:
1954:
757:
was included as a defendant due to the plaintiffs' belief that defendant James A. Fields Jr., the perpetrator of the
3339:
2100:
1689:
1292:
758:
562:
412:
372:
152:
837:
relief from the trial. The defendants all sought to dismiss the case, claiming that the tactic was equivalent to "
3405:
3334:
2195:
973:
under Virginia state law. Jurors awarded $ 500,000 in punitive damages against each individual defendant, and $ 1
880:
519:
319:
276:
241:
132:
2451:
891:
as requested, and Matthew Heimbach and Elliot Kline were ordered to pay over $ 12,000. Kline also was jailed in
2841:
862:
application. Many of these Discord messages were obtained and distributed to the press by the media collective
491:
1329:
753:
Several white supremacist groups, and various leaders and members of these groups, were listed as defendants:
1712:
507:
Nine Charlottesville residents—including some injured during the rally—filed suit on October 11, 2017 in the
3293:
782:
577:
327:
249:
3318:
1399:
516:
512:
1152:
3410:
3298:
3259:
946:
874:
the subpoena, arguing they had the right to engage in anonymous speech through Discord. In August 2018,
794:
587:
404:
268:
225:
124:
905:. Other lawyers for various defendants have left the case, citing unpaid bills or lack of cooperation.
3049:"Spencer, Kessler, Cantwell and other white supremacists found liable in deadly Unite the Right rally"
3278:
1022:
830:
729:
547:
257:
195:
168:
3187:
2750:
1000:
million to $ 350,000 due to a Virginia law that caps punitive damages at $ 350,000 per case. The $ 2
721:
activist who was a primary organizer of the Unite the Right rally. The lawsuit also named defendant
387:), and wounded another member of the church. The rally turned violent after protesters clashed with
85:
3430:
3053:
2349:
2167:
1855:
1805:
1618:
1201:
1056:
778:
657:
602:
427:
151:
and race-based harassment or violence. They also found James A. Fields Jr., the perpetrator of the
3313:
3178:
3145:
2902:
2874:
2644:
2554:
2523:
2492:
2456:
1981:
1866:
1773:
1298:
1197:"Subpoena for app called 'Discord' could unmask identities of Charlottesville white supremacists"
1157:
1126:
970:
941:
859:
722:
647:
443:
431:
396:
353:
304:
292:
237:
191:
148:
76:
3372:
3283:
2907:
2461:
2326:
2048:
2044:
1916:
1162:
1061:
892:
738:
733:
637:
612:
480:
453:
435:
408:
159:
and intentional infliction of harm. Altogether, the jury awarded the plaintiffs more than $ 25
128:
2322:"Read the complete transcript of President Trump's remarks at Trump Tower on Charlottesville"
3288:
2723:
1908:
1859:
1798:
1766:
1711:
1611:
1429:
1366:
1291:
940:
testified to connections between historical antisemitism and contemporary political themes.
937:
812:
774:
754:
690:
662:
572:
467:
411:. At around 1:45 p.m., self-identified white supremacist James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately
284:
207:
164:
1028:
Plaintiffs also filed a notice of appeal, intending to challenge the reduction in damages.
742:
as a promoter of the rally through its website and various "book clubs"; the lawsuit named
511:. The case was named for the lead plaintiff, Elizabeth Sines, who was a law student at the
3084:
1936:
1519:
1486:
1362:
1238:
884:
871:
846:
762:
582:
552:
400:
392:
388:
361:
272:
245:
203:
144:
140:
1004:
million in compensatory damages was left unchanged. A U.S. Magistrate Judge awarded $ 4.9
438:
plus 419 years. The following year, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 federal hate crimes in a
3018:"First day of jury deliberations in trial of Unite the Right rally organizers completed"
1482:"'This is a huge victory.' Oakdale white supremacist revels after deadly Virginia clash"
1392:"The Events of August 11th and 12th: A Historian's Brief Reflections on Charlottesville"
139:
in August 2017. The trial began in October 2021, and on November 23, the jury reached a
2962:"Israel, Jewish groups invoked as expert clashes with defense in Unite the Right trial"
2582:
925:
842:
523:
403:
could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, at 11:22 a.m., the
106:
1861:"Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence"
1052:"Charlottesville Trial Verdict: Jury Finds Prominent White Supremacist Leaders Liable"
3394:
3303:
2519:"Court questioning financial responsibility of transporting Cantwell for rally trial"
1515:"Neo-Confederate League of the South Banned From Armed Protesting in Charlottesville"
1334:
933:
743:
714:
592:
542:
384:
187:
3196:
2794:
2671:
1547:
1481:
1453:
1330:"Unite the Right, the violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, explained"
391:, resulting in more than 30 injured. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor
90:
80:
3360:
3308:
3273:
2227:"Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists"
2163:"Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn't single out white nationalists"
1830:
1583:
1358:
863:
766:
597:
449:
439:
380:
341:
337:
300:
288:
253:
3218:
2354:"In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)"
2289:"In Context: Donald Trump's 'very fine people on both sides' remarks (transcript)"
1293:"'White Civil Rights Rally' Planned Near White House by Charlottesville Organizer"
2101:"Jury Recommends Life in Prison for James Fields in Fatal Charlottesville Attack"
928:
for the trial began on October 25, 2021. Opening statements began on October 28.
870:
to Discord to reveal the identity of about 30 users. At least one of those users
2966:
845:
denied the motions to dismiss in July 2018, allowing the case to proceed to the
471:
376:
3205:
2070:"James A. Fields Jr. sentenced to life in prison in Charlottesville car attack"
30:
2437:
2358:
2293:
1797:
Heim, Joe; Silverman, Ellie; Shapiro, T. Rees; Brown, Emma (August 13, 2017).
834:
790:
718:
632:
344:
groups. The organizers' stated goals included the unification of the American
296:
261:
2911:
2870:"Plaintiff describes ongoing trauma as defendants push free speech arguments"
2550:"UTR rally organizers return to Charlottesville, but this time as defendants"
2465:
1920:
1912:
1166:
1065:
2686:"Judge Allows Lawsuit Lawsuit Against Jason Kessler, Others to Move Forward"
1894:
966:
332:
280:
183:
179:
2393:"Charlottesville Victims Use Post-Slavery KKK Law To Go After Hate Groups"
1950:
1234:"Four Years After Deadly Rally, Charlottesville Nazis Are Headed to Court"
3108:"Jury in Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' trial reaches partial verdict"
1458:
1264:
1122:"Judge trims Sines v. Kessler punitive award from $ 24 million to $ 350K"
867:
470:, which was passed by Congress in 1871 to protect African Americans from
199:
136:
3436:
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia cases
2813:
2690:
1685:
1095:
838:
323:
156:
120:
487:
has historically been reluctant to apply the law to private citizens.
1744:"Flags and Other Symbols Used By Far-Right Groups in Charlottesville"
1678:"3 Militia Groups Connected to Unite the Right Rally Settle Lawsuits"
1423:
1421:
434:, and other crimes in 2018, with the jury recommending a sentence of
311:
1261:"Black man beaten during Charlottesville rally acquitted of assault"
991:
Altogether, punitive and compensatory damages totaled more than $ 25
1713:"Deconstructing the symbols and slogans spotted in Charlottesville"
1353:
1351:
1349:
750:, as well as the limited liability corporation, Moonbase Holdings.
367:
The rally occurred amid the controversy which was generated by the
3228:
2719:"Violent Alt-Right Chats Could Be Key to Charlottesville Lawsuits"
231:
2898:"For Holocaust Scholar, Another Confrontation With Neo-Nazi Hate"
1792:
1790:
1788:
1454:"Charlottesville: One killed in violence over US far-right rally"
1153:"Victims of Charlottesville Rally Argue the Violence Was Planned"
509:
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
42:
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
3112:
3080:"Jury awards $ 25m to victims in 2017 'Unite the Right' assault"
2994:
2990:"Evidence from Fields case, Muniz testifies in Sines v. Kessler"
2938:
2846:
3232:
2577:
2008:
Yan, Holly; Sayers, Devon M.; Almasy, Steve (August 14, 2017).
364:, and white supremacy. The event had hundreds of participants.
279:, from August 11 to 12, 2017. Marchers included members of the
123:
against various organizers, promoters, and participants in the
2640:"Planners of Deadly Charlottesville Rally Are Tested in Court"
2397:
1650:
1431:"Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View In Charlottesville"
1091:"Jury awards millions in damages for Unite the Right violence"
977:
million against each organization in relation to that charge.
914:
336:
crosses, flags, and other symbols of various past and present
1579:"Three dead after white nationalist rally in Charlottesville"
805:
and its leader Jeff Schoep; and the loose group known as the
178:
The lawsuit was originally filed on October 11, 2017 by nine
965:
The jury reached a mixed verdict on November 23, 2021. They
515:
at the time of the rally. The plaintiffs were backed by the
490:
The lawsuit was also based in other statutes, including the
2809:"'Unite the Right' rally's planners accused in civil trial"
2258:"The 'very fine people' at Charlottesville: Who were they?"
1475:
1473:
1323:
1321:
2452:"Charlottesville Lawsuit Puts Rising Intolerance on Trial"
1826:"Why the Charlottesville Marchers Were Obsessed With Jews"
2934:"Day four of witness testimony for Sines v. Kessler case"
2842:"Defense calls final witnesses in Sines v. Kessler trial"
1613:"Here's what a neo-Nazi rally looks like in 2017 America"
1008:
million in legal fees to the team led by Roberta Kaplan.
746:
and Robert "Azzmador" Ray as individuals responsible for
483:
who has written extensively about the act, says that the
379:, a white supremacist, shot and killed nine members of a
3174:, 324 F. Supp. 3d 765 (W.D. Va. 2018) is available from:
2010:"Charlottesville white nationalist rally: What we know"
1895:"Charlottesville 2017: The Legacy of Race and Inequity"
2633:
2631:
171:, though this was later reduced by the judge to $ 2.35
1647:"Why white nationalists are drawn to Charlottesville"
1368:"Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost"
695:
and they did not ultimately participate in the trial.
3348:
3327:
3266:
3141:"Spencer, Cantwell appeal Sines v. Kessler verdict"
2765:"Neo-Nazi ordered to comply with evidence requests"
841:" to silence them and hurt them financially. Judge
761:, was a member of the group. Other defendants were
102:
97:
72:
57:
47:
37:
23:
2196:"Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville"
1768:"Far Right Plans Its Next Moves With a New Energy"
797:; the East Coast Knights of the Ku Klux Klan; the
3106:Grumbach, Gary; Ortiz, Erik (November 23, 2021).
2130:Jouvenal, Justin; Duggan, Paul (March 27, 2019).
1428:Fausset, Richard; Feuer, Alan (August 13, 2017).
413:rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters
153:car attack against counterprotesters at the rally
2225:Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017).
2161:Johnson, Jenna; Wagner, John (August 12, 2017).
2043:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p.
1977:"Hospitals: 30 treated after Aug. 12 car attack"
1750:. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 12, 2017.
816:underway, wanted on federal and local warrants.
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
2604:Feuer, Alan; Peters, Jeremy W. (June 2, 2017).
534:
2606:"Fringe Groups Revel as Protests Turn Violent"
895:for refusing to provide documents as ordered.
3244:
713:The defendant for whom the case was named is
474:attacks. Specifically, the lawsuit relied on
182:against 14 individuals and 10 organizations.
8:
3421:United States racial discrimination case law
704:Ray was a fugitive at the time of the trial.
522:and represented by a team of lawyers led by
356:. The rally sparked a national debate over
3251:
3237:
3229:
2896:Williamson, Elizabeth (November 2, 2021).
29:
20:
3224:Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights
2488:"Jury seated for rally trial after delay"
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1858:; Rosenthal, Brian M. (August 12, 2017).
1610:Wootson, Cleve R. Jr. (August 13, 2017).
1115:
1113:
348:and opposing the proposed removal of the
1466:from the original on September 10, 2019.
1390:Alridge, Derrick P. (October 20, 2017).
765:, its founder Nathan Damigo, and member
1037:
799:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
669:
608:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
143:in which they found various defendants
3134:
3132:
3130:
3047:Silverman, Ellie (November 23, 2021).
2576:Stuart, Courteney (October 26, 2021).
2450:MacFarquhar, Neil (October 28, 2021).
2287:Holan, Angie Dobric (April 26, 2019).
2206:from the original on December 19, 2019
1151:MacFarquhar, Neil (October 24, 2021).
558:East Coast Knights of The Ku Klux Klan
236:Rally participants preparing to enter
3073:
3071:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3016:Quigley, Dryden (November 20, 2021).
2960:Rosenfeld, Arno (November 11, 2021).
2835:
2833:
2831:
2543:
2541:
2512:
2510:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2142:from the original on January 10, 2021
2111:from the original on November 4, 2021
1957:from the original on October 16, 2023
1838:from the original on August 17, 2017.
1813:from the original on August 13, 2017.
1781:from the original on October 9, 2017.
1754:from the original on August 13, 2017.
1527:from the original on October 20, 2019
1442:from the original on August 16, 2017.
1379:from the original on August 16, 2017.
1342:from the original on August 13, 2017.
1306:from the original on October 20, 2019
1190:
1188:
1173:from the original on October 27, 2021
809:, led by Schoep, Heimbach, and Hill.
7:
3078:Woodward, Alex (November 23, 2021).
2616:from the original on August 22, 2017
2517:Hammel, Tyler (September 20, 2021).
2237:from the original on August 13, 2017
2175:from the original on August 13, 2017
2020:from the original on August 30, 2017
1989:from the original on August 21, 2017
1874:from the original on August 12, 2017
1724:from the original on August 20, 2017
1657:from the original on August 12, 2017
1494:from the original on August 15, 2017
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1146:
1144:
1089:Lavoie, Denise (November 23, 2021).
1084:
1082:
1045:
1043:
1041:
16:Civil rights lawsuit decided in 2021
2807:Lavoie, Denise (October 25, 2021).
2753: (W.D. Va. April 29, 2019).
2099:Jacobs, Julia (December 11, 2018).
371:by local governments following the
198:, as well as white supremacist and
2868:Hammel, Tyler (November 1, 2021).
2548:Hammel, Tyler (October 24, 2021).
2486:Hammel, Tyler (October 27, 2021).
2302:from the original on June 30, 2020
2268:from the original on July 18, 2021
2080:from the original on July 28, 2021
2068:Duggan, Paul (December 11, 2018).
1927:from the original on July 10, 2022
1626:from the original on July 19, 2019
1577:Kelkar, Kamala (August 12, 2017).
1480:Stapley, Garth (August 14, 2017).
1271:from the original on July 19, 2019
1120:Spencer, Hawes (January 2, 2023).
1050:Paul, Deanna (November 23, 2021).
787:Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights
568:Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights
14:
3139:Spencer, Hawes (April 11, 2023).
2988:Moors, Macy (November 11, 2021).
2840:Moors, Macy (November 17, 2021).
2717:Tiku, Nitasha (August 27, 2017).
2638:Feuer, Alan (February 12, 2018).
2391:Allam, Hannah (August 28, 2019).
1676:Early, John, ed. (May 16, 2018).
1645:Park, Madison (August 12, 2017).
1591:from the original on May 14, 2018
1232:Weill, Kelly (October 25, 2021).
2932:Moors, Macy (November 3, 2021).
2763:Hammel, Tyler (April 26, 2019).
1893:Franklin, Sekou (June 1, 2020).
1558:from the original on May 5, 2019
1548:"A reckoning in Charlottesville"
1546:Gunter, Joel (August 13, 2017).
1195:Flynn, Meagan (August 7, 2018).
988:million in damages against him.
769:(also known as Eli Mosley); the
369:removal of Confederate monuments
224:This section is an excerpt from
2194:Merica, Dan (August 26, 2017).
1824:Green, Emma (August 15, 2017).
1765:Feuer, Alan (August 14, 2017).
1513:Weill, Kelly (March 27, 2018).
1290:Haag, Matthew (July 21, 2018).
693:was entered for this defendant,
350:statue of General Robert E. Lee
244:, on August 12, 2017, carrying
3401:2021 in United States case law
3379:White Right: Meeting the Enemy
2684:DeLuca, Pete (July 10, 2018).
2256:Kessler, Glenn (May 8, 2020).
1328:Lind, Dara (August 12, 2017).
352:from Charlottesville's former
52:Sines et al v. Kessler et al
1:
3356:A Concert for Charlottesville
466:The lawsuit was based in the
318:slogans and carried weapons,
407:declared the rally to be an
383:, including the minister (a
2795:558 F. Supp. 3d 250
2672:324 F. Supp. 3d 765
2578:"Sines v. Kessler, day one"
1900:Journal of American History
803:National Socialist Movement
771:Traditionalist Worker Party
653:Traditionalist Worker Party
623:National Socialist Movement
520:Integrity First for America
61:November 23, 2021
3452:
3340:Charlottesville car attack
2751: No. 3:17-cv-00072
1025:at the time of the trial.
759:Charlottesville car attack
373:Charleston church shooting
346:white nationalist movement
223:
3335:Assault of DeAndre Harris
2797: (W.D. Va. 2021).
2674: (W.D. Va. 2018).
2041:Terrorism Worldwide, 2018
2039:Mickolus, Edward (2019).
881:Stored Communications Act
777:and Matthew Parrott; the
320:Nazi and neo-Nazi symbols
277:Charlottesville, Virginia
275:rally that took place in
242:Charlottesville, Virginia
131:rally that took place in
28:
1016:Richard Spencer filed a
725:as a primary organizer.
492:Civil Rights Act of 1866
328:Confederate battle flags
250:Confederate battle flags
3426:Virginia state case law
1021:had been imprisoned on
785:and Michael Tubbs; the
633:Michael Enoch Peinovich
358:Confederate iconography
260:, and a flag depicting
3319:Teddy Joseph Von Nukem
1913:10.1093/jahist/jaaa165
1400:University of Virginia
710:
613:Moonbase Holdings, LLC
513:University of Virginia
310:. Some groups chanted
264:
202:organizations such as
3416:Unite the Right rally
3299:Augustus Sol Invictus
1406:on September 12, 2020
947:plausible deniability
909:, who was proceeding
876:U.S. Magistrate Judge
795:Augustus Sol Invictus
638:Robert "Azzmador" Ray
588:Augustus Sol Invictus
563:James Alex Fields Jr.
405:Virginia State Police
269:Unite the Right rally
235:
226:Unite the Right rally
219:Unite the Right rally
125:Unite the Right rally
3279:Christopher Cantwell
2350:Holan, Angie Drobnic
1856:Stolberg, Sheryl Gay
1692:on February 14, 2019
730:Christopher Cantwell
548:Christopher Cantwell
196:Christopher Cantwell
169:compensatory damages
3054:The Washington Post
2262:The Washington Post
2231:The Washington Post
2168:The Washington Post
2136:The Washington Post
2074:The Washington Post
1985:. August 21, 2017.
1806:The Washington Post
1720:. August 18, 2017.
1718:The Washington Post
1619:The Washington Post
1462:. August 13, 2017.
1396:alumni.virginia.edu
1365:(August 15, 2017).
1202:The Washington Post
1057:Wall Street Journal
789:(a subgroup of the
779:League of the South
603:League of the South
428:first-degree murder
157:assault and battery
91:558 F. Supp. 3d 250
81:324 F. Supp. 3d 765
3314:Richard B. Spencer
3146:The Daily Progress
2903:The New York Times
2875:The Daily Progress
2769:The Daily Progress
2645:The New York Times
2610:The New York Times
2555:The Daily Progress
2524:The Daily Progress
2493:The Daily Progress
2457:The New York Times
2352:(April 26, 2019).
2105:The New York Times
1982:The Daily Progress
1867:The New York Times
1774:The New York Times
1436:The New York Times
1373:The New York Times
1299:The New York Times
1267:. March 17, 2018.
1158:The New York Times
1127:The Daily Progress
942:Chatham University
723:Richard B. Spencer
432:malicious wounding
397:state of emergency
389:counter-protesters
375:in 2015, in which
293:white nationalists
265:
192:Richard B. Spencer
3388:
3387:
3373:Unite the Right 2
3284:Peter Cvjetanovic
2330:. August 15, 2017
2327:Los Angeles Times
2054:978-1-4766-3747-1
1023:unrelated charges
955:COVID-19 pandemic
893:contempt of court
813:Default judgments
807:Nationalist Front
793:) and its leader
748:The Daily Stormer
739:The Daily Stormer
734:Michael Peinovich
618:Nationalist Front
481:Boston University
454:moral equivalence
436:life imprisonment
409:unlawful assembly
273:white supremacist
238:Emancipation Park
129:white supremacist
112:
111:
77:No. 3:17-cv-00072
3443:
3406:2021 in Virginia
3367:Sines v. Kessler
3289:Matthew Heimbach
3253:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3172:Sines v. Kessler
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3136:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2790:Sines v. Kessler
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2746:Sines v. Kessler
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:on July 10, 2018
2694:. Archived from
2681:
2675:
2669:
2667:Sines v. Kessler
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2429:Sines v. Kessler
2425:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2388:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1402:. Archived from
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1363:Haberman, Maggie
1355:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1229:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1047:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
987:
976:
971:civil conspiracy
938:Deborah Lipstadt
775:Matthew Heimbach
773:and its leaders
755:Vanguard America
705:
702:
696:
691:default judgment
687:
663:Vanguard America
573:Matthew Heimbach
468:Ku Klux Klan Act
424:
423:
419:
285:neo-Confederates
208:Vanguard America
174:
162:
149:civil conspiracy
116:Sines v. Kessler
98:Court membership
68:
66:
33:
24:Sines v. Kessler
21:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3344:
3323:
3262:
3260:Unite the Right
3257:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3085:The Independent
3077:
3076:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:Oxford Academic
1930:
1928:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1520:The Daily Beast
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1487:The Modesto Bee
1479:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1239:The Daily Beast
1231:
1230:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1014:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
985:
974:
963:
923:
885:chilling effect
855:
827:
822:
763:Identity Evropa
711:
709:
708:
703:
699:
694:
688:
671:
648:Richard Spencer
628:Matthew Parrott
583:Identity Evropa
532:
505:
500:
464:
459:
458:
446:in this trial.
421:
417:
416:
399:, stating that
393:Terry McAuliffe
362:racial violence
246:Neo-Confederate
229:
221:
216:
204:Identity Evropa
172:
160:
133:Charlottesville
93:(W.D. Va. 2021)
89:
88:(W.D. Va. 2021)
84:
83:(W.D. Va. 2018)
79:
64:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3211:
3188:Google Scholar
3166:
3165:External links
3163:
3160:
3159:
3126:
3098:
3067:
3034:
3008:
2980:
2952:
2924:
2888:
2860:
2827:
2799:
2781:
2755:
2737:
2709:
2676:
2658:
2627:
2596:
2583:C-Ville Weekly
2568:
2537:
2506:
2478:
2442:
2411:
2372:
2341:
2313:
2279:
2248:
2217:
2186:
2153:
2122:
2091:
2060:
2053:
2031:
2000:
1968:
1942:
1907:(1): 275–277.
1885:
1847:
1841:
1816:
1784:
1757:
1735:
1703:
1668:
1637:
1602:
1569:
1538:
1505:
1469:
1445:
1417:
1382:
1345:
1317:
1282:
1252:
1215:
1184:
1140:
1109:
1078:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1010:
962:
959:
926:Jury selection
922:
919:
872:moved to quash
854:
851:
843:Norman K. Moon
826:
823:
821:
818:
707:
706:
697:
668:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
533:
531:
528:
524:Roberta Kaplan
504:
501:
499:
496:
463:
460:
457:nationalists".
440:plea agreement
230:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
110:
109:
107:Norman K. Moon
104:
100:
99:
95:
94:
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
49:
48:Full case name
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3448:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Jason Kessler
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3179:CourtListener
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
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2399:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:
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2297:
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2290:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1758:
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