503:
762:
338:
25:
590:
253:, a microcontroller board would emphasize digital and analog control interconnections to some controlled system, whereas a development board might by have only a few or no discrete or analog input/output devices. The development board exists to showcase or train on some particular processor family and, therefore, internal implementation is more important than external function.
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programs to be entered directly through the keyboard and held in RAM. These programs were in machine code, not even in assembly language, and were often assembled by hand on paper before being inputted. It is arguable as to which process was more time-consuming and error prone: assembling by hand, or
328:
Some microcontroller boards using a general-purpose microprocessor can bring the address and data bus of the processor to an expansion connector, allowing additional memory or peripherals to be added. This provides resources not already present on the single board system. Since not every system will
288:
It was common to offer access to the internal bus through an expansion connector, or at least provide space for a connector to be soldered on. This was a low-cost option and offered the potential for expansion, even if it was rarely used. Typical expansions would be I/O devices or additional memory.
210:
of RAM, 4 kilobytes of user-programmable ROM, and 48 lines of parallel digital I/O with line drivers. The board also offered expansion through a bus connector, but could be used without an expansion card cage when applications did not require additional hardware. Software development for this system
717:
Easily accessible platforms aimed at traditionally "non-programmer" groups, such as artists, designers, hobbyists, and others interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Some typical projects in 2011 included: the backup control of DMX stage lights and special effects, multi-camera
709:
details of the hardware, making differences between specific processors less obvious to the application programmer. Rewritable flash memory has replaced slow programming cycles, at least during program development. Accordingly, almost all development now is based on cross-compilation from personal
550:
and compatibles, there was a shift to hosted development. Hardware was now cheaper and RAM capacity had expanded such that it was possible to download the program through the serial port and hold it in RAM. This massive reduction in the cycle time to test a new version of a program gave an equally
390:
It is common practice for boards to include "prototyping areas", areas of the board laid out as a solderable breadboard area with the bus and power rails available, but without a defined circuit. Several controllers, particularly those intended for training, also include a pluggable, re-usable
348:
Microcontroller systems provide multiple forms of input and output signals to allow application software to control an external "real-world" system. Discrete digital I/O provides a single bit of data (on or off). Analog signals, representing a continuous variable range, such as temperature or
360:. Later single-chip microcontrollers have input and output pins available. These input/output circuits usually do not provide enough current to directly operate devices like lamps or motors, so solid-state relays are operated by the microcontroller digital outputs, and inputs are isolated by
308:, where some write access was possible to the program data space, thus permitting in-circuit programming. None of these processors required, or supported, a Harvard bus across a single-board microcontroller. When they supported a bus for expansion of peripherals, a dedicated I/O bus, such as
455:
on the host. Some single-board microcontrollers support a BASIC language system, allowing programs to be developed on the target hardware. Hosted development allows all the storage and peripherals of a desktop computer to be used, providing a more powerful development environment.
609:
through the pins of the IC package. These pins are then available for I/O lines. These changes also reduce the area required on the printed circuit board and simplify the design of the single-board microcontroller. Examples of single-chip microcontrollers include:
652:. PROMs often used the same UV EPROM technology for the chip, but in a cheaper package without the transparent erasure window. During program development, it was still necessary to burn EPROMs. In this case, the entire controller IC, and therefore the
386:
To control component costs, many boards were designed with extra hardware interface circuits but without the components for these circuits installed, leaving the board bare. The circuit was added as an option on delivery, or could be populated later.
124:
174:
As they are usually low-cost, and have an especially low capital cost for development, single-board microcontrollers have long been popular in education. They are also a popular means for developers to gain hands-on experience with a new
718:
control, autonomous fighting robots, controlling bluetooth projects from a computer or smart phone, LEDs and multiplexing, displays, audio, motors, mechanics, and power control. These controllers may be embedded to form part of a
605:, combined many of the features of previous boards into a single IC package. Single-chip microcontrollers integrate memory (both RAM and ROM) on-package and, therefore, do not need to expose the data and address
415:. The serial port could be used by the application program or could be used, in conjunction with a monitor ROM, to transfer programs into the microcontroller memory. Current microcontrollers may support
713:
The original market demand for a simplified board implementation is no longer as relevant for microcontrollers. Single-board microcontrollers are still important, but have shifted their focus to:
300:, became available, the bus no longer needed to be exposed outside the package, as all necessary memory could be provided within the chip package. This generation of processors used a
352:
Discrete digital inputs and outputs might be buffered from the microprocessor data bus only by an addressable latch, or might be operated by a specialized input/output IC, such as an
562:
was not yet available at a viable price. As a completed controller project was usually required to be non-volatile, the final step in a project was often to burn it to an EPROM.
530:. Some of these microprocessor "trainer" systems are still in production today, used as very low-cost introductions to microprocessors at the hardware programming level.
667:, it became practical to attach the controller permanently to the board and to download program code from a host computer through a serial connection. This was termed "
285:
for data. This bus architecture was needed to economise the number of pins needed from the limited 40 available for the processor's ubiquitous dual-in-line IC package.
431:
protocol stack. Some devices have firmware available to implement a Web server, allowing an application developer to rapidly build a Web-enabled instrument or system.
682:
interface. As a further convenience during development, many boards also had low-cost features like LED monitors of the I/O lines or reset switches mounted on board.
480:. This EPROM was then physically plugged into the board. As the EPROM would be removed and replaced many times during program development, it was common to provide a
171:. The intention is that the board is immediately useful to an application developer, without requiring them to spend time and effort to develop controller hardware.
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491:
Some microcontroller devices were available with on-board EPROM. These would also be programmed in a separate burner, then put into a socket on the target system.
42:
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Many early systems had no internal facilities for programming, and relied on a separate "host" system for this task. This programming was typically done in
775:
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Single-board "keypad and calculator display" microcontrollers of this type were very similar to some low-end microcomputers of the time, such as the
371:, are found on some microcontroller boards. Analog outputs may use a digital-to-analog converter or, on some microcontrollers, may be controlled by
912:
510:
When the single-board controller formed the entire development environment (typically in education), the board might also have included a simple
249:
in that it lacks the general-purpose user interface and mass storage interfaces that a more general-purpose computer would have. Compared to a
710:
computers and programs are downloaded to the controller board through a serial-like interface, usually appearing to the host as a USB device.
195:, made it practical to build an entire controller on a single board, as well as affordable to dedicate a computer to a relatively minor task.
1923:
89:
277:. Program and data memory were accessed via the same shared bus, even though they were stored in fundamentally different types of memory:
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It is now cheap and simple to design circuit boards for microcontrollers. Development host systems are also cheap, especially when using
61:
1864:
1478:
890:
108:
68:
671:". Erasure of old programs was carried out by either over-writing them with a new download, or bulk erasing them electrically (for
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eraser takes a considerable time, and so it was also common for a developer to have several EPROMs in circulation at any one time.
2018:
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The use of EPROM sockets allowed field updates to the application program, either to fix errors or to provide updated features.
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require expansion, the connector may be optional, with a mounting position provided for installation by the user if desired.
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The main function of the controller board was then to carry the support circuits for this serial or, on later boards,
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Single-board microcontrollers appeared in the late 1970s, when the appearance of early microprocessors, such as the
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Communications interfaces vary depending on the age of the microcontroller system. Early systems might implement a
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keypad, calculator-style LED display, and a "monitor" program set permanently in ROM. This monitor allowed
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announced a single-board computer product that integrated all of the support components required for their
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375:. For discrete inputs, external circuits may be required to scale inputs, or to provide functions like
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Processors of this era required a number of support chips to be included outside of the processor.
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with separate program and data buses, both internal to the chip. Many of these processors used a
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for easy prototyping of extra I/O circuits that could be changed or removed for later projects.
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It was unusual to add peripheral devices such as tape or disk storage, or a CRT display
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Peter
Grigson; David Harris (August–October 1983). "'Marvin' - Z80 Control Computer".
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Technology demonstration boards for innovative processors or peripheral features:
151:. This board provides all of the circuitry necessary for a useful control task: a
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427:, or others), or provide an Ethernet connection. In addition, they may support a
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238:. I/O processing might have been carried out by a single chip such as the
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were separate, often requiring memory management or refresh circuitry for
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at the chip factory or one-time programmed (OTP) by the developer as a
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Mike
Bedford (August–September 1983). "Universal EPROM Programmer".
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675:). The latter method was slower, but could be carried out in-situ.
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One or more analog inputs, with an analog multiplexer and common
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A single-board computer with a hex keypad and 7-segment display
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pressure, can also be inputs and outputs for microcontrollers.
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microcomputer development system; this provided assembler and
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18:
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16:
Microcontroller built onto a single printed circuit board
1021:
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socket to avoid wear or damage. Erasing an EPROM with a
468:(EPROM) devices to hold the application program. The
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When desktop personal computers appeared, initially
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
167:, stored program memory and any necessary support
915:. Flite Electronics International. Archived from
293:
601:Single-chip microcontrollers, such as the Intel
722:project. Popular choices for this work are the
265:of the early single-board devices, such as the
861:Intel SBC 80/10 Single Board Computer brochure
245:A single-board microcontroller differs from a
242:, but frequently required several more chips.
1865:
1070:
705:software. Higher level programming languages
472:from a host system would be "burned" onto an
8:
578:-family microcontroller with an on-board UV
776:Comparison of single-board microcontrollers
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1872:
1858:
1850:
1664:
1182:
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1063:
1055:
1020:Wiring.org's Wiring development platform
364:level-shifting and protection circuits.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:
937:
836:
466:erasable programmable read-only memory
558:and would be lost if power was lost.
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
686:Single-board microcontrollers today
659:With the development of affordable
551:large boost in development speed.
399:Communications and user interfaces
14:
1699:High voltage parallel programming
464:Early microcontrollers relied on
913:"Microprofessor Training System"
781:Microprocessor development board
760:
251:microprocessor development board
23:
1783:List of common microcontrollers
1693:High-voltage serial programming
897:. Old Computers. Archived from
876:Electronics Today International
847:Electronics Today International
34:needs additional citations for
1813:List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
554:This program memory was still
451:, and then cross-assembled or
344:Diecimila with Atmel ATMEGA168
58:"Single-board microcontroller"
1:
1834:Programmable logic controller
1675:In-circuit serial programming
791:Programmable logic controller
358:parallel input/output adapter
306:modified Harvard architecture
206:microprocessor, along with 1
1885:single-board microcontroller
1100:Single-board microcontroller
656:sockets, would be provided.
566:Single-chip microcontrollers
294:single-chip microcontrollers
141:single-board microcontroller
131:with an Atmel AT91SAM7X256 (
1687:Program and Debug Interface
1034:"Wiring hardware. Overview"
369:analog-to-digital converter
2250:
593:A development board for a
381:cold junction compensation
1105:Special function register
275:Von Neumann architecture
1839:List of microprocessors
1736:Joint Test Action Group
219:support, and permitted
1009:"Hacking Raspberry Pi"
698:
669:in-circuit programming
636:For production use as
598:
586:
507:
373:pulse-width modulation
345:
324:External bus expansion
211:was hosted on Intel's
136:
1881:Single-board computer
1681:In-system programming
693:
592:
573:
519:keying byte-by-byte.
505:
419:, wireless networks (
340:
247:single-board computer
149:printed circuit board
126:
1750:In-circuit debugging
302:Harvard architecture
273:, was universally a
221:in-circuit emulation
147:built onto a single
43:improve this article
2116:Qualcomm Snapdragon
1806:Renesas Electronics
1756:In-circuit emulator
1007:Timothy L. Warner.
930:Arduino's home page
801:Make Controller Kit
362:signal conditioning
129:Make Controller Kit
983:"Project homepage"
945:"Project homepage"
768:Electronics portal
746:Parallax Propeller
720:physical computing
699:
599:
587:
534:Hosted development
508:
443:, or sometimes in
346:
137:
135:) microcontroller.
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1909:Asus Tinker Board
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1337:PIC10/12/16/17/18
989:. Arduino project
895:old-computers.com
821:Asus Tinker Board
546:, then later the
441:assembly language
356:or Motorola 6821
281:for programs and
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2234:Microcontrollers
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1787:By manufacturer
1731:Nexus (standard)
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1086:Microcontrollers
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1040:. Wiring project
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901:on 18 June 2021.
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638:embedded systems
528:Microprofessor I
478:EPROM programmer
333:Input and output
177:processor family
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879:: 45–51, 37–39.
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786:Embedded system
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498:Keypad monitors
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223:for debugging.
198:In March 1976,
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161:clock generator
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1011:. 2013. p. 12.
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919:on 9 May 2008.
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597:family device
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379:excitation or
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236:dynamic memory
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153:microprocessor
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2208:Apache Hadoop
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1979:Nvidia Jetson
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1115:Architectures
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1038:wiring.org.co
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741:AVR Butterfly
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460:EPROM burning
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2014:Raspberry Pi
1969:Nvidia Drive
1924:Cotton Candy
1884:
1643:ARM Cortex-R
1514:ARM Cortex-R
1099:
1042:. Retrieved
1037:
1028:
1016:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
986:
977:
971:User's forum
965:
953:. Retrieved
948:
925:
917:the original
907:
899:the original
894:
885:
874:
868:
856:
845:
839:
816:Raspberry Pi
712:
700:
677:
665:flash memory
658:
635:
600:
560:Flash memory
553:
537:
521:
516:machine code
509:
493:
490:
463:
438:
413:current loop
402:
389:
385:
366:
351:
347:
327:
320:, was used.
318:serial buses
292:Later, when
291:
287:
260:
257:Internal bus
244:
225:
213:Intellec MDS
197:
186:
173:
157:I/O circuits
140:
138:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2126:WonderMedia
1919:BeagleBoard
1668:Programming
1431:PIC24/dsPIC
1367:Rabbit 2000
1178:Word length
1044:5 September
993:5 September
955:5 September
826:Tinkerforge
811:BASIC Stamp
703:open source
644:was either
512:hexadecimal
470:object code
435:Programming
407:to provide
405:serial port
316:or various
2004:Parallella
1994:PandaBoard
1964:LattePanda
1934:Cubieboard
1705:Bootloader
1661:Interfaces
987:arduino.cc
949:dwengo.org
832:References
393:breadboard
354:Intel 8255
69:newspapers
2061:Allwinner
1989:OLinuXino
1954:Hawkboard
1914:Banana Pi
1742:debugWIRE
1724:Debugging
1648:PowerPC64
1585:Propeller
1293:MELPS 740
1022:home page
626:Atmel AVR
99:June 2011
2228:Category
2201:Software
2166:AMD Élan
2111:Rockchip
2101:NovaThor
2091:MediaTek
2071:Apple M1
2019:Snowball
1822:See also
1801:Infineon
1595:TLCS-900
1561:ColdFire
1482:Cortex-M
1446:TLCS-900
1372:TLCS-870
969:Arduino
951:. Dwengo
754:See also
707:abstract
556:volatile
544:Apple II
476:with an
208:kilobyte
191:and the
2096:Nomadik
2056:Actions
1974:Nano Pi
1949:Gumstix
1944:Galileo
1899:Arduino
1892:Devices
1744:(Atmel)
1738:(JTAG)
1600:TriCore
1573:PowerPC
1469:Am29000
1342:ST6/ST7
1223:TMS1000
1218:TLCS-47
891:"KIM 1"
796:Arduino
724:Arduino
526:or the
342:Arduino
183:Origins
83:scholar
2213:Linaro
2184:-based
2178:-based
2176:Jaguar
2158:x86-64
2076:Exynos
2029:Vaaman
2009:Rascal
1999:Pine64
1984:ODROID
1959:IGEPv2
1939:Edison
1701:(HVPP)
1695:(HVSP)
1677:(ICSP)
1630:64-bit
1620:Z80000
1615:Xtensa
1590:SuperH
1578:MPC5xx
1461:32-bit
1426:MSP430
1416:CR16/C
1397:68HC12
1392:65C816
1384:16-bit
1288:65C265
1283:65C134
1261:68HC11
1256:68HC08
1251:68HC05
1228:μCOM-4
1200:COP400
1195:Am2900
1163:RISC-V
1153:MPS430
863:, 1976
806:PICAXE
732:Wiring
728:Dwengo
695:Dwengo
673:EEPROM
661:EEPROM
614:Intel
582:, the
548:IBM PC
429:TCP/IP
425:Zigbee
409:RS-232
377:bridge
314:1-Wire
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2188:Quark
2121:Tegra
1791:Intel
1776:Lists
1764:(ITP)
1758:(ICE)
1752:(ICD)
1715:aWire
1689:(PDI)
1683:(ISP)
1568:PIC32
1556:68000
1551:MN103
1519:AVR32
1502:STM32
1487:EFM32
1451:Z8000
1406:80186
1315:XC800
1238:8-bit
1213:S1C6x
1208:PPS-4
1204:MARC4
1187:4-bit
1123:68000
697:board
580:EPROM
524:KIM-1
474:EPROM
421:Wi-Fi
232:EPROM
200:Intel
143:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2182:Puma
2171:Atom
2136:MIPS
2106:OMAP
2081:i.MX
2039:SoCs
2024:UDOO
1929:CHIP
1883:and
1605:V850
1546:M32R
1541:H8SX
1534:FR-V
1441:RL78
1411:C166
1362:eZ80
1347:STM8
1327:COP8
1310:8051
1305:8048
1278:6502
1271:RS08
1246:6800
1148:MIPS
1128:8051
1093:Main
1046:2024
995:2024
957:2024
663:and
650:PROM
616:8748
603:8748
584:8749
576:8048
540:CP/M
449:PL/M
298:8048
271:6502
269:and
261:The
240:8255
230:and
217:PL/M
204:8080
189:6502
159:, a
127:The
62:news
2154:x86
2048:ARM
1710:ROM
1638:ARC
1524:CRX
1507:XMC
1497:SAM
1492:LPC
1479:ARM
1474:ARC
1436:R8C
1421:H8S
1357:Z80
1322:AVR
1300:78K
1266:S08
1168:x86
1158:PIC
1143:AVR
1138:ARM
1133:ARC
730:or
680:USB
654:ZIF
642:ROM
621:PIC
607:bus
595:PIC
542:or
482:ZIF
447:or
417:USB
411:or
310:I²C
283:RAM
279:ROM
267:Z80
263:bus
228:RAM
193:Z80
169:ICs
165:RAM
133:ARM
45:by
2230::
2144:Jz
2066:Ax
1610:RX
1529:FR
1401:16
1352:Z8
1332:H8
1036:.
985:.
947:.
936:^
893:.
726:,
574:A
486:UV
423:,
383:.
312:,
179:.
163:,
155:,
139:A
2156:/
1873:e
1866:t
1859:v
1399:/
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
1048:.
997:.
959:.
850:.
734:.
445:C
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
