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620:. A single-board configuration reduces a system's overall cost, by reducing the number of circuit boards required, and by eliminating connectors and bus driver circuits that would otherwise be used. By putting all the functions on one board, a smaller overall system can be obtained, for example, as in notebook computers. Connectors are a frequent source of reliability problems, so a single-board system eliminates these problems.
235:
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84:
43:
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596:). While this has greatly increased performance and power efficiency, it has raised concerns that single-board computers, particularly those built around SoCs, are harder to repair and may be less friendly to attempts to monitor or modify instructions programmed into the boards by manufacturers.
812:
circuit boards are also not counted for determining if a computer is an SBC or not for two reasons, firstly because the HDD is regarded as a single block storage unit, and secondly because the SBC may not require a hard drive at all as most can be booted from their network connections.
530:
The 2010s were defined by rapid and sustained growth in single-board computers, enabled largely by advances in integrated circuit production techniques that made it possible for the first time to include most or all of the core components of a motherboard on a
694:. Single-board computers are a market niche and are manufactured less often and at a higher cost. Motherboards and SBCs now offer similar levels of feature integration meaning that a motherboard failure in either standard will require equivalent replacement
761:. In the Intel PC world, the intelligence and interface/control circuitry is placed on a plug-in board that is then inserted into a passive (or active) backplane. The result is similar to having a system built with a
687:. Because of the very high levels of integration, reduced component counts and reduced connector counts, SBCs are often smaller, lighter, more power efficient and more reliable than comparable multi-board computers.
580:
increased demand for small, cheap components that would allow unconventional devices to access the
Internet. Both of these factors dramatically increased production of single-board computers throughout the decade.
780:
Some single-board computers have connectors that allow a stack of circuit boards, each containing expansion hardware, to be assembled without a traditional backplane. Examples of stacking SBC form factors include
575:
and other small-scale devices encouraged hardware manufacturers to move towards more frequent use of SoCs and the reduction of motherboards in size, extensibility and complexity, while the proliferation of the
440:
cards had begun to fast outpace the rate at which users needed to replace their personal computers. These two trends disincentivized single-board computers, and instead encouraged the proliferation of
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278:(I/O) and other features required of a functional computer. Single-board computers are commonly made as demonstration or development systems, for educational systems, or for use as
690:
The primary advantage of an ATX motherboard as compared to an SBC is cost. Motherboards are manufactured by the millions for the consumer and office markets allowing tremendous
421:. Many home computers in the 1980s were single-board computers, with some even encouraging owners to solder upgraded components directly to pre-marked points on the board.
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bus in the 1990s made motherboards and compatible components and peripherals cheap and ubiquitous, while the development of multimedia platforms such as the
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within other devices to provide control and interfacing. They are used in deep-sea exploration on the ALICE deep sea probes and in outer space, on the
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found in PCs, and provide an I/O mix more targeted to an industrial application, such as on-board digital and analog I/O, on-board bootable
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As the PC became more prevalent, SBCs decreased in market share due to their low extensibility. The rapid adoption of
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382:-based computer manufacturer, which branded the system as the "Mini Micro Designer 1", intending it for use as a
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SBCs are units providing all the required I/O with no provision for plug-in cards. Applications are typically
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drivers. Originally intended for education, the
Raspberry Pi contained a number of features, such as optimized
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manufacturing provided new chipsets which could provide the functionality of many daughterboards, particularly
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Single-board computers are now commonly defined across two distinct architectures: no slots and slot support.
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dramatically reduced the variety of peripheral standards motherboards were expected to support, advances in
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magazine in May 1976. Later that year, production of the system began by E&L Instruments, a
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Single-board computers are most commonly used in industrial situations where they are used in
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and other core components, with peripheral components such as hard disk drive controllers and
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and other smart devices, are powered by single-board computers which utilize advanced SoCs (
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now generally applies to an architecture where the single-board computer is plugged into a
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Computers began to move back towards fewer boards in the 2000s. As new standards like
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An early MMD-1, the world's first true single-board computer, with most chips removed
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993:"COM – Based SBCs: The Superior Architecture for Small Form Factor Embedded Systems"
372:, the C1702A. Schematics for the machine, called the "dyna-micro" were published in
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is a type of single-board computer made to plug into a carrier board, baseboard, or
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745:. SBCs have been built around various internal processing structures including the
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By the end of the 2010s and the early 2020s, many devices, including smartphones,
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for prototyping electronic products. The MMD-1 was made famous as an example
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535:. One of the more well known single-board-computers of the decade was the
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1328:"FriendlyELEC introduces new NanoPi R6C single-board computer for US$ 89"
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242:(Model 2B shown) is a low-cost single-board computer often used to teach
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Single-board computers were made possible by increasing the density of
313:. Simple designs, such as those built by computer hobbyists, often use
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Stack-type SBCs often have memory provided on plug-cards such as
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309:. Single-board computers have been built using a wide range of
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Computer whose components are on a single printed circuit board
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One common variety of single-board computer uses standardized
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571:, and other experimentation. In industry, the rapid growth of
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The first true single-board computer was based on the Intel
1030:. Trenton Systems, Inc. September 1, 2016. pp. 13–15.
1025:"Implementing High Performance Embedded Computing Hardware"
633:(slot machines, video poker), kiosk, and machine control
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architectures, and lower power processing systems like
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393:Early SBCs figured heavily in the early history of
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
390:in popular 8080 instruction series of the time.
612:based 486 SBC with power supply and flatscreen
301:, single-board computers often do not rely on
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8:
1179:"What You Should Know About Right to Repair"
290:integrate all their functions onto a single
1276:updated, Brian Westover last (2021-05-27).
1251:"A UHF RFID Printed Circuit Board Solution"
637:. Embedded SBCs are much smaller than the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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555:pins, that were also greatly appealing to
966:. Raspberry Pi Foundation. pp. 3–5.
702:Ranges of single-board computers include
660:to provide for I/O cards. In the case of
337:computer, only in a more compact format.
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
452:, and even some core components such as
1253:. Magicstrap. January 2012. p. 4.
948:
1183:Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World
1057:"E&L Instruments | OpenCorporates"
937:List of open-source computing hardware
1257:from the original on 26 November 2016
1037:from the original on 26 November 2016
1005:from the original on 29 December 2016
7:
1155:"19 Awesome Uses for a Raspberry Pi"
725:enclosure. Some of these types are
519:, and specialized I/O cards such as
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1225:"Single Board Computer Peripherals"
1231:from the original on June 28, 2017
539:, which was built around a custom
417:, the Ampro Little Board, and the
25:
52:This article has multiple issues.
2434:
2433:
1153:Cawley, Christian (2019-12-10).
973:from the original on 9 June 2016
184:
82:
41:
2796:Light-weight Linux distribution
2624:Hacking of consumer electronics
1301:Manager, Content (2023-01-29).
1278:"Raspberry Pi 4 Model B review"
1135:from the original on 2020-02-07
957:"Foundation Strategy 2016–2018"
428:and the standardization of the
426:IBM's standards for peripherals
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1081:"Mini-Micro Designer 1 (MMD1)"
671:format for process control or
499:, and traditional I/O such as
1:
1109:www.bugbookcomputermuseum.com
533:single integrated circuit die
444:, which typically housed the
333:, would perform similar to a
280:embedded computer controllers
2884:List of open-source hardware
1383:single-board microcontroller
1204:Hardware Bible Fifth Edition
927:Single-board microcontroller
645:(eliminating the need for a
384:programmable microcontroller
305:for peripheral functions or
409:were often shipped without
368:, also using Intel's first
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2801:Real-time operating system
2184:Personal digital assistant
26:
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2786:Linux on embedded systems
2429:
1303:"BeagleBone Black Review"
833:Embedded Compact Extended
551:support and programmable
193:This article needs to be
2791:Linux for mobile devices
998:. Diamond Systems Corp.
27:Not to be confused with
2639:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
2421:Wireless sensor network
329:. Other types, such as
117:"Single-board computer"
2915:Single-board computers
2629:Homebrew (video games)
2194:Portable data terminal
1105:"Virginia Information"
721:intended for use in a
613:
361:
348:for system expansion.
247:
2823:Programming languages
2561:Single-board computer
2501:Board support package
2377:Information appliance
2199:Portable media player
2142:Handheld game console
1379:Single-board computer
1085:www.decodesystems.com
891:(CE, EE, EETV and IE)
719:computer form factors
654:single-board computer
607:
513:graphics coprocessors
359:
292:printed circuit board
252:single-board computer
237:
18:Single board computer
2889:Open-source robotics
2879:Lightweight browsers
2602:Proprietary firmware
2511:Consumer electronics
2152:Mobile data terminal
2132:Electronic organizer
1804:Intelligent terminal
1129:"Ampro Little Board"
639:ATX-type motherboard
565:video game emulation
456:modules, located on
102:improve this article
2619:Defective by Design
2526:Embedded hypervisor
1614:Qualcomm Snapdragon
618:integrated circuits
450:graphics processors
2687:Software libraries
2409:Computer-on-module
2267:Digital wristwatch
2069:Mobile workstation
1839:Video game console
1799:Internet appliance
1061:opencorporates.com
907:Computer on module
692:economies of scale
649:), no video, etc.
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578:Internet of Things
469:integrated circuit
415:Ferguson Big Board
380:Derby, Connecticut
362:
342:computer-on-module
288:portable computers
262:built on a single
248:
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2836:Assembly language
2778:Operating systems
2758:Stand-alone shell
2725:Programming tools
2644:Rooting (Android)
2536:Embedded software
2521:Embedded database
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2397:Rugged smartphone
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1983:Small form factor
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299:personal computer
297:Unlike a desktop
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594:System on a Chip
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521:data acquisition
517:RAID controllers
325:processors like
282:. Many types of
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2105:
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2020:
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2012:
2002:
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2000:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1975:
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1968:
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1953:
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1951:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:Personal super
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Arcade cabinet
1785:
1783:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1753:Computer sizes
1751:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
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1216:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1096:
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1016:
984:
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940:
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934:
929:
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919:
914:
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904:
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893:
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886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
825:
818:
815:
749:architecture,
699:
696:
601:
598:
458:daughterboards
399:Acorn Electron
397:, such as the
395:home computers
353:
350:
284:home computers
268:microprocessor
230:
229:
212:
211:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Embedded Java
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:Yocto Project
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
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2736:
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2514:
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2499:
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2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:General terms
2487:
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2326:
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2321:
2318:
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2313:
2309:
2295:
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2287:
2283:
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2275:
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2270:
2269:
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2265:
2261:
2258:
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2256:
2253:
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2250:
2248:
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2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
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2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Smart speaker
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Diskless node
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Apache Hadoop
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
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1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
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1637:
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1631:
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1622:
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1612:
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1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:HiSiliconK3V3
1582:
1580:
1577:
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1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1540:
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1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Nvidia Jetson
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
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1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Arndale Board
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1333:
1332:Notebookcheck
1329:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1227:. Newmicros.
1226:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:0-7897-1743-3
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1124:
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1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1086:
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1073:
1062:
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1052:
1049:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1001:
994:
988:
985:
969:
965:
958:
952:
949:
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Plug computer
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
688:
686:
685:Space Shuttle
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
619:
611:
606:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:parallel port
502:
498:
494:
491:, integrated
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Sound Blaster
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:microcomputer
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:blade servers
328:
324:
320:
317:and low-cost
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:circuit board
261:
257:
253:
245:
241:
236:
226:
223:
208:
196:
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
158:December 2022
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:Microcomputer
19:
2851:Embedded C++
2753:OpenEmbedded
2664:Boot loaders
2585:and controls
2566:Raspberry Pi
2560:
2404:Single-board
2403:
2289:Smartglasses
2232:Programmable
2157:Mobile phone
2010:Blade server
1849:Microconsole
1844:Home console
1512:Raspberry Pi
1467:Nvidia Drive
1422:Cotton Candy
1378:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1219:
1206:, Que, 1999
1203:
1202:Winn Rosch,
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1185:. 2021-07-15
1182:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1148:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
987:
975:. Retrieved
964:Raspberry Pi
963:
951:
817:Form factors
799:
786:
779:
716:
704:Raspberry Pi
701:
689:
683:rockets and
666:
653:
651:
643:flash memory
625:
622:
615:
600:Applications
583:
537:Raspberry Pi
529:
462:
442:motherboards
423:
392:
373:
363:
339:
296:
276:input/output
255:
251:
249:
240:Raspberry Pi
218:
202:
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2866:MicroPython
2806:Windows IoT
2614:Crippleware
2531:Embedded OS
2147:Handheld PC
2079:Subnotebook
2057:Convertible
1918:Workstation
1911:Home server
1834:Thin client
1814:Rich client
1624:WonderMedia
1417:BeagleBoard
1282:Tom's Guide
1261:26 November
1041:26 November
1009:27 December
977:26 November
917:Motherboard
823:AdvancedTCA
775:PCI-Express
763:motherboard
708:BeagleBoard
573:smartphones
545:open-source
515:, high-end
501:serial port
2904:Categories
2846:Embedded C
2506:Bootloader
2294:Smart ring
2282:Sportwatch
2277:Smartwatch
2260:Smart band
2237:Scientific
2219:Calculator
2179:Palmtop PC
2172:Smartphone
2109:Detachable
1934:All-in-one
1884:Industrial
1781:Appliances
1502:Parallella
1492:PandaBoard
1462:LattePanda
1432:Cubieboard
1337:2023-04-29
1312:2023-04-29
1287:2023-04-29
1189:2023-03-06
1164:2023-03-06
1139:2020-09-05
1114:2023-03-06
1090:2023-03-06
1066:2023-03-06
943:References
828:CompactPCI
810:Hard drive
727:CompactPCI
647:disk drive
635:automation
315:static RAM
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2743:Buildroot
2416:Smartdust
2351:Minisuper
2346:Mainframe
2325:Supermini
2089:Smartbook
2064:Cloudbook
1966:Pizza box
1860:Computers
1819:Simulator
1559:Allwinner
1487:OLinuXino
1452:Hawkboard
1412:Banana Pi
1214:pp. 50-51
785:, PC/104-
723:backplane
669:rackmount
658:backplane
652:The term
557:hobbyists
543:SoC with
411:enclosure
403:BBC Micro
346:backplane
307:expansion
205:June 2022
63:talk page
2700:dietlibc
2592:Firmware
2583:Firmware
2440:Category
2312:Midrange
2247:Wearable
2227:Graphing
2204:Siftable
2137:E-reader
2124:Handheld
2074:Notebook
2015:Blade PC
1998:Stick PC
1978:Portable
1961:Deskside
1944:Tabletop
1889:Personal
1829:Smart TV
1699:Software
1664:AMD Élan
1609:Rockchip
1599:NovaThor
1589:MediaTek
1569:Apple M1
1517:Snowball
1255:Archived
1229:Archived
1133:Archived
1032:Archived
1000:Archived
968:Archived
896:See also
889:96Boards
859:Pico-ITX
844:Multibus
839:Mini-ITX
673:embedded
627:Embedded
610:socket 3
541:Broadcom
527:boards.
497:Ethernet
401:and the
260:computer
2861:MISRA C
2748:BusyBox
2738:BitBake
2677:Barebox
2167:Feature
2114:Phablet
2084:Netbook
1988:Mini PC
1956:Desktop
1949:Surface
1927:By size
1757:classes
1594:Nomadik
1554:Actions
1472:Nano Pi
1447:Gumstix
1442:Galileo
1397:Arduino
1390:Devices
1235:July 7,
902:BeBoard
791:PCI-104
769:, PCI,
712:Nano Pi
681:Pegasus
590:laptops
352:History
266:, with
195:updated
142:scholar
2811:Win CE
2763:Toybox
2695:uClibc
2672:U-Boot
2438:
2392:Rugged
2365:Others
2189:Pocket
2162:Camera
2101:Tablet
2052:2-in-1
2044:Laptop
2035:Mobile
1906:Server
1901:Public
1874:Gaming
1867:By use
1773:Static
1711:Linaro
1682:-based
1676:-based
1674:Jaguar
1656:x86-64
1574:Exynos
1527:Vaaman
1507:Rascal
1497:Pine64
1482:ODROID
1457:IGEPv2
1437:Edison
1210:
874:VMEbus
869:Qseven
849:PC/104
783:PC/104
741:, and
735:VMEbus
677:Ariane
631:gaming
434:CD-ROM
419:Nascom
366:C8080A
335:server
323:64-bit
272:memory
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2356:Super
2334:Large
1971:Tower
1939:Panel
1765:Micro
1686:Quark
1619:Tegra
1035:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
996:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
854:PICMG
835:(ECX)
806:DIMMs
802:SIMMs
771:PCI-X
759:SPARC
747:Intel
743:PICMG
662:PC104
549:Linux
407:KIM-1
370:EPROM
321:- or
270:(s),
149:JSTOR
135:books
2841:CAPL
2715:musl
2710:lwIP
2649:UEFI
2541:FPGA
2496:ASIC
2387:Nano
2341:Grid
2320:Mini
2005:Rack
1993:Plug
1879:Home
1755:and
1680:Puma
1669:Atom
1634:MIPS
1604:OMAP
1579:i.MX
1537:SoCs
1522:UDOO
1427:CHIP
1381:and
1263:2016
1237:2017
1208:ISBN
1043:2016
1011:2016
979:2016
804:and
795:EPIC
787:Plus
757:and
755:RISC
710:and
679:and
553:GPIO
523:and
503:and
489:RAID
485:NVMe
481:SATA
436:and
238:The
121:news
2831:Ada
2573:SoC
2546:IoT
1652:x86
1546:ARM
1159:MUO
884:VXI
879:VPX
864:PXI
767:ISA
739:VXI
731:PXI
525:DSP
509:USB
493:GPU
477:IDE
473:I/O
465:USB
454:RAM
446:CPU
430:PCI
327:ARM
286:or
256:SBC
104:by
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1642:Jz
1564:Ax
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