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lodger lifestyle." In the 1990s, SRO rooms in
Chicago only cost about $ 60 less per month than renting a single-room apartment; however, SROs do not require a two-month deposit paid by check or credit card (thus requiring a bank account) and a guarantee of regular income (standard requirements for apartments). SRO hotels differ from government and nonprofit housing services in that whereas these facilities have requirements for "minimum age, alcoholic or drug program eligibility, religious affiliation, welfare system dependency", SRO hotels were anonymous and generally accepted anyone who could pay the monthly rent, without requiring identification and information for official databases, setting restrictions on when residents could enter or leave, or requiring exposure to religious recruitment. A study of 485 New York City SRO tenants found that elderly people wanted to stay in their SRO units, so that they could live in "centrally located neighborhoods where apartment housing was beyond their means", without sharing a room. The study concluded that for "many elderly residents, SROs meet needs not easily met by available alternatives" and recommended maintaining SROs as an option for seniors.
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and "invisible" in housing reform policies and reforms. SRO residents are typically not referred to explicitly in legislation, considered by city housing communities and urban development efforts, which means that SRO residents often have to move from district to district according to changes in real estate planning. San
Francisco architect John Liu called SRO hotels the "most controversial, the most neglected, and the least understood of all housing types." The invisibility of SRO residents is caused by a lack of interest in the lives of the poor and in their lack of a "political constituency", as most housing policy focuses on the family. With the huge reductions in the number of SRO rooms available to the lowest-income populations in the US, the role of SROs is being taken over by
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were needed to provide a safe housing environment in what they called a "dangerous neighbourhood" with a "unique demographic" of individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol. The tenant who took the SRO to court argued that the policy was too restrictive, as many of his guests did not have ID. In the first ruling by the
Residential Tenancy Branch, an arbitrator held that landlords cannot "unreasonably restrict access by guests to a rental property". The B.C. Supreme Court supported the arbitrator's decision, stating that there was no evidence that the tenant in the case had a history of issues with his behaviour on the property, and nor did his guests; the judge said that tenants and their guests should be protected against "unreasonable interference from landlords".
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and white people". In 2016, about 60% of San
Francisco's supportive housing tenants lived in SRO hotels. Newspaper reporters found "chronic maintenance issues, health code violations and frustrated residents" at some of these SRO hotels, typically built a century ago, including the Crosby Hotel in Tenderloin, which had "vermin infestations", no power, leaking pipes, and an elevator that was unreliable. Following numerous complaints, the owners of the Crosby Hotel spent $ 700,000 to repair and upgrade the building. The problems in the city's old SRO hotels are "old buildings with aging infrastructure filled with traumatized or dysfunctional people who sometimes can be destructive or neglectful through
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and new corporate power, its population will move closer to standard white Anglo-Saxon
Protestant characteristics", and thus the association called for exerting "influence" over the city's population to achieve SPUR's goals of improving the "health of the city". In 1968, when a demolition permit was sought for the International Hotel, an SRO hotel inhabited by Filipino seniors, activists and protesters fought to stop it from being destroyed. Although community groups tried to stop the demolition with activism and court action, by 1977, the tenants were ordered to be evicted; protesters formed a human chain to stop the demolition, but police removed them and the building was razed.
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neurological disorder and 18% were HIV-positive. About 28% of the participants were
Indigenous. The death rate of the SRO tenants was five times greater than the general population. In a 2018 paper, Barbic et al stated that young adults living in Vancouver SROs were a "vulnerable" and low-income group with "complex health and substance problems compared to their peers in the general population", typically on "median two co-occurring illnesses, including mental, neurological, and infectious diseases", and all had "lifetime alcohol and cannabis use, with pervasive use of stimulants and opioids", and they had a great deal of contact with the "health, social, and justice systems".
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in the 1970s had a party atmosphere, Paul Groth states that YMCA SRO units actually had "more supervision of your social life—a kind of management as to how you behaved ... in a commercial rooming house, which mostly wanted to make sure the rooms were rented", without monitoring who you brought to your room. While some YMCAs hired professionals to help homeless people and troubled youths (e.g., addictions counselors, social workers, etc.), overall, by the 2000s (decade), most YMCAs decided to move away from providing SROs. By 2004, only 81 of the 2,594 YMCAs still had SRO units.
673:) is a type of low-cost housing typically aimed at residents with low or minimal incomes, or single adults who like a minimalist lifestyle, who rent small, furnished single rooms with a bed, chair, and sometimes a small desk. SRO units are rented out as permanent residence and/or primary residence to individuals, within a multi-tenant building where tenants share a kitchen, toilets or bathrooms. SRO units range from 7 to 13 square metres (80 to 140 sq ft). In some instances, contemporary units may have a small refrigerator, microwave, or sink.
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end of WWII, the inexpensive hotels that became SROs were lost and not replaced, with the losses coming from conversion to office space, demolition, or upgrading to tourist rental. For example, in San
Francisco from 1975 and 1980, 6,085 SRO rooms were lost; in Chicago, from 1973 and 1984, more than 23,000 SRO units were lost. Some viewed the removal of SRO hotels as a good thing, as it meant the "removal of substandard housing and unwanted neighbors" and their "public nuisance"; on the other hand, it was also viewed as causing more homelessness.
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992:, an online room- and house-renting service, housing activists were concerned that the availability of SRO units would decrease, as landlords may find they can make more money from renting the rooms to tourists. In March 2016, affordable housing advocates in New York City were pleased when a judge ruled that an Upper West Side SRO facility (the Imperial Court Hotel) could not rent out rooms for less than 30 days, a short-term tenure that would favour tourist rentals over lower-income long-term renters.
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China who settled in
Seattle were typically the men from the family, who moved to the city's Chinatown and Nihonmachi districts and lived in SROs. Chinese immigrants came to Seattle to work as miners, cooks, railway laborers and cannery workers. These SRO residents used the restaurants, bath-houses, and barbershops to meet their living needs while they worked in Seattle-area industries. Some SROs aimed at Asian residents had a bath-house in the basement to serve Japanese immigrant clients.
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welfare mothers with three young children... socially marginal, all mildly psychotic, all alcoholics or drug addicts, all drifters and transients", with some journalists using the derogatory term "welfare hotel". A 1985 study in
Chicago revealed "a large minority of impoverished workers". In New York City, about one third of SRO dwellers are black and one quarter are Hispanic. Most SRO residents do not move more often than apartment renters, contrary to media references to "transients".
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owners and managers of 15 San
Francisco SROs for "pervasive violations of state and local laws intended to protect residents’ health, safety and tenancy rights". Herrera alleges that the SROs harass or otherwise push out SRO tenants before they can get 30 days tenancy, which gives them protection, an action nicknamed "musical rooms". He also alleges that the SROs either do not do repairs of their units, or do repairs without permits and without licensed, qualified contractors.
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it". By 1980, the hotel and convention industries were lobbying for the building of new hotels for tourists; tenant activists protested what they viewed as the "Manhattanization" of the city, including the gentrification and impacts on traffic and air cleanliness. From 1975 to 2000, landlords eliminated about 6,085 SRO units. From 1989 to 2002, more than 1,700 SRO units were destroyed by fires. Even in the 2000s, immigrants live three or four tenants per SRO room.
31:
1224:, opened in 2016. It has 55 studios which go from 260 to 360 square feet. An article about "21st Century SROs" states that even though there is "still a stigma around SROs because of some of the experience of the last century", there is a "growing acceptance that small spaces can be well run and safe, healthy spaces to live and can be built more cheaply.” Common's Williamsburg in Brooklyn rents single rooms where tenants share a kitchen for $ 2,050 per month;
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income for the same apartment building. Housing aimed at Puerto Ricans rose in price in response to the demand, while landlords reduced their maintenance. As the numbers of Puerto Ricans increased, overcrowding developed and bodegas and Hispanic-oriented stores opened; the elderly white middle-income residents became "hysterical on the subject of crime and safety", with community meetings held to deal with the issue of "foreigners" and "low types".
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approach which meant that any remaining SRO hotel's residents would find it hard to eat at a local cafe or walk to a nearby corner grocery to buy food. Non-residential uses such as religious institutions (churches) and professional offices (doctors, lawyers) were still permitted under these new zoning rules, but working-class people (plumbers, mechanics) were not allowed to operate businesses such as garages or plumbing businesses.
1148:. By the 1970s and 1980s, Vancouver SROs' reputations were poor. A 1989 University of British Columbia thesis by Mercedes Mompel Antolin asserted that only 10–20% of SROs were of good or acceptable quality at the time of writing. And even by 1989, the number of SROs was diminishing: 2,704 units were lost in the period between 1978 and 1986, largely due to the pressures of an increasingly hot real estate market.
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In some old hotels that are now SROs, the nearby storefronts have transitioned from high-end restaurants and clothing shops (in the past) to "HIV-AIDS outreach groups, nongovernmental organizations, and social services offices". While most SROs are former residential hotels, some other building types have been repurposed into SRO usage, including mortuaries, dry cleaner facilities, nursing homes and schools.
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tenants homeless, a new program to reduce fire risk in SRO hotels was initiated. In 2015, there were reports that San Francisco's Hotel EPIK would turn the New Pacific Hotel, a former SRO hotel, into a luxury boutique hotel. A 1980 city ordinance prohibits SRO landlords from renting SRO units to tourists for short term stays (which will result in a fine unless the landlord creates a replacement SRO unit).
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primarily (though not exclusively) by people struggling with mental health and/or addiction issues, and who are likelier than average to have experienced homelessness. Tenants typically have their own private rooms, but share washroom and kitchen facilities with other tenants. Rooms generally cost between $ 375 and $ 800 (CAD, c. 2015), well below the average cost of Vancouver rental housing.
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standing, due to demolitions. In the 1990s, several of the big SRO hotels were renovated, including the Milwaukee, the Northern Pacific, and the Eastern; however, the fire, safety, and earthquake code upgrades led to big rental increases (for example, the Publix Hotel rental went from $ 75 per week for a SRO in the early 2000s to $ 1,350 per month for a micro-studio in 2018).
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associated with fire risk; in Chicago alone, SROs with serious fires included Barton Hotel in 1955, the Royal Bench Hotel in 1981, the Paxton Hotel in 1993, and the J.R. Plaza Hotel (also called "the Zanzibar") in 1999. In the popular imagination, SRO hotels "carry the stigma of vice and drunkenness", and in fiction writing, there are novels where SROs are used to indicate
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converted their building to a luxury hotel, with only a few long-term, low-income SRO tenants using their leases to stay in the hotel. There are about 100,000 illegal SRO units in New York City, many of which are "unsafe, with too many people" for the space and a lack of proper fire exits and ventilation. Some landlords who wish to convert their old SRO hotel into a luxury
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and boys from rooming in the same hotels, due to concerns about homosexuality. The building and safety codes criticized SRO hotel problems such as "firetraps, dark rooms, inadequate plumbing, an insufficient ventilation." In San Francisco, building code inspections and restrictions were often used to racially harass Chinese laborers and the places they lived.
1275:, in which a large room is split into many smaller ones with corrugated steel or sheetrock dividers or cubicles, which do not reach the height of the original ceiling. To prevent tenants from climbing over the walls into each other's spaces, the tops of the rooms are covered in chicken wire, making the rooms look something like cages. A 1991 article in
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lived in live-in luxury hotels and the poor lived in "bunkhouses for day laborers"). Neighborhood groups in Seattle have criticized new micro apartment SRO units, arguing that they "harmed community character and provided ... inhumane living conditions; due to these concerns, the city passed regulations that outlawed micro apartment/SRO construction.
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loss of the remaining SRO units by banning the "conversion, alteration, or demolition" of SRO buildings, but by 1989, this law was struck down by an appeals court. The huge loss of SRO units in New York City is "not the inevitable result" of "market forces"; it was caused by an interaction between city housing policies and market forces.
1198:, and so on. A 1991 study stated that SROs can be successfully used to provide housing for people with chronic mental illness, as SROs give residents "personal freedom and privacy" while also giving a sense of community. Some SROs are operated or funded by charities, non-profit organizations, and/or governments as a way to provide
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conversion to more profitable uses as condos, luxury apartments or high-end hotels. Some cities have regulated the conversion of SROs to other uses in order to prevent landlords from forcibly evicting SRO tenants, while conversely many others limit the conversion of other uses into SROs and restrict them via zoning.
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that SRO hotels had to be cut back. By the 1890s, SRO hotels became "forbidden housing; their residents, forbidden citizens." New York City police inspector Thomas Byrnes stated that rather than give SRO hotels "palliative" care, they should be dealt with using a "knife, the blister, the amputating instruments."
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great deal during the Great Depression, but with the deinstitutionalization of mentally ill people, SRO units became filled with tenants with mental health diagnoses, which led to bans on the building of new SRO units in the 1950s and taxation benefits for landlords to convert SROs into regular apartments.
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SRO hotels are "often viewed as unsafe by youth" in Canada who are seeking affordable housing. At a Vancouver protest calling for more affordable housing, singer and actor Dalannah Gail Bowen stated that SRO units are "'horrible' places to live" that have "squalor, like Third World countries" that "o
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has been responsible for the ownership of many such SRO hotels, such as the Regent and the Balmoral, both of which were ordered to close and were expropriated by the City of Vancouver. While the loss of these residences does not constitute the loss of quality rental stock (the Balmoral and the Regent
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In 1966, pro-development members of the community formed the San Francisco Planning and Urban Renewal Association (SPUR) to lobby for the removal of poor, immigrant and minority SRO tenants: SPUR stated that "If San Francisco decides to compete effectively with other cities for new "clean" industries
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may harass the renters or bribe the low-income tenants so they will leave. New York City law requires building owners to receive a certificate of no harassment (CONH) in order to demolish or convert their building to prove they were not intentionally forcing tenants out through harassment or bribery.
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Paul Tyrrell states that when New York City housing prices rose in the early 2000s (decade), SRO landlords tried to remove longtime SRO tenants to free up their real estate for more lucrative uses (one of these being Airbnb-style short-term rental). The owners of the Ace Hotel, a former SRO facility,
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In 1917, California passed a new hotel act that prevented the building of new hotels with small cubicle rooms. In addition to banning or restricting SRO hotels, land use reformers also passed zoning rules that indirectly reduced SROs: banning mixed residential and commercial use in neighbourhoods, an
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organization that converts single-family homes into single rooms that their members can occupy individually, with a shared kitchen and bathroom, along with wifi, and laundry facilities. Unlike WeLive, which is aimed at high-income professionals, PadSplit is aimed at working-class members, and it has
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SROs are a viable housing option for students, single tenants, seasonal or other traveling workers, empty nester widows/widowers, divorced men or women, low-income people, or others who do not want or need large dwellings or private domestic appliances. The smaller size and limited amenities in SROs
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In the late 1940s, tens of thousands of Puerto Rican families moved to the Upper West Side; in response to this new demand for housing, landlords harassed tenants of rent-controlled apartments to get them to leave and turned apartments into multi-room SROs, in some cases almost tripling their rental
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In the mid-1990s, many "city health officials, architects, city planners, and politicians still argue that no one should live in hotels", which are viewed as leading to "severe social and physical maladjustment" and "public nuisance". Apart from media criticism, SRO residents are typically "unseen"
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81% of the SRO housing stock disappeared between 1960 and 1980. Since the early 1970s, the supply of SRO spaces did not meet the demand in US cities. In 1970, newspapers in the US wrote about an "SRO crisis". Downtown SRO hotels offer few and possibly no rooms to rent to tourists. Indeed, since the
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In SROs that are old, deteriorating hotels, some of the former amenities created for the hotel may have a new function for the current low-income SRO residents; for example, the lobby becomes a place for tenants to "wait for the ambulance, or to meet your addiction counselor, or to laugh and sing."
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In Vancouver's Downtown Eastside, an impoverished district where many SROs and homeless shelters are located, the B.C. Supreme Court ruled against an SRO hotel's requirement that visitors to the building show government-issued identification prior to entry. The hotel argued that the ID requirements
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The arrival of Asian immigrants to the Seattle area in the 1880s, many living in crowded rooming houses, led to concerns from the city council, which passed a cubic air ordinance in 1886 requiring 500 cubic feet of air space per resident. By the early 1900s (decade), Asian immigrants from Japan and
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reported that the average SRO rents in San Francisco's Chinatown are increasing from $ 610 in 2013, to $ 970 in 2015 (the average rent for all rental housing was $ 3,907). The increase in SRO rents is due to the shift away from renting to Chinese immigrants towards "college graduates, single adults
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The anti-SRO policies of 1955 were introduced when the demographics of SRO residents changed towards immigrant families; in an environment influenced by "varying degrees of xenophobia and racism", the city took steps to ban new SRO unit construction, prevent families from living in SROs, and change
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describes the YMCA's mix of "gay culture and working-class workouts coexisting in a single communal space", creating "a mix of white-collar and blue-collar residents, along with retired seniors and veterans", with about half of residents being gay. While the song gives the impression that YMCA SROs
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began building SRO facilities in the 1880s to house people from rural areas who moved into cities to look for work. The typical YMCA SRO housing provides "low-income, temporary housing for a rent of $ 110 per week (in 2005)" for stays that are typically three to six months long. By 1950, 670 of the
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individuals. SRO units are the least expensive form of non-subsidized rental housing, with median rents even in New York City ranging from $ 450 to $ 705 per month in 2013. The term is primarily used in Canada and US. Since the 1970s and 1980s, there has been an increasing displacement of SRO units
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Renters of illegal SRO units typically live in units that do not meet health and safety standards; as well, since the units are unregulated, the renters do not have protection against eviction or rent increases. Many SRO buildings, particularly in major cities, face strong development pressure for
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In San Francisco, Starcity is converting unused parking garages, commercial spaces and offices into single-room residential units, where tenants (tech professionals are the typical renter) get a furnished bedroom and access to wifi, janitor services and common kitchens and lounges for $ 1,400 to $
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Most SROs were originally intended to be short-term accommodations for seasonal male workers, as well as young families, and recent immigrants, in the early 1900s. Two hotels which would later become notorious, the Balmoral and the Regent, were even considered luxury accommodations. However, first
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A 2018 article states that some SRO landlords in San Francisco are "holding rooms empty, perhaps for years, driving up the value of a building" rather than rent them to low-income people; Erik Schmitt states that one in seven SRO rooms in the city are vacant, with some hotels having 100% vacancy.
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Jerry Threet, San Francisco' deputy city attorney, says that SROs are "often the last barrier between SF’s poorest population and the streets". Threet says some SRO owners do the "bare minimum to maintain their buildings", leading to unsafe SRO units. In 2014, City Attorney Dennis Herrera sued the
970:
While the city realized by the 1980s that SRO units needed to be preserved, due to their role in housing homeless people, and introduced policies to encourage SRO retention, the number of SRO units had fallen by one half (from its Depression-era highest number). In 1985, the city tried to stop the
857:
Reformers used moral codes, building codes, fire codes, zoning, planning committees and inspections to limit or remove SRO hotels. An example of moral critiques is Simon Lubin's claims that "unregulated hotels" were "spreading venereal diseases among the soldiers". Other reformers tried to ban men
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By the 1880s, urban reformers began working on modernizing cities; their efforts to create "uniformity within areas, less mixture of social classes, maximum privacy for each family, much lower density for many activities, buildings set back from the street, and a permanently built order" all meant
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A 2013 study of the approximately 3,000 SRO tenants who live in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside found that two-thirds were previously homeless and had an average of three illnesses each, with 95% facing substance dependence and almost two-thirds doing injection drugs. Nearly half had psychosis or a
1287:
While urban reformers who advocate for the removal of SROs state that "more 'dignified' forms of affordable housing" should be created in the place of SROs, Marco D'Eramo states that "SRO inhabitants have rejected this notion in... surveys, declaring themselves to be reasonably content with their
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During the 1970s, as San Francisco became a popular and economically successful city, job seekers came seeking homes; Justin Herman, the Executive Director of the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency criticized the presence of SROs, saying "This land is too valuable to permit poor people to park on
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In the middle of the 19th century, gold prospectors, sailors, and seasonal fruit and vegetable pickers lived in San Francisco's SRO hotels during the winter. SROs played a key role in providing housing for immigrant single adults and families, particularly those from China, Philippines, Japan and
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Some cities do both simultaneously, protecting existing SROs while making it virtually impossible to create new ones. A 2014 article about SRO housing in San Francisco stated that SROs have become a "key urban built environment used to house poor populations with co-occurring drug use and mental
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and centralized locations" are willing to accept smaller apartments even though the per-square-foot prices may be higher than some larger units. The report states that 2018-era micro apartments were known as SROs in the early 20th century, and they housed "rich and poor alike" (although the rich
950:
For much of New York City's early history, housing was provided in shared accommodations that would probably be described as SROs today. These units provided housing for single, low-income men, and to a lesser degree, single low-income women. In New York City, the number of SRO units increased a
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Paul Groth states that some downtown "residents literally cannot exist without them " as they have "ew, if any, housing alternatives." There are "myths about today's hotel residents", claiming that they are all "isolated, needy, and disabled; all elderly; all on welfare; all elderly men; or all
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Real estate market pressures on SRO tenants have not abated in the 30 years since that thesis was published. The market stock of SROs is decreasing both in terms of vacancy rates and in terms of affordability, and quality of life in SROs is highly variable. Certain privately-owned SRO hotels in
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in converted single-family dwellings are the equivalent form of affordable housing available.) SROs in Vancouver may be either privately-owned and for-profit, privately-owned and non-profit, or owned by government. As of 2019, there were a total of 156 SRO hotels in Vancouver. Most are occupied
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calls SRO hotels the "nation's least desirable housing stock" and states that the facilities led to elderly people being "trapped in a situation that exacerbated their isolation and withdrawal from society", even though they were in "desperate need of social services". SRO buildings have been
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sponsored legislation making it illegal for SRO landlords to charge "visitor fees"—a practice long run in order for hotel managers to get a "cut" on drug-dealing or prostitution activities in the building. After a rash of fires destroyed many SROs in San Francisco and left nearly one thousand
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SRO hotels may be literally invisible to higher-income passers-by when they are discreetly located on the upper floors of a restaurant or retail store. There is a debate as to whether SRO hotel residents are "homeless". Paul Groth states that SRO residents are "not homeless. They are living in
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One SRO in Seattle's Chinatown that housed immigrant workers, the West Kong Yick hotel, was closed in the 1970s when it could not afford to comply with Seattle fire and building code updates; it was still closed in 2018. By 1980, only 77 of Seattle's original 350 residential hotels were still
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From 2009 to 2014, Seattle had a big increase in the building and creation of new SRO units designed to be rented at market rates, which had an average monthly rent of $ 660; In 2013, for example, 1,800 SRO units and microapartment units were built. In 2018, the media depicted the increasing
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The term SRO refers to the fact that the tenant rents a single room, as opposed to a full flat (apartment). While roommates informally sharing an apartment may also have a bedroom and share a bathroom and kitchen, an SRO tenant leases the SRO unit individually. SRO units may be provided in a
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provided $ 1 million towards the building of a $ 4 million SRO facility in Houston called Knowles-Temenos Place Apartments, which aim to provide supportive SRO housing for people trying to overcome "personal and natural disasters". The facility provides tenants with a shared business center
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San Francisco is an example of a city that took over particularly squalid SROs, and renovated them for the disadvantaged. Landlords who intend to convert SROs may try to convince their tenants to sign releases, which may require relocation by the landlord and/or compensating the tenant. The
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In 2017 in New York City, Matthew and Seth Weissman, who operate Weissman Equities, renovated a partly empty apartment building in Harlem, creating furnished SRO units with 180 to 280 square feet, which rent for $ 1,200 to $ 1,600 per month (this includes utilities and cleaning). "Luxury",
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In New York City, some public figures have been recommending that SRO's should be made available legally again, due to great increases in rental prices city wide. Rose Haggerty, an activist for affordable housing has been seeking to develop new affordable housing, as described below:
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without bathrooms, at the higher end. They may also be referred to as "SRO hotels", which acknowledges that many of the buildings are old hotels that are in a poor state of repair and maintenance. The initialism SRO has also been stated to mean "single resident only". The terms
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Knight, Knight R.; Lopez, Andrea M.; Comfort, Megan; Shumway, Martha; Cohen, Jennifer; and Riley, Elise. "Single Room Occupancy (SRO) hotels as mental health risk environments among impoverished women: the intersection of policy, drug use, trauma, and urban space".
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provides an earliest citation of 1941), but such accommodations predate the nickname by at least fifty years. SROs exist in many American cities, and are most common in larger cities. In many cases, the buildings themselves were formerly hotels in or near a city's
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the Depression and then the 1970s closure of psychiatric hospitals (and attendant lack of regard or care of mentally ill Vancouverites), along with the flight of the wealthy and middle class to the suburbs, contributed to the decline and lack of investment in the
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one deserves to live in". Illegal, unlicensed SRO units that are created in homes and apartment buildings may be overcrowded and lack fire exits and ventilation. In 2013, SROs were described as a "poorly regulated last resort for the most desperate populations."
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building codes and zoning to discourage SROs. In the 1970s, the city introduced tax incentives for landlords to encourage them to convert SROs into regular apartments, a program which from 1976 to 1981 eliminated two thirds of the SRO stock in the city.
1338:(including computers and Internet access), with the individual rooms having a bath, mini refrigerator, mini-stove and a flat screen TV (wall-mounted), with the aesthetics and build quality similar to new apartment buildings in the downtown and midtown.
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admittedly minimal and unusual dwelling units, often in hideous repair and under woefully inadequate management but dwelling units nonetheless." SROs were considered socially acceptable even as late as the late 1950s: the Alfred Hitchcock movie
894:; however, many homeless people avoid staying at shelters because they find them to be "dangerous and unappealing" or because they do not meet entry requirements (due to being intoxicated), leading to more people sleeping on the streets.
701:, apartment building, or in illegal conversions of private homes into many small SRO rooms. There is a variety of levels of quality, ranging from a "cubicle with a wire mesh ceiling", at the lowest end, to small hotel rooms or small
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1,688 YMCAs in the US provided SRO spaces, which made 66,959 beds available. By the 1970s, the typical YMCA tenant was more likely to be homeless people and youth facing life issues, rather than people migrating from rural areas.
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I can tell you the SROs in this community are squalor, like Third World countries," Bowen told the crowd. "No one deserves to live in those conditions. No one. But the city continues to give lip service and do nothing about that
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In late 2023, Governor Kathy Hochul announced that millions would be spent on restoring SRO units for active housing. During the same period, Mayor Eric Adams announced sweeping new programs to provide afforable housing.
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The construction of new SROs or conversion of existing homes to multiple SRO units was banned in New York City in 1955 due to concerns that they provided "substandard housing conditions" that were "improper and unsafe".
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Barbic, Skye P.; Jones, Andrea A.; Woodward, Melissa et al. "Clinical and functional characteristics of young adults living in single room occupancy housing: preliminary findings from a 10-year longitudinal study".
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The rents of many poor tenants may be paid in full or in part by charitable, state, or federal programs, giving incentive to landlords to accept such tenants. Some SRO buildings are renovated with the benefit of a
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were plagued by systemic and deliberate neglect, and tenants had to be evacuated), the decline in availability of affordable housing has been exacerbated by the closure of some SRO hotels.
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NYC residents of illegal SROs are reluctant to complain to housing authorities about the condition of their units or rent regulation violations, as doing so could lead to their eviction.
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Depending on the landlords and the quality of the properties, SRO conditions can range from squalor to something like an extended-stay, basic hotel. Some have been designed and run in a
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In response to the rise of people living alone, some startups have created "co-living" spaces, hotel-style blocks where people share communal spaces like living room and kitchens.
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Single room occupancy housing, two case studies: Vancouver and Toronto (A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Planning))
1085:, attracting vermin or willfully damaging property". The Henry, another SRO hotel, is also being improved, with staff giving it new paint, an atrium area, WiFi and computers.
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health issues"; specifically, it found that women drug users in SROs have more "post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression versus "stably housed women".
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1234:"amenity-laden" SRO units are available for $ 2,150 from Common Baltic in Boerum Hill and for $ 3,050 per month from WeLive (the residential version of co-working company
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states that "ingle room occupancy housing is obviously not a new concept, however, the genius of late capitalism is that it has made it desirable" to high-income renters.
2473:"Seattle's Micro-unit is a Reenactment of Past Housing: Small housing has always been crucial for providing shelter to the workforce. Why would Seattle regulate it away?"
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While SRO units are mostly associated with low-income renters, in cities where dwellings are expensive and scarce, there may be "middle-class SROs", a type of
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The St. Francis Residence in New York City was turned into an SRO hotel in 1951. In the 1980s, it was turned into supportive housing for low-income tenants.
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2339:"SF artist slaps notices on vacant SROs to spotlight homeless: Graphic designer Erik Schmitt's "Housing Displacement Facts" piece singles out empty SROs"
3381:– A guide to the HUD moderate rehab SRO program, specifically for homeless individuals, includes lessons learned about SROs and additional information.
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3536:
2017:
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Linhorst, Donald M. (1991). "The use of single room occupancy (SRO) housing as a residential alternative for persons with a chronic mental illness".
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passed an SRO Hotel Conversion Ordinance in 1980, which restricts the conversion of SRO hotels to tourist use. SROs are prominent in the
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In the Chinatown–International District, an old form of housing has fallen, taking a piece of history—and affordability—with it
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to "special needs populations", which include people facing drug and alcohol addiction, mental health issues, or disabilities.
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2519:"Replacement, Renewal & Change: 2015 Survey of Single Room Accommodation & Non-Market Housing in the Downtown Core"
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3358:– a non-profit in Los Angeles that is the largest developer of single-room occupancy housing in the Western United States
693:. Between 1955 and 2013, almost one million SRO units were eliminated in the US by regulation, conversion or demolition.
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began working on "blight removal" and demolition, with thousands of SRO units destroyed to make way for redevelopment.
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Latino countries; the SRO district was nicknamed "hotel city" due to the number of SRO hotels. By the late 1940s, the
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82:
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depicted young administrative staff living in downtown SRO hotels. An equivalent term to SRO is "residential hotel".
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Vancouver are notorious for their poor maintenance, absentee landlords, crime, and frequency of drug overdoses; the
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2107:
COMMON GROUND: AN INTERVIEW WITH ROSANNE HAGGERTY OF COMMON GROUND COMMNITY], Sept 1, 2022, shelterforce website.
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aimed at middle class and professional renters. The first 2010s-era micro-unit housing building in New York City,
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Most S.F. housing for the homeless is a century old; even refurbished, severe health and safety issues can abound
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Housing Homeless Individuals Through HUD’s Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy (SRO) Program
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https://shelterforce.org/2002/09/01/common-ground-an-interview-with-rosanne-haggerty-of-common-ground-commnity/
1613:"The $ 80-a-Week, 60-Square-Foot Housing Solution That's Also Totally Illegal: It's Time to Bring Back the SRO"
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The United States saw a decrease in single-room occupancy housing during the period of 1960s and 1970s
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1723:. Chapter One: "Conflicting Ideas about Hotel Life." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
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states this is a "reenactment of the way U.S. cities have long worked", as individuals seeking "
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2242:"Herrera sues City-contracted SRO hotel owners for rampant housing violations, false claims"
2154:"Single Room Occupancy Program (SRO)/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)"
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The Broadway Hotel, in Portland, Oregon, was built in 1913. It was turned into an SRO hotel.
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3169:"B.C. Supreme Court rules against Atira's visitor ID policy at Downtown Eastside SRO hotel"
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The exterior of the Balmoral Hotel in Vancouver. The iconic sign was removed in June 2022.
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1873:"Single-Room Occupancy Housing in New York City: The Origins and Dimensions of a Crisis"
1555:"Single-Room Occupancy Housing in New York City: The Origins and Dimensions of a Crisis"
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2930:"Are 'dorms for adults' and coliving just an older housing idea, SRO, by another name?"
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3077:"Study paints complex health portrait of single-room occupancy hotel tenants in DTES"
2974:
Rollinson, Paul A. "Elderly Single Room Occupancy (SRO) Hotel Tenants: Still Alone."
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2496:"What the Balmoral Hotel can teach us about private ownership of affordable housing"
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popularity of micro apartments as a new trend; however, an article about Seattle in
745:
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2699:"A look inside the Balmoral Hotel where city says tenants are in 'imminent danger'"
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2428:
Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects, Second Edition
2415:
Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects, Second Edition
2402:
Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects, Second Edition
1123:
In Canada, SRO hotels (also known as "residential hotels") are most often seen in
3202:
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1111:
929:
874:
727:
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2725:"For low-income residents in Vancouver, a different kind of real estate crisis"
2604:. The University of British Columbia School of Community and Regional Planning.
2141:
Adams touts affordable housing production as city runs out of room for migrants
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2,400 per month, an approach that has been called "dorm living for grownups".
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2129:
Mayor Adams unveils sweeping plan to create 100K new housing units across NYC
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Crystal S, Beck P. "A room of one's own: the SRO and the single elderly".
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1839:"The Real Story Of The YMCA That Inspired The Village People's Gay Anthem"
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A maintenance worker at an SRO hotel pauses while renovating an old room.
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3369:– A non-profit in San Francisco that organizes and assists SRO tenants.
3262:
Living Downtown: The History of Residential Hotels in the United States
2789:
1889:
1872:
1775:
The Long, Slow Decline of Chicago's SROs | Chicago magazine | June 2013
1720:
Living Downtown: The History of Residential Hotels in the United States
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329:
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described early SRO hotels in his 1900 "naturist novel of urban life"
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3131:"Housing activists demand end to gentrification in Downtown Eastside"
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989:
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2549:"Neon sign on Vancouver's Balmoral Hotel removed due to safety risk"
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generally make them a more affordable housing option, especially in
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neighborhoods or urban areas with high land values and high rents.
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3886:
3815:
3793:
3035:
The Pig and the Skyscraper: Chicago : a History of Our Future
3022:
The Pig and the Skyscraper: Chicago : a History of Our Future
3009:
The Pig and the Skyscraper: Chicago : a History of Our Future
2996:
The Pig and the Skyscraper: Chicago : a History of Our Future
1164:
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911:
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404:
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3337:. A short documentary about Harlem SROs facing gentrification by
3891:
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3307:
It All Begins with a Home...Transformations Through Housing 2015
2861:"Would you live in a house without a kitchen? You might have to"
1041:
subsidizes SRO rehabilitation to combat homelessness, under the
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194:
3388:
3115:
Guirguis-Younger, Manal; Hwang, Stephen W.; and McNeil, Ryan.
2275:"Most Wanted: San Francisco flyers name and shame Airbnb hosts"
2018:"Understanding Single-Room Occupancy Laws | Real Estate Weekly"
3287:
Dialectical Urbanism: Social Struggles in the Capitalist City.
721:
2117:
New York to spend $ 50M restoring single-room occupancy units
1466:
1464:
1462:
840:, typically built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
3355:
2181:. San Francisco Fire Department. 2009-01-17. Archived from
3270:
Down And Out: The Life And Death Of Minneapolis's Skid Row
3244:
Hotel Life: The Story of a Place Where Anything Can Happen
3231:
Hotel Life: The Story of a Place Where Anything Can Happen
3215:
Hotel Life: The Story of a Place Where Anything Can Happen
1787:
Beside the Golden Door: Policy, Politics, and the Homeless
1539:
Single-room occupancy hotels disappearing across Chicago.
1454:
Hotel Life: The Story of a Place Where Anything Can Happen
1584:
1582:
1039:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
3225:
3223:
2643:"Single Room Occupancy (SRO) Revitalization Action Plan"
3366:
3277:
New Homeless and Old; Community and the Skid Row Hotel.
2673:"Vancouver will expropriate Balmoral and Regent hotels"
1518:"History of S.R.O. Residential Hotels in San Francisco"
1472:"Definition of Residential hotel/single room occupancy"
821:
The Harrison Hotel, an SRO hotel in Oakland, California
749:
2834:"New York Advocates See a Place for 21st-Century SROs"
2818:
Carswell, Andrew T. "Single-room occupancy housing".
2576:"Vancouver's Nightmare SROs Were Havens for the Rich"
2441:"Considering SRO Housing in New York City and Beyond"
1639:"Considering SRO Housing in New York City and Beyond"
958:
A small room at the Whitehouse Hotel in New York City
3375:– (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development)
3242:
Levander, Caroline Field and Guterl, Matthew Pratt.
3229:
Levander, Caroline Field and Guterl, Matthew Pratt.
3213:
Levander, Caroline Field and Guterl, Matthew Pratt.
2064:"Court Rules SRO Can't Rent Rooms For Under 30 Days"
1452:
Levander, Caroline Field and Guterl, Matthew Pratt.
3824:
3774:
3719:
3688:
3535:
3502:
3422:
2308:Fagan, Kevin; Palomino, Joaquin (5 December 2016).
1785:Wright, James D.; Rubin, Beth A.; Devine, Joel A.
1012:The Hamlin Hotel, an SRO hotel in San Francisco's
2822:, Second Edition. SAGE Publications, May 31, 2012
2374:"ID Renovations Clash With Housing Affordability"
2236:
2234:
2232:
2211:"Tenderloin SRO Being Revamped as Boutique Hotel"
2036:"Buildings – Certificate of No Harassment (CONH)"
1590:Banished: The New Social Control In Urban America
689:, with SRO facilities being sold and turned into
1254:single-room dues from $ 500 to $ 750 per month.
38:) at 6th and Howard in San Francisco, California
3083:. University of British Columbia. 9 August 2013
2978:, Volume 36, Issue 4, 1 July 1991, pp. 303–08,
2179:"Single Room Occupancy (SRO) Hotel Fire Safety"
1764:"From Scattered Opinion to Centralized Policy."
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2093:It’s Time for New York City to Bring Back SROs
3400:
3106:. April 2018, Volume 109, Issue 2, pp. 204–14
3058:
3056:
3048:Preshrunk Ponderings and Rumpled Rememberings
2617:"We're Losing What 'SRO' Hotels Can Do Right"
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
647:
8:
3279:Temple University Press. Philadelphia, 1989.
2265:
2263:
1871:Sullivan, Brian J.; Burke, Jonathan (2013).
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1553:Sullivan, Brian J.; Burke, Jonathan (2013).
754:introducing citations to additional sources
685:aimed at low-income earners in a process of
1866:
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1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
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1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
3407:
3393:
3385:
3329:Caged Men: Tales from Chicago's SRO Hotels
2752:"'It's Just a Continuous Loss of Housing'"
1985:
1983:
1127:. (In other major cities such as Toronto,
680:, in some cases for formerly or otherwise
654:
640:
41:
2923:
2921:
1924:
1922:
1902:
1900:
1888:
1570:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
2574:Cheung, Christopher (15 November 2019).
2466:
2464:
2462:
2404:. University of Washington Press, 2017.
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
1832:
1830:
1810:"New YMCA would drop low-income housing"
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1512:
1303:
953:
864:
744:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3362:Single-Room Occupancy Hotels in Chicago
2430:. University of Washington Press, 2017.
2417:. University of Washington Press, 2017.
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1434:
714:" are also used to refer to some SROs.
53:
3289:New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002.
2615:Seccia, Stephanie (13 February 2017).
1592:. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 27
1043:McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act
3275:Hoch, Charles and Slayton, Robert A.
2908:"Housing Brass Tacks: Illegal Hotels"
2600:Antolin, Mercedes Mompel (May 1989).
2143:, By Aaron Ginsburg, August 3, 2023.
2131:By Devin Gannon, September 21, 2023.
2119:By Aaron Ginsburg, December 13, 2023.
1991:"Housing Brass Tacks: Illegal Hotels"
1588:Beckett, Katherine; Herbert, Steve.
7:
3267:Hart, Joseph and Hirschof, Edwin C.
2890:"Return of the S.R.O., With a Twist"
1909:"Return of the S.R.O., With a Twist"
1734:USA: Modern Architectures in History
916:The Bowery YMCA in Manhattan in 1893
3373:Single Room Occupancy Program (SRO)
3217:. UNC Press Books, 2015. pp. 133–34
3119:. University of Ottawa Press, 2014
3117:Homelessness & Health in Canada
2750:St. Denis, Jen (13 November 2019).
2671:Boothby, Lauren (6 November 2019).
2337:Brinklow, Adam (21 February 2018).
2095:, By Karrie Jacobs, June 24, 2021.
2062:Fishbein, Rebecca (19 March 2016).
2471:Beyer, Scott (13 September 2018).
1789:. Transaction Publishers pp. 21–22
1064:In 2001, San Francisco Supervisor
1023:San Francisco Redevelopment Agency
988:With the increasing popularity of
230:Affordability in the United States
25:
3104:Canadian Journal of Public Health
2957:. Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org
2914:. Urban Omnibus. 6 December 2017.
1997:. Urban Omnibus. 6 December 2017.
1950:Sullivan & Burke, pp. 121–122
1930:How East New York Became a Ghetto
1837:White, Abbey (20 December 2018).
3948:
3331:(2017). Directed by Aaron Shipp.
3297:. Chapter Six describes SROs in
2928:Sisson, Patrick (8 March 2018).
2832:Cohen, Josh (27 February 2018).
2310:"Aging hotels, chronic problems"
1932:. NYU Press, Apr. 1, 2005. p. 31
1520:. Central City SRO Collaborative
1394:, variants of SRO in South Korea
1352:
737:relies largely or entirely on a
726:
619:
61:
34:An abandoned single-room hotel (
3842:Residential cluster development
3246:. UNC Press Books, 2015. p. 140
3233:. UNC Press Books, 2015. p. 133
3129:Smith, Charlie (26 July 2014).
3050:. iUniverse, Apr. 3, 2001. p. 3
2778:Community Mental Health Journal
1808:Stern, Seth (26 October 2005).
1736:. Reaktion Books, Feb. 15, 2008
1611:Ionova, Mariana (3 June 2013).
1456:. UNC Press Books, 2015. p. 130
3494:Shopping streets and districts
3367:Central City SRO Collaborative
2955:"Single Room Occupancy Hotels"
2859:Mahdawi, Arwa (24 June 2018).
2547:Steacy, Lisa (June 26, 2022).
2372:Scher, Steve (December 2018).
1413:List of human habitation forms
1:
3167:Pablo, Carlito (8 May 2015).
2723:Stueck, Wendy (28 May 2018).
1663:BSullivan & Burke, p. 115
928:The pop song and gay anthem "
829:, probably in the 1930s (the
4004:Housing in the United States
3620:Model dwellings for the poor
3203:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.011
2052:Sullivan & Burke, p. 127
2007:Sullivan & Burke, p. 129
1977:Sullivan & Burke, p. 114
1968:Sullivan & Burke, p. 124
1959:Sullivan & Burke, p. 122
1403:House in multiple occupation
590:Residential treatment center
3310:. SRO Housing Corporation.
3197:. 2014 May; 25(3): 556–61.
2888:Velsey, Kim (19 May 2017).
2820:The Encyclopedia of Housing
1907:Velsey, Kim (19 May 2017).
4030:
1271:fashion. Others have been
1209:
3945:
3304:Shimizu, Julia Robinson.
1258:Regulations and standards
838:central business district
832:Oxford English Dictionary
18:Single resident occupancy
3416:Real estate developments
3066:. 1992 Oct; 32(5):684–92
2475:. Market Urbanism Report
535:Healthy community design
27:Type of low-cost housing
3625:Multifamily residential
3356:SRO Housing Corporation
2426:Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl.
2413:Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl.
2400:Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl.
2314:San Francisco Chronicle
1300:Debate and legal issues
825:The term originated in
765:"Single-room occupancy"
3575:Conservation community
3137:. The Georgia Straight
2246:San Francisco Attorney
1762:Groth, Chapter Eight:
1333:In 2007, the musician
1309:
1170:
1140:
1108:Market Urbanism Report
1017:
959:
917:
870:
822:
290:Housing discrimination
260:Environmental security
39:
3670:Single-room occupancy
3615:Mixed-use development
3600:Intentional community
3585:Golf course community
3447:Mixed-use development
3335:Single Room Occupancy
1307:
1168:
1138:
1011:
957:
915:
868:
820:
667:Single-room occupancy
485:Alternative lifestyle
430:Real estate investing
425:Real estate economics
415:Real estate appraisal
153:Mixed-use development
33:
3739:Garden city movement
3655:Retirement community
3173:The Georgia Straight
3037:. Verso, 2003 p. 242
3024:. Verso, 2003 p. 241
3011:. Verso, 2003 p. 240
2998:. Verso, 2003 p. 239
2729:The Globe & Mail
1329:Possible development
1206:More expensive units
1196:people with HIV/AIDS
750:improve this article
595:Retirement community
580:Psychiatric hospital
388:Society and politics
4014:Alternative housing
3999:Living arrangements
3902:Planning permission
3645:Residential airpark
3630:Penthouse apartment
3517:Industrial district
2984:10.1093/sw/36.4.303
2652:. City of Vancouver
2641:City of Vancouver.
2528:. City of Vancouver
2517:City of Vancouver.
2185:on January 17, 2009
2074:on 24 February 2018
1849:on 20 December 2018
1732:Wright, Gwendolyn.
676:SROs are a form of
166:(travellers' hotel)
3994:Affordable housing
3955:Housing portal
3527:Technology centers
2790:10.1007/BF00752816
2553:CTV News Vancouver
2271:Wong, Julia Carrie
2217:. 12 February 2015
1913:The New York Times
1890:10.31641/clr170104
1814:Forest Park Review
1572:10.31641/clr170104
1378:Bedspace apartment
1310:
1200:supportive housing
1171:
1141:
1018:
960:
918:
877:. For example, in
871:
823:
678:affordable housing
626:Housing portal
605:Supportive housing
420:Real estate bubble
340:Subsidized housing
305:Housing inequality
40:
4009:Housing in Canada
3961:
3960:
3917:Regional planning
3877:Land-use planning
3759:Urban green space
3754:Planned community
3689:Science/education
3635:Private community
3195:Int J Drug Policy
1941:Thabit, pp. 31–32
1423:Short-term rental
1146:Downtown Eastside
892:homeless shelters
815:
814:
800:
708:residential hotel
703:studio apartments
664:
663:
315:Luxury apartments
235:Executive housing
16:(Redirected from
4021:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3706:Satellite campus
3650:Residential area
3605:Luxury apartment
3565:Closed community
3512:Business cluster
3409:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3283:Merrifield, Andy
3247:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3135:www.straight.com
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3033:D'Eramo, Marco.
3031:
3025:
3020:D'Eramo, Marco.
3018:
3012:
3007:D'Eramo, Marco.
3005:
2999:
2994:D'Eramo, Marco.
2992:
2986:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2912:urbanomnibus.net
2904:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2697:Lovgreen, Tina.
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2378:Seattle Magazine
2369:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2273:(22 July 2016).
2267:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2038:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:. Archived from
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:urbanomnibus.net
1987:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1928:Thabit, Walter.
1926:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1845:. Archived from
1834:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1805:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1608:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1514:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1468:
1457:
1450:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1055:Mission District
842:Theodore Dreiser
810:
807:
801:
799:
758:
730:
722:
656:
649:
642:
624:
623:
622:
610:Supported living
585:Residential care
560:Natural building
540:Homeless shelter
445:Right to housing
410:Rapid Re-Housing
365:Sustainable city
335:Subprime lending
320:Ownership equity
65:
42:
21:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
3979:Apartment types
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3862:Greenfield land
3832:Brownfield land
3820:
3770:
3715:
3684:
3590:Gated community
3531:
3522:Industrial park
3498:
3484:Shopping center
3452:Office building
3442:Commercial area
3418:
3413:
3352:
3339:Alexander Lewis
3325:
3256:
3254:Further reading
3251:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3208:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3140:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3046:Slattery, Tom.
3045:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:. PD&R Edge
2445:www.huduser.gov
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2215:The Bold Italic
2209:
2208:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1877:CUNY Law Review
1870:
1869:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1645:. PD&R Edge
1643:www.huduser.gov
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1559:CUNY Law Review
1552:
1551:
1547:
1541:Chicago Tribune
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1368:Apartment hotel
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1335:Beyoncé Knowles
1331:
1302:
1265:
1260:
1214:
1208:
1188:homeless people
1163:
1121:
1095:
1006:
977:
948:
943:
920:In the US, the
910:
811:
805:
802:
759:
757:
743:
731:
720:
712:efficiency unit
660:
631:
630:
629:
620:
618:
615:
614:
600:Retirement home
550:Local community
490:Assisted living
479:
471:
470:
469:
440:Rent regulation
400:Housing subsidy
389:
381:
380:
379:
219:
211:
210:
209:
123:Housing project
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Urban planning
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:Greyfield land
3864:
3859:
3857:Eminent domain
3854:
3852:Context theory
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3749:Planned cities
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Public housing
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Housing estate
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Executive home
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Bungalow court
3552:
3550:Boarding house
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3350:External links
3348:
3347:
3346:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:978-1497536012
3302:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3219:
3206:
3185:
3152:
3121:
3108:
3094:
3068:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2967:
2946:
2917:
2899:
2894:New York Times
2880:
2851:
2824:
2811:
2784:(2): 135–144.
2768:
2742:
2715:
2689:
2663:
2633:
2607:
2592:
2566:
2539:
2509:
2486:
2458:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2355:
2329:
2291:
2259:
2228:
2195:
2170:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2054:
2045:
2042:on 2015-12-14.
2027:
2024:on 2019-06-19.
2009:
2000:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1918:
1896:
1883:(1): 113–143.
1860:
1826:
1791:
1778:
1767:
1738:
1725:
1665:
1656:
1630:
1594:
1578:
1545:
1531:
1488:
1458:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1418:Microapartment
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1383:Boarding house
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:Housing portal
1347:
1344:
1330:
1327:
1301:
1298:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1218:microapartment
1212:Microapartment
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1192:mental illness
1190:, people with
1162:
1159:
1129:rooming houses
1120:
1117:
1094:
1091:
1005:
1002:
982:boutique hotel
976:
975:Current status
973:
947:
944:
942:
939:
934:Village People
909:
906:
813:
812:
748:. Please help
734:
732:
725:
719:
716:
687:gentrification
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Green building
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:Home ownership
307:
302:
300:Overpopulation
297:
295:Housing stress
292:
287:
285:Housing crisis
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
240:Environmental:
237:
232:
227:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
175:Public housing
172:
167:
161:
156:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4026:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3956:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Redevelopment
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Groundscraper
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:Miscellaneous
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Model village
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Research park
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3680:Tract housing
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Rooming house
3663:
3661:
3660:Revenue house
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:Shopping mall
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Business park
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:Documentaries
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3299:New York City
3296:
3295:1-58367-060-2
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:Groth, Paul.
3258:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:Gerontologist
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2678:
2677:CityNews 1130
2674:
2667:
2664:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
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766:
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739:single source
735:This section
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699:rooming house
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530:Halfway house
528:
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500:Cottage homes
498:
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460:Tenants union
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370:Toxic hotspot
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55:Living spaces
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3989:Homelessness
3922:Urban design
3847:Construction
3734:Civic center
3711:Science park
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3570:Company town
3469:Power center
3343:Artemis Shaw
3334:
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3176:. Retrieved
3172:
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3139:. Retrieved
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2959:. Retrieved
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2868:. Retrieved
2865:The Guardian
2864:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:nextcity.org
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2759:. Retrieved
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2650:Vancouver.ca
2649:
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2583:. Retrieved
2579:
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2557:. Retrieved
2552:
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2530:. Retrieved
2526:Vancouver.ca
2525:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2494:Lee, Uytae.
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2449:. Retrieved
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2381:. Retrieved
2377:
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2342:
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2324:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2282:. Retrieved
2279:The Guardian
2278:
2250:. Retrieved
2245:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2148:
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2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2067:
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2040:the original
2030:
2022:the original
2012:
2003:
1994:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1912:
1880:
1876:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1842:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
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1781:
1770:
1733:
1728:
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1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
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1621:. Retrieved
1617:nextcity.org
1616:
1589:
1562:
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1540:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
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1290:
1286:
1284:conditions.
1276:
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1245:In Atlanta,
1244:
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1232:
1227:The Guardian
1225:
1222:Carmel Place
1215:
1180:
1172:
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1078:The Guardian
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772:
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736:
695:
691:condominiums
675:
670:
666:
665:
617:
565:Nursing home
450:Rent control
350:architecture
345:Sustainable:
280:Homelessness
270:Fair housing
3984:Hotel types
3974:House types
3882:Nonbuilding
3811:Tower block
3675:Subdivision
3537:Residential
3474:Retail park
3178:19 December
3087:20 December
3081:news.ubc.ca
2976:Social Work
2939:22 December
2870:22 December
2844:22 December
2840:. Next City
2731:. PostMedia
2479:19 December
2383:22 December
2348:19 December
2319:27 December
2252:27 December
1853:22 December
1819:22 December
1619:. Next City
1524:19 December
1481:21 December
1476:Law Insider
1277:Social Work
1176:gentrifying
1112:solo living
875:urban decay
806:August 2024
515:Foster care
455:Rent strike
355:development
275:Healthiness
200:Shanty town
155:(live-work)
148:Condominium
3968:Categories
3907:Playground
3806:Skyscraper
3560:City block
3504:Industrial
3479:Riverfront
3424:Commercial
3148:situation.
3141:7 December
2961:2013-02-04
2761:22 January
2756:TheTyee.ca
2735:22 January
2708:22 January
2682:22 January
2656:22 January
2626:22 January
2585:22 January
2559:24 October
2555:. CTV News
2532:22 January
2502:22 January
2451:7 December
2284:7 December
2221:7 December
2189:2013-02-04
2164:2020-02-04
2078:1 December
1649:7 December
1623:8 December
1565:(1): 117.
1429:References
1263:Conditions
1066:Chris Daly
1051:Tenderloin
1014:Tenderloin
776:newspapers
525:Group home
510:Ecovillage
505:Eco-cities
118:Green home
36:Hugo Hotel
3789:Apartment
3776:Buildings
3721:Municipal
3610:McMansion
2068:Gothamist
1843:Gothamist
1269:dormitory
1251:cohousing
1125:Vancouver
1076:In 2016,
1059:Chinatown
1045:of 1987.
932:" by the
746:talk page
570:Orphanage
555:Log house
435:Redlining
185:Flophouse
98:Apartment
3837:Cemetery
3729:Arcology
3545:Agrihood
2806:36121712
2621:The Tyee
2580:The Tyee
1388:Hasukijb
1346:See also
1282:skid row
1247:PadSplit
1083:hoarding
1016:district
682:homeless
545:Hospital
495:Boomtown
375:Vagrancy
265:Eviction
250:planning
143:Tenement
113:Ecohouse
103:Bungalow
93:terraced
83:detached
47:a series
45:Part of
3897:Parking
3432:Airport
2798:2044353
1392:Gosiwon
1093:Seattle
901:Vertigo
879:Chicago
790:scholar
718:History
133:I-house
108:Cottage
3937:Zoning
3696:Campus
3462:inland
3314:
3293:
2934:Curbed
2804:
2796:
2343:Curbed
1398:Hostel
1373:Bedsit
1236:WeWork
1119:Canada
990:Airbnb
792:
785:
778:
771:
763:
710:" or "
575:Prison
360:living
325:Permit
255:racism
245:design
218:Issues
170:Castle
164:Hostel
3932:YIMBY
3887:NIMBY
3816:Villa
3799:types
3794:House
3780:types
3764:parks
2802:S2CID
2646:(PDF)
2522:(PDF)
2498:. CBC
1249:is a
797:JSTOR
783:books
478:Other
465:YIMBY
405:NIMBY
205:Villa
190:Shack
180:Squat
159:Hotel
138:Ranch
79:House
3892:Park
3457:Port
3341:and
3312:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3180:2018
3143:2018
3089:2018
2941:2018
2872:2018
2846:2018
2794:PMID
2763:2020
2737:2020
2710:2020
2684:2020
2658:2020
2628:2020
2587:2020
2561:2022
2534:2020
2504:2020
2481:2018
2453:2018
2385:2018
2350:2018
2321:2018
2286:2018
2254:2018
2223:2015
2080:2018
1855:2018
1821:2018
1651:2018
1625:2018
1526:2018
1483:2018
1390:and
1161:Uses
1057:and
930:YMCA
922:YMCA
908:YMCA
769:news
330:Rent
195:Slum
72:Main
3199:doi
2980:doi
2786:doi
2703:CBC
1885:doi
1567:doi
1408:Kot
1238:).
752:by
671:SRO
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