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address", a single address visible from outside the cluster that can be used to contact the cluster as if it were one machine. This can be used for load balancing inbound calls to the cluster, directing them to lightly loaded nodes, or for redundancy, moving the cluster address from one machine to
108:
of running processes, allowing their current state to be saved and reloaded at a later date. Checkpointing can be seen as related to migration, as migrating a process from one node to another can be implemented by first checkpointing the process, then restarting it on another node. Alternatively
140:
The advantage of a single root view is that processes may be run on any available node and access needed files with no special precautions. If the cluster implements process migration a single root view enables direct accesses to the files from the node where the process is currently running.
162:
clusters, where not all nodes have the same configuration. In more complex configurations such as multiple nodes of multiple architectures over multiple sites, several local disks may combine to form the logical single root.
1436:
Bolosky, William J.; Draves, Richard P.; Fitzgerald, Robert P.; Fraser, Christopher W.; Jones, Michael B.; Knoblock, Todd B.; Rashid, Rick (1997-05-05), "Operating System
Directions for the Next Millennium",
171:
Some SSI systems allow all nodes to access the I/O devices (e.g. tapes, disks, serial lines and so on) of other nodes. There may be some restrictions on the kinds of accesses allowed (For example,
219:
Examples here vary from commercial platforms with scaling capabilities, to packages/frameworks for creating distributed systems, as well as those that actually implement a single system image.
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In most cases inter-node IPC will be slower than IPC on the same machine, possibly drastically slower for shared memory. Some SSI clusters include special hardware to reduce this slowdown.
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provides a search list logical name with node specific files occluding cluster shared files where necessary. This capability may be necessary to deal with
1612:
Pike, Rob; Presotto, Dave; Thompson, Ken; Trickey, Howard (1990), "Plan 9 from Bell Labs", In
Proceedings of the Summer 1990 UKUUG Conference, p. 8,
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Some SSI systems provide the illusion that all processes are running on the same machine - the process management tools (e.g. "ps", "kill" on
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51:. The interest in SSI clusters is based on the perception that they may be simpler to use and administer than more specialized clusters.
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provides a "context dependent symbolic link" (CDSL) which points to different files depending on the node that accesses it.
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or administrative reasons. As processes are moved from one node to another, other associated resources (for example
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for example it may be necessary to move long running processes off a node that is to be closed down for maintenance
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Some SSI systems provide a way of "breaking the illusion", having some node-specific files even in a single root.
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of machines that appears to be one single system. The concept is often considered synonymous with that of a
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Different SSI systems may, depending on their intended usage, provide some subset of these features.
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mechanisms as if they were running on the same machine. On some SSI systems this can even include
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for instance, which may be achieved by means of an additional layer of software over conventional
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Most SSI systems provide a single view of the file system. This may be achieved by a simple
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Some SSI systems allow processes on different nodes to communicate using
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Healy, Philip; Lynn, Theo; Barrett, Enda; Morrison, John P. (2016),
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International
Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
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Coulouris, George F; Dollimore, Jean; Kindberg, Tim (2005),
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Process migration is also deliberately absent from Plan 9.
1439:
6th
Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-VI)
1267:, avoiding lost work in case of a cluster or node restart.
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Checkpointing is particularly useful in clusters used for
54:
Different SSI systems may provide a more or less complete
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can't mount disk devices from one node on another node).
1109:
Based on R&D by Tandem
Computers c/o Andrea Borr at
125:
like systems) operate on all processes in the cluster.
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development is carried forward by Dr. Stefan Bosse at
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server, shared disk devices or even file replication.
1276:"leaving a cluster" is often a euphemism for crashing
1297:
1332:Buyya, Rajkumar; Cortes, Toni; Jin, Hai (2001),
223:SSI Properties of different clustering systems
1382:Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
1304:, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR,
8:
211:another as nodes join or leave the cluster.
88:and be moved to another node, possibly for
1529:"A survey of process migration mechanisms"
1486:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1075:Green means software is actively developed
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1413:Distributed systems: concepts and design
1066:to implement a single cluster IP address
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7:
1593:"Open-Sharedroot GitHub repository"
1536:ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
1238:- multiple system image alternative
1232:- multiple system image alternative
109:checkpointing can be considered as
96:resources) may be moved with them.
1441:, Cape Cod, MA, pp. 106–110,
1187:is a shared root Cluster from ATIX
191:(can be emulated in software with
62:Features of SSI clustering systems
16:Cluster dedicated operating system
14:
246:
1416:, Addison Wesley, p. 223,
1375:"Single system image: A survey"
1062:based SSI clusters can use the
1:
1507:, Phi Learning, p. 256,
84:. Processes may start on one
1296:Pfister, Gregory F. (1998),
1215:Diskless shared-root cluster
206:Some SSI systems provide a "
185:inter-process communications
37:distributed operating system
1527:Smith, Jonathan M. (1988),
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1504:Grid And Cluster Computing
1390:10.1016/j.jpdc.2016.01.004
1353:10.1177/109434200101500205
1265:high-performance computing
73:
1457:10.1109/HOTOS.1997.595191
1236:Message Passing Interface
1197:UnixWare NonStop Clusters
1010:UnixWare NonStop Clusters
193:distributed shared memory
80:Many SSI systems provide
1230:Parallel Virtual Machine
1220:Distributed lock manager
1501:Prabhu, C.S.R. (2009),
104:Some SSI systems allow
45:operating system images
1334:"Single System Image"
1300:In search of clusters
100:Process checkpointing
21:distributed computing
1064:Linux Virtual Server
269:Latest release date
242:Single process space
117:Single process space
58:of a single system.
1558:10.1145/47671.47673
1175:was a fork of MOSIX
1138:was used to create
224:
25:single system image
1123:is a successor to
1094:2009-02-03 at the
1000:September 16, 2022
262:Cluster IP address
237:Process checkpoint
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202:Cluster IP address
90:resource balancing
1654:Cluster computing
1628:Missing or empty
1514:978-81-203-3428-1
1466:978-0-8186-7834-9
1423:978-0-321-26354-4
1311:978-0-13-899709-0
1225:Distributed cache
1107:Guardian90 TR90.8
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704:September 1, 2011
662:December 10, 2004
232:Process migration
111:migration to disk
82:process migration
76:Process migration
70:Process migration
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47:running on each
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1630:|title=
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1542:(3): 28–40,
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1161:named pipes
247:Single root
129:Single root
1398:10468/4932
1347:(2): 124,
1283:References
930:VMScluster
889:TruCluster
844:TidalScale
396:NonStop OS
208:cluster IP
156:VMScluster
149:TruCluster
1544:CiteSeerX
1443:CiteSeerX
1173:openMosix
1125:openMosix
1039:June 2000
993:Unknown
896:Unknown
827:Unknown
812:Unknown
655:Unknown
633:openMosix
614:Unknown
575:Unknown
560:Unknown
533:Unknown
491:Unknown
485:Unknown
469:Kerrighed
425:Unknown
356:PS/2 1.2
342:Unknown
339:Unknown
336:Unknown
330:Unknown
327:Unknown
324:Unknown
300:Unknown
294:Unknown
1648:Category
1621:citation
1482:citation
1475:15380352
1361:38921084
1320:38300954
1209:See also
1121:LinuxPMI
1092:Archived
1044:UnixWare
752:2.6.10 (
511:LinuxPMI
436:Native,
215:Examples
56:illusion
1566:6611633
1201:OpenSSI
1163:for IPC
1089:BSS Lab
1035:Closed
1004:Native
996:Closed
964:OpenVMS
955:Closed
914:Closed
882:FreeBSD
869:Closed
838:Native
799:Native
716:OpenSSI
669:2.4.26
617:Closed
586:Native
578:Closed
547:2.6.17
505:2.6.30
458:Solaris
454:FreeBSD
438:Windows
403:Inferno
387:Closed
345:Closed
311:Native
173:OpenSSI
33:cluster
1598:GitHub
1564:
1546:
1511:
1473:
1463:
1445:
1420:
1359:
1318:
1308:
1085:Amoeba
805:Sprite
766:Plan 9
758:Fedora
754:Debian
462:Plan 9
278:Amoeba
1562:S2CID
1532:(PDF)
1471:S2CID
1378:(PDF)
1357:S2CID
1337:(PDF)
1243:Notes
1159:used
1157:LOCUS
1136:LOCUS
1060:Linux
923:Tru64
878:Linux
830:Open
791:Open
750:Linux
741:Open
709:Linux
700:Open
667:Linux
658:Open
626:Linux
592:MOSIX
553:LOCUS
545:Linux
536:Open
503:Linux
494:Open
446:Linux
428:Open
303:Open
228:Name
1634:help
1509:ISBN
1488:link
1461:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1316:OCLC
1306:ISBN
1032:Yes
1029:Yes
1026:Yes
1023:Yes
1020:Yes
1014:Yes
990:Yes
981:Yes
975:Yes
971:z/VM
952:Yes
949:Yes
946:Yes
943:Yes
940:Yes
911:Yes
902:Yes
866:Yes
863:Yes
860:Yes
857:Yes
854:Yes
848:Yes
834:1992
821:Yes
818:Yes
809:Yes
788:Yes
785:Yes
782:Yes
779:Yes
738:Yes
735:Yes
732:Yes
729:Yes
726:Yes
720:Yes
697:Yes
688:Yes
646:Yes
640:Yes
637:Yes
605:Yes
599:Yes
596:Yes
582:1988
572:Yes
569:Yes
566:Yes
563:Yes
557:Yes
524:Yes
518:Yes
515:Yes
488:Yes
482:Yes
479:Yes
476:Yes
473:Yes
450:OS X
442:Irix
422:Yes
419:Yes
416:Yes
391:2018
384:Yes
381:Yes
378:Yes
375:Yes
372:Yes
369:Yes
366:Yes
333:Yes
297:Yes
291:Yes
288:Yes
285:Yes
282:Yes
123:Unix
86:node
49:node
23:, a
1554:doi
1453:doi
1394:hdl
1386:doi
1349:doi
1146:TCF
1143:AIX
1140:IBM
1017:No
987:No
984:No
978:No
937:No
934:No
908:No
905:No
899:No
893:No
851:No
824:No
815:No
776:No
773:No
770:No
723:No
694:No
691:No
685:No
682:No
679:No
652:No
649:No
643:No
611:No
608:No
602:No
530:No
527:No
521:No
413:No
410:No
407:No
354:AIX
320:TCF
317:AIX
195:).
135:NFS
94:IPC
29:SSI
19:In
1650::
1625::
1623:}}
1619:{{
1595:.
1560:,
1552:,
1540:22
1538:,
1534:,
1484:}}
1480:{{
1469:,
1459:,
1451:,
1392:,
1380:,
1355:,
1345:15
1343:,
1339:,
1314:,
880:,
760:)
756:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
440:,
153:HP
146:HP
113:.
1636:)
1632:(
1601:.
1581:.
1556::
1490:)
1455::
1396::
1388::
1351::
27:(
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