31:
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new rock at the surface. At least one sinkhole (Poza Seca) appears to have closed up entirely, sealing off an underwater lake, possibly with unusual life forms. If such life forms exist, they’re likely to be bacteria that can live without oxygen and sunlight. And assuming the lake has been sealed off from the outside world for thousands and thousands of years, they might have evolved to be different from anything scientists have ever discovered and characterized before.
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It’s a bit like the skin on a can of paint that has been left open in the sun. For the paint, it might take a day or two. In this case, the process probably takes thousands of years. It is basically the sinkhole’s way of taking a bunch of dissolved rock floating in the water and recycling it to form
189:
has studied
Sistema Zacatón to understand how the sinkholes formed and how they evolve over time. During these studies, Gary made extensive use of a number of investigative tools, including those on the DEPTHX probe, geophysics, isotope geochemistry, field mapping, and geomicrobiology. Gary was a
68:
Using an autonomous robot, the underwater portion of Zacatón has been measured to be 319 meters (1,047 ft) deep (a 20-meter (66 ft) difference between the rim of cliff and surface of water adds to the total depth). Zacatón is the only sinkhole of the five located in Rancho La
Azufrosa to
177:
Zacatón is just one of the numerous sinkholes and other karst features in the region. Here are located more than 15 sinkholes, several cave systems and karst springs with caves. Several of these karst features have unusual characteristics like travertine lids over several of the sinkholes with
218:. This water slowly dissolved the limestone above, creating porous karst. This is referred to as “hypogenic karstification.” From time to time, overlying rock collapsed into hollow chambers below, creating deep shafts. If his interpretation is correct, Sistema Zacatón has more in common with
362:
455:
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as a result of volcanic activity from below. This view differs from the classical theory of cave formation and also hypotheses about the formation of other large caves in this part of Mexico. In this view,
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entered El Zacatón with the intent of reaching bottom. Bowden dived to a men's world record depth of 282 m (925 ft), but Exley died, probably from
433:
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706:. Karst hydrogeology and speleogenesis of sistema Zacatón by Marcus o. Gary. Bulletin of Association for mexican cave studies (AMCS) n°21-2010.
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Another interesting hydrogeologic feature is that some of the sinkholes appear to be in the process of closing up at the top as crusts of
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233:(a form of calcium carbonate) form at their surfaces. Marc Airhart, a science writer at the Jackson School of Geosciences wrote:
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Deep
Phreatic Thermal Explorer (DEPTHX) robot being lowered into La Pilita, one of several sinkholes in Sistema Zacaton (2007)
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Dr. Ann
Kristovich set the women's world depth record of 169 m (554 ft) during a 1993 dive into the sinkhole.
65:. At a total depth of 339 meters (1,112 ft), it is one of the deepest known water-filled sinkholes in the world.
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Gary, Marcus; Fairfield, Nathaniel; Stone, William C.; Wettergreen, David; Kantor, George; Sharp, Jr, John M. (2008).
181:
Since the late 1990s, Dr. Marcus Gary, a hydrogeologist at the
Edwards Aquifer Authority and adjunct professor at the
72:
The name Zacatón comes from the free-floating islands of zacate grass which move around on the surface with the wind.
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One of the many smaller cenotes, or sinkholes, in the Zacatón system the near Aldama, Tamaulipas (2013)
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El Zacatón with free floating grass island (lower right), Municipality of Aldama, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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129:) project used the sinkhole as a testbed for robotic hardware being developed to explore the
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144:. Additional co-investigators on the Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer (DEPTHX) team included
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317:"3D Mapping and Characterization of Sistema Zacatón from DEPTHX (DEepPhreaticTHermal e
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486:"Proyecto de Buceo Espeleologico México y América Central Bio: Ann Kristovich"
230:
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58:
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332:
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underwater robot to explore the deepest parts of Zacatón for the first time.
75:
Scrapings from the rock walls beneath the surface yielded at least three new
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Volcanic karstification of
Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006)
4646:
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2808:
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29:
961:
325:
Sinkholes and the
Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst
122:
4760:
4677:
4581:
4383:
1599:
1556:
List of shipwrecks in the
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
1455:
1190:
796:
758:
701:
by
Wondermondo. Separate descriptions of 17 features in system.
226:
than with other deep sinkholes in this same region of Mexico.
406:"Speleogenesis of Zacatón and cenotes of Rancho la Azufrosa"
201:
According to Gary, these sinkholes began to form during the
118:(HPNS) at a depth of 268 to 276 m (879 to 906 ft).
410:
Proceedings of the 20th Annual
Scientific Diving Symposium
251:
Free floating grass islands in the cenote Zacaton (2010).
99:
El Zacatón's depth has made it an important dive site:
369:. 2002-12-18. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09
210:
turned deep water slightly acidic by adding dissolved
45:
belonging to the Zacatón system - a group of unusual
1467:
Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District
4339:
4300:
4214:
4174:
4135:
4014:
3782:
3623:
3604:
3449:
3401:
3345:
3062:
2966:
2888:
2801:
2752:
2650:
2498:
2420:
2316:
2247:
2008:
1871:
1619:
1424:
1388:
1330:
456:"Deep-diving robot finds microbial zoo in sinkhole"
1532:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
1144:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
770:
137:. DEPTHX was designed and integrated by NASA
8:
583:"Mexican Sinkhole May Lead NASA to Jupiter"
506:Zacaton. A History by Dr. by Ann Kristovich
4861:
4757:
4674:
4578:
4380:
1616:
1596:
1502:Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
1452:
1327:
1187:
793:
777:
763:
755:
399:
397:
414:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
307:
241:
628:"Robotic submarine reaches new depths"
379:
1551:Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
194:on the DEPTHX mission, which used an
7:
4850:
984:John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
4719:National Diving and Activity Centre
1578:Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
1522:Robben Island Marine Protected Area
917:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park
4834:Outline of recreational dive sites
1416:Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park
972:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
957:Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve
845:Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
813:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
607:"The Advance DEPTHX Team Missions"
25:
4920:Underwater diving sites in Mexico
1154:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
717:Plan and profile view from DEPTHX
162:the University of Texas at Austin
106:On April 6, 1994, explorer diver
4870:
4866:Index of recreational dive sites
4860:
4856:Category:Recreational dive sites
4849:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4393:Cave diving regions of the world
268:
256:
244:
125:Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer (
69:have any noticeable water flow.
4829:
95:Zacaton sinkhole, cross-section
27:Water-filled sinkhole in Mexico
4450:Cocklebiddy, Western Australia
1573:Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly
116:high-pressure nervous syndrome
1:
1507:Michigan Underwater Preserves
581:Connolly, Ceci (2007-05-14).
408:. In Hallock; French (eds.).
187:University of Texas at Austin
183:Jackson School of Geosciences
166:Jackson School of Geosciences
57:in the northeastern state of
4734:Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall
1517:Porteau Cove Provincial Park
1069:Porteau Cove Provincial Park
670:Airhart, Marc (2007-05-19).
561:"Robotic Mission to Zacaton"
178:isolated waterbodies below.
150:Southwest Research Institute
4455:Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
1317:Stingray City, Grand Cayman
1222:Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
297:List of sinkholes of Mexico
4946:
4930:Karst formations of Mexico
2523:General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
1084:Ras Muhammad National Park
518:"A/C N10 Incident Reports"
436:. Mexicodesconocido.com.mx
146:Carnegie Mellon University
41:is a thermal water-filled
4824:
4767:
4756:
4684:
4673:
4588:
4577:
4390:
4379:
1606:
1595:
1492:Shipwrecks of Isle Royale
1462:
1451:
1345:Gibraltar Artificial Reef
1197:
1186:
803:
792:
386:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
363:"Demystifying El Zacatón"
158:The University of Arizona
4878:Portal:Underwater diving
4530:Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich
1703:Agat World War II Amtrac
1396:Cancún Underwater Museum
1104:San Pedro Nolasco Island
741:22.9933472°N 98.165861°W
539:"Eulogy for an Explorer"
154:Colorado School of Mines
110:and cave diving pioneer
4915:Landforms of Tamaulipas
4845:Underwater diving sites
1487:Edmonds Underwater Park
967:Hol Chan Marine Reserve
922:Edmonds Underwater Park
786:Recreational dive sites
520:. Iucrr.org. 1994-04-06
4802:Underwater archaeology
4694:Capernwray Dive Centre
4592:Blue Hole (New Mexico)
2041:Captain Keith Tibbetts
1583:Wreck Alley, San Diego
1512:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
860:Biscayne National Park
746:22.9933472; -98.165861
630:. Newscientisttech.com
240:
192:principal investigator
139:principal investigator
96:
35:
4714:Hotel Terme Millepini
4583:Freshwater dive sites
907:Cliff Villa Peninsula
887:Cahuita National Park
880:Bunaken National Park
434:"The Unusual Cenotes"
404:Gary, Marcus (2000).
367:Astrobiology Magazine
235:
190:primary member and a
94:
33:
4797:Scuba diving tourism
4637:Ponce de Leon Spring
2193:Cornelia B. Windiate
1457:Wreck diving regions
1360:Port Noarlunga jetty
1064:Poor Knights Islands
609:. Stoneaerospace.com
488:. Mexicoprofundo.org
333:10.1061/41003(327)20
327:. pp. 202–212.
55:Sierra de Tamaulipas
49:features located in
4925:Sinkholes of Mexico
4787:Recreational diving
4411:Blue Hole (Red Sea)
4276:William C. Moreland
1401:Christ of the Abyss
1389:Underwater artworks
1099:San Andrés (island)
1059:Petit Saint Vincent
952:Great Southern Reef
855:Belize Barrier Reef
798:Reef diving regions
737: /
466:on January 14, 2014
220:Mammoth Hot Springs
51:Aldama Municipality
4772:Black-water diving
3587:President Coolidge
2387:Empress of Ireland
2134:Chester A. Congdon
2112:City of Launceston
1411:Kristu tal-Baħħara
1375:South Channel Fort
1262:Hillsea Point Rock
1139:St. Crispin's Reef
947:Great Barrier Reef
587:Washingtonpost.com
454:Moskowitz, Clara.
97:
36:
4887:
4886:
4820:
4819:
4807:Underwater diving
4782:Low impact diving
4777:Blue-water diving
4752:
4751:
4669:
4668:
4622:Homestead caldera
4573:
4572:
4545:Uamh an Claonaite
4540:Sistema Sac Actun
4535:Sistema Ox Bel Ha
4495:Piccaninnie Ponds
4485:Molnár János Cave
4396:Cave dive sites:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
3907:Selah Chamberlain
3693:Robert C. Pringle
3118:Mikhail Lermontov
2842:James Eagan Layne
2452:Francisco Morazan
2091:Christina Nilsson
1840:Arthur W. Radford
1591:
1590:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1355:Port Hughes jetty
1252:Fowey Rocks Light
1242:Frederiksted Pier
1182:
1181:
1004:Mantanani Islands
672:"Put a Lid On It"
342:978-0-7844-1003-5
16:(Redirected from
4937:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4758:
4709:Eccleston Quarry
4675:
4627:Little Blue Lake
4597:Blue Lake (Utah)
4579:
4520:Sistema Dos Ojos
4460:Engelbrecht Cave
4421:Blue Hole (Guam)
4381:
3930:South Australian
3519:Pietermaritzburg
2698:Herzogin Cecilie
2613:Grace A. Channon
2583:Glen Strathallan
1617:
1601:Wreck dive sites
1597:
1453:
1406:Circle of Heroes
1370:Shark River Reef
1340:Edithburgh jetty
1332:Artificial reefs
1328:
1267:Inland Sea, Gozo
1227:Elphinstone Reef
1188:
1169:Wakatobi Regency
927:El Ikhwa Islands
794:
779:
772:
765:
756:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
682:
681:
679:
678:
667:
661:
656:
650:
645:
639:
638:
636:
635:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
578:
572:
571:
569:
568:
556:
550:
549:
547:
546:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
514:
508:
503:
497:
496:
494:
493:
482:
476:
475:
473:
471:
462:. Archived from
451:
445:
444:
442:
441:
430:
424:
423:
421:
420:
401:
392:
391:
385:
377:
375:
374:
359:
353:
352:
350:
349:
312:
272:
260:
248:
216:hydrogen sulfide
21:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4910:Limestone caves
4905:Caves of Mexico
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4816:
4763:
4748:
4729:Seacrest Cove 2
4699:Deep Dive Dubai
4680:
4665:
4632:Logue Brook Dam
4607:Dorothea quarry
4602:Dinorwic quarry
4584:
4569:
4555:Wakulla Springs
4525:Sistema Huautla
4480:Kilsby sinkhole
4416:Great Blue Hole
4386:
4385:Cave dive sites
4367:
4335:
4296:
4231:Walter L M Russ
4210:
4170:
4131:
4010:
3778:
3655:Rainbow Warrior
3619:
3600:
3595:Prince of Wales
3445:
3397:
3341:
3153:Margaret Olwill
3058:
2962:
2884:
2797:
2748:
2646:
2530:George A. Marsh
2494:
2416:
2395:Erie L. Hackley
2312:
2307:Dwight L. Moody
2243:
2105:City of Everett
2070:Carthaginian II
2048:Carl D. Bradley
2004:
1867:
1716:Albert C. Field
1675:Admiral Sampson
1615:
1602:
1587:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1384:
1365:Rapid Bay jetty
1326:
1193:
1192:Reef dive sites
1178:
1119:Similan Islands
1109:Shaʽb Abu Nuħas
1094:Rottnest Island
1054:Pescador Island
1034:Neptune Islands
999:Lighthouse Reef
799:
788:
783:
745:
743:
739:
736:
731:
728:
726:
724:
723:
713:
699:Sistema Zacatón
694:Sistema Zacatón
690:
688:Further reading
685:
676:
674:
669:
668:
664:
657:
653:
648:Sistema Zacatón
646:
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559:Vlahos, James.
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283:
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175:
142:Stone Aerospace
89:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sistema Zacaton
15:
12:
11:
5:
4943:
4941:
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4927:
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4912:
4907:
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4885:
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4868:
4858:
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4818:
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4809:
4804:
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4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
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4762:Related topics
4761:
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4679:Training sites
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4445:Chinhoyi Caves
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3751:Royal Adelaide
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3701:Robert Wallace
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2913:Keystone State
2908:
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2864:John M. Osborn
2860:
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2799:
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2785:Isaac M. Scott
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2668:Henry Chisholm
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2468:Frank O'Connor
2463:
2460:Francis Hinton
2455:
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2417:
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2348:Edgar E. Clark
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2115:
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2098:City of Bangor
2094:
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2037:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2010:
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1682:Adolphus Busch
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1568:Wardang Island
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1159:Tubbataha Reef
1156:
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1129:Socorro Island
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Shadwan Island
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1056:
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1049:Panglao, Bohol
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1021:
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1014:Martin's Haven
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870:Bowie Seamount
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711:External links
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541:. Stationr.org
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4652:Vortex Spring
4650:
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4612:Dutch Springs
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4550:Vortex Spring
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4475:Jordbrugrotta
4473:
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4470:Hranice Abyss
4468:
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4463:
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4458:
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4453:
4451:
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4438:Dzibilchaltun
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4246:Washingtonian
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4103:Torrey Canyon
4100:
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4067:Thomas Wilson
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4060:Thomas Friant
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3990:Superior City
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3974:Stepas Darius
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3938:Spiegel Grove
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3843:Sanko Harvest
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:Samuel P. Ely
3833:
3831:
3830:
3829:Samuel Mather
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:Salem Express
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3758:Royal Charter
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3744:Rouse Simmons
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3238:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
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3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
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3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
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3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3067:
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3061:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
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3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2957:Kyle Spangler
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:Kizugawa Maru
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:John Mitchell
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:John B. Cowle
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:J.S. Seaverns
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:
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2800:
2794:
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2778:
2773:
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2765:
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2758:
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2755:
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2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:Hermann Künne
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:Gregory Poole
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:George M. Cox
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:General Botha
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:Fujikawa Maru
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:
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2404:
2399:
2397:
2396:
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2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
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2341:
2336:
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2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:Cape Henlopen
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Merkanti Reef
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Second Valley
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Kennack Sands
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Darwin's Arch
1215:
1213:
1212:Daedalus Reef
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Sound of Mull
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Puerto Galera
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:Palancar Reef
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Molasses Reef
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:Kadmat Island
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
802:
795:
791:
787:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
760:
757:
753:
750:
729:22°59′36.05″N
718:
715:
714:
710:
705:
703:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
673:
666:
663:
660:
655:
652:
649:
644:
641:
629:
623:
620:
608:
602:
599:
588:
584:
577:
574:
562:
555:
552:
540:
534:
531:
519:
513:
510:
507:
502:
499:
487:
481:
478:
465:
461:
457:
450:
447:
435:
429:
426:
415:
411:
407:
400:
398:
394:
389:
383:
368:
364:
358:
355:
344:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
311:
308:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
271:
266:
259:
254:
247:
242:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
199:
197:
193:
188:
184:
179:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
93:
86:
84:
82:
78:
73:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
4876:
4792:Scuba diving
4744:Swanage Pier
4564:
4510:Ricks Spring
4505:Pollatoomary
4395:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4329:
4321:
4309:
4291:Wilkes-Barre
4290:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4223:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4165:Um El Faroud
4163:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4125:
4116:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3867:S.C. Baldwin
3866:
3859:Saskatchewan
3858:
3850:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3686:Riva Palacio
3685:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3632:
3613:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3221:
3214:Midland City
3213:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2920:King Cruiser
2919:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2719:
2713:Hilma Hooker
2711:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2635:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2552:Georg Thiele
2551:
2544:
2538:George Dewey
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2270:David Tucker
2269:
2263:Daniel Lyons
2262:
2255:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2017:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1948:Bloemfontein
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1810:Aratama Maru
1808:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1767:Andrea Doria
1766:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1543:
1536:
1477:Chuuk Lagoon
1472:Calve Island
1380:Osborne Reef
1297:Portsea Hole
1287:Octopus Hole
1277:The Manacles
1202:Azure Window
1089:Rondo Island
942:Gili Islands
892:Calve Island
818:Aliwal Shoal
722:
675:. Retrieved
665:
654:
643:
632:. Retrieved
622:
611:. Retrieved
601:
590:. Retrieved
586:
576:
565:. Retrieved
563:. Popsci.com
554:
543:. Retrieved
533:
522:. Retrieved
512:
501:
490:. Retrieved
480:
468:. Retrieved
464:the original
459:
449:
438:. Retrieved
428:
417:. Retrieved
409:
371:. Retrieved
366:
357:
346:. Retrieved
324:
318:
310:
236:
228:
200:
180:
176:
173:Hydrogeology
98:
74:
71:
67:
38:
37:
4812:Wall diving
4739:Stoney Cove
4617:Ewens Ponds
4500:Pluragrotta
4465:Fossil Cave
4428:Boesmansgat
4260:HMNZS
4222:HMNZS
4124:HMNZS
4074:Thunderbolt
4053:Thistlegorm
4029:USCGC
4005:Sweepstakes
3982:St Lawrence
3573:Port Napier
3565:Port Kembla
3557:Pool Fisher
3550:Point Swift
3323:RMS Mulheim
3266:USCGC
3030:Louis Sheid
2983:Lady Thetis
2792:Island City
2507:Gallinipper
2475:F.T. Barney
2291:USCGC
2236:USCGC
2154:USCGC
2141:Clan Ranald
2032:USCGC
2026:Cape Breton
1962:Brian Davis
1946:HMSAS
1908:USCGC
1862:Australasia
1738:Al Munassir
1689:Aeolian Sky
1611:115 (barge)
1563:Ve Skerries
1435:Fungus Rock
1426:Snorkelling
1282:Magic Point
1257:Gamul Kebir
1247:French Reef
1039:Osprey Reef
977:Sodwana Bay
937:Għar Qawqla
850:Bay of Pigs
825:Amed (Bali)
744: /
732:98°9′57.1″W
719:(216KB PNG)
460:NBCNews.com
224:Yellowstone
203:Pleistocene
112:Sheck Exley
4900:Wild caves
4894:Categories
4843:Category:
4689:Blue Abyss
4662:Wazee Lake
4657:Wast Water
4642:Rum Jungle
4490:Nereo Cave
4328:HMCS
4262:Wellington
4239:Warrior II
4096:Tokai Maru
4087:HMAS
3996:HMAS
3952:Stanegarth
3633:R.P. Resor
3501:HMAS
3488:Pedernales
3392:Northerner
3315:M.M. Drake
3191:Mercedes I
3174:USAT
3160:Marguerite
3013:USAT
2976:Lady Elgin
2905:Kashi Maru
2741:HMAS
2676:Hephaestus
2606:Gothenburg
2363:Ellengowan
2285:D.R. Hanna
2222:Cumberland
2201:Coronation
2176:HMAS
2170:Constandis
2084:Cedarville
2024:HMCS
2016:HMAS
1976:HMHS
1968:HMAS
1917:Binnendijk
1879:HMAS
1796:Appomattox
1666:HMAS
1645:Aaron Ward
1527:Scapa Flow
1292:Pope's Eye
1174:Weh Island
1079:Punta Cana
1019:Marsa Alam
1009:Malapascua
835:Apo Island
677:2011-01-07
634:2012-05-02
613:2012-05-02
592:2012-05-02
567:2012-05-02
545:2012-05-02
524:2012-05-02
492:2012-05-02
440:2012-05-02
419:2011-01-07
373:2012-05-02
348:2011-01-07
303:References
231:travertine
196:autonomous
108:Jim Bowden
59:Tamaulipas
4854:Commons:
4560:Wondergat
4515:The Shaft
4406:Blue hole
4401:Blauhöhle
4355:Zealandia
4308:USS
4289:USS
4283:Wisconsin
4191:Vermilion
4189:USS
4111:Transvaal
4109:SAS
4037:USS
3936:USS
3913:HMS
3897:HMS
3891:Scrimmage
3881:USS
3849:USS
3790:HMS
3709:Rochester
3677:RMS
3571:HMS
3534:Piłsudski
3527:Pilotfish
3517:SAS
3433:Oslofjord
3424:USS
3305:HMS
3281:RMS
3245:Milwaukee
3229:Minnedosa
3168:Mauna Loa
3138:HMS
3110:Mayflower
3103:Marquette
3093:SMS
3080:Mackenzie
3070:HMS
3053:Lumberman
3044:USS
3038:L.R. Doty
3023:Louisiana
2989:HMS
2943:Kronprinz
2941:SMS
2928:Kittiwake
2777:Ironsides
2733:HMS
2628:Green Bay
2599:Goorangai
2591:Good Hope
2589:SAS
2558:HMS
2444:Fleetwing
2428:HMS
2385:RMS
2354:HMT
2340:Eber Ward
2332:Eastfield
2276:SMS
2228:USS
2199:HMS
2184:SMS
2119:Chaudière
2054:USS
1992:Bungsberg
1978:Britannic
1931:HMS
1923:USS
1902:Bianca C.
1888:Ben Doran
1853:USS
1838:USS
1823:USS
1787:USS
1758:USS
1745:Amaryllis
1722:USS
1695:USS
1658:USS
1652:Abessinia
1643:USS
1635:HMS
1627:HMS
1497:Loch Long
1482:Coron Bay
1322:Wolf Rock
1307:Sund Rock
932:False Bay
897:Capurganá
865:Bohol Sea
470:22 August
208:volcanism
53:near the
4704:Deepspot
4183:Varvassi
4118:Treasure
4081:Toa Maru
3959:Stanwood
3851:Saratoga
3807:Saguenay
3799:Sagamore
3723:Rosehill
3631:SS
3612:PS
3426:Oriskany
3337:SS Myron
3331:Muliphen
3321:MV
3299:Monrovia
3283:Moldavia
3222:Mindanao
3206:Metamora
3199:Mesquite
3166:SS
3146:SS Maori
3095:Markgraf
2999:Lakeland
2898:Kamloops
2720:Hispania
2576:Glenlyon
2489:Fumizuki
2450:SS
2430:Falmouth
2300:Dunraven
2238:Cuyahoga
2208:Crusader
2186:Cormoran
2156:Comanche
2127:Chen Hai
2063:Carnatic
2056:Carlisle
2018:Canberra
1970:Brisbane
1933:Boadicea
1825:Arkansas
1781:Antilles
1760:Anderson
1668:Adelaide
1660:Accokeek
1545:Tulamben
1232:Eyemouth
1207:Cod Hole
1029:Molokini
902:Ċirkewwa
840:Apo Reef
382:cite web
281:See also
133:moon of
81:bacteria
43:sinkhole
4724:Nemo 33
4565:Zacatón
4362:Zingara
4348:Zenobia
4322:Yongala
4269:Wexford
4254:Waubuno
4224:Waikato
4031:Tamaroa
3883:Scuffle
3737:Rotorua
3730:Rosinco
3671:Repulse
3580:Preußen
3542:Pioneer
3511:Pewabic
3495:Persier
3481:Papoose
3377:Nipigon
3368:Niagara
3361:Niagara
3307:Montagu
3291:Monarch
3275:Mohegan
3237:Miowera
3087:Madeira
3046:LST-507
3015:Liberty
2991:Laforey
2642:Gunilda
2621:Grecian
2568:Gilliam
2411:Etruria
2403:Espagne
2379:Emperor
2278:Dresden
2148:Clifton
1985:Bud Bar
1895:Benwood
1881:Bayonet
1855:Atlanta
1847:Atlanta
1774:Antilla
1752:America
1312:St Abbs
1237:Fanadir
1149:Taganga
1124:Sipadan
912:Cozumel
875:Bunaken
319:Xplorer
39:Zacatón
4875:
4647:Silfra
4433:Cenote
4316:YO-257
4310:Yancey
4205:Vienna
4198:Vernon
4158:U-1195
4089:Tobruk
4046:Thesis
4039:Tarpon
3966:Stella
3921:USCGC
3899:Scylla
3875:Schurz
3814:Sakawa
3792:Safari
3773:Russia
3663:Regina
3648:Rankin
3640:Radaas
3548:USCGC
3410:Oceana
3385:Norman
3354:Nagato
3268:Mohawk
3260:Miztec
3253:Mizpah
3197:USCGC
3132:Maloja
3112:(scow)
3007:Lamson
2950:Kyarra
2743:Hobart
2706:Hesper
2691:Hermes
2560:Ghurka
2371:Emmons
2178:Coogee
2077:Cayuga
1925:Blenny
1817:Arctic
1803:Aquila
1789:Apogon
1731:Algoma
1697:Aeolus
1538:Tulagi
994:Ko Tao
830:Anilao
808:Akumal
339:
292:DEPTHX
287:Cenote
160:, and
135:Europa
131:Jovian
127:DEPTHX
87:Diving
63:Mexico
4330:Yukon
4151:U-352
4023:Tahoe
3945:Sport
3915:Sidon
3857:HMCS
3805:HMCS
3716:Rondo
3679:Rhone
3503:Perth
3473:Panay
3440:Ozone
3418:Onoko
3375:HMCS
3370:(tug)
3183:Mendi
3176:Meigs
3140:Maori
3125:Maine
3078:HMCS
2833:HMAS
2825:HMAS
2817:HMAS
2809:HMAS
2769:Indra
2761:Igara
2660:Haven
2597:HMAS
2521:USNS
2513:SATS
2325:Eagle
2293:Duane
2256:Dania
2163:Comet
2125:ROCS
1999:Byron
1955:Breda
1940:Booya
1724:Algol
1428:sites
1164:Utila
77:phyla
47:karst
4237:HMS
4144:U-40
3998:Swan
3980:HMS
3923:Spar
3889:USS
3873:USS
3765:Rozi
3707:USS
3669:HMS
3646:USS
3593:HMS
3525:USS
3329:USS
3251:USS
3220:USS
3005:USS
2926:USS
2879:Jura
2767:USS
2735:Hood
2727:Home
2689:HMS
2566:USS
2437:Fifi
2369:USS
2230:Curb
2215:Cuba
1910:Bibb
1709:Ajax
962:Haql
472:2013
388:link
337:ISBN
214:and
123:NASA
121:The
4252:PS
4126:Tui
3988:SS
3972:SS
3905:SS
3865:SS
3827:SS
3771:SS
3699:SS
3661:SS
3563:SS
3540:SS
3509:SS
3479:SS
3471:SS
3465:P31
3458:P29
3416:SS
3383:SS
3313:SS
3297:SS
3289:SS
3243:SS
3235:SS
3212:SS
3189:MV
3151:SS
3101:SS
3036:SS
3021:SS
2997:SS
2974:PS
2911:PS
2896:SS
2870:SS
2855:SS
2783:SS
2775:SS
2704:SS
2674:MT
2666:SS
2658:MT
2634:MV
2619:SS
2574:SS
2536:SS
2466:SS
2458:SS
2409:SS
2401:SS
2393:SS
2377:SS
2356:Elk
2346:SS
2338:SS
329:doi
222:in
164:'s
79:of
4896::
3072:M2
2835:J5
2827:J4
2819:J2
2811:J1
1637:A3
1629:A1
585:.
458:.
412:.
396:^
384:}}
380:{{
365:.
335:.
323:.
321:)"
185:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
83:.
61:,
4340:Z
4301:Y
4215:W
4175:V
4136:U
4015:T
3783:S
3624:R
3605:Q
3450:P
3402:O
3346:N
3063:M
2967:L
2889:K
2802:J
2753:I
2651:H
2499:G
2421:F
2317:E
2248:D
2009:C
1872:B
1620:A
778:e
771:t
764:v
680:.
637:.
616:.
595:.
570:.
548:.
527:.
495:.
474:.
443:.
422:.
390:)
376:.
351:.
331::
168:.
20:)
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