1727:
132:
1515:
1670:
102:
372:. The inner surface of the shell tends to be weakly mineralized, so many aspects of the musculature and other soft anatomy are difficult to estimate in most species. Available data supports comparison to the internal structures of lingulids. Siphonotretids may be related to the linguloid families
383:
Similar to acrotretides, the pedicle foramen was set at the apex of the ventral valve, though it is often elongated into a tubular groove opening forwards. This groove lies on a triangular extension of the ventral valve, known as a pseudointerarea, which overhangs the dorsal valve. Unlike
401:
and U-shaped gut. However, the shell was poorly mineralized and sends out a very long, stalk-like pedicle, which in one specimen was attached to a fragment of algae. Combined with a lightweight shell, the pedicle likely helped to suspend the body above the seabed, an
367:
Siphonotretids had simple, rounded shells, with an ornamentation of hollow spines or rarely pointed tubercles. The shell is usually ventribiconvex (both valves convex, the ventral valve moreso) and composed of microscopic granules of
1094:
Streng, Michael; Mellbin, Barbro B.; Landing, Ed; Keppie, J. Duncan (2011). "Linguliform brachiopods from the terminal
Cambrian and lowest Ordovician of the Oaxaquia microcontinent (Southern Mexico)".
753:
Hu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Holmer, L.E.; Skovsted, C.B. (2010). "Soft−part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower
Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China".
879:"Response of organophosphatic brachiopods to the mid-Ludfordian (late Silurian) carbon isotope excursion and associated extinction events in the Prague Basin (Czech Republic)"
1768:
1603:
1149:
1711:
1590:
1068:
958:
Popov, Leonid E.; Holmer, Lars E.; Bassett, Michael G.; Pour, Mansoureh
Ghobadi; Percival, Ian G. (2013). Harper, D.A.T.; Servais, T. (eds.).
1797:
828:
820:
724:
1761:
732:
1642:
1754:
1039:
Holmer, L. E.; Caron, J. B. (2006). "A spinose stem group brachiopod with pedicle from the Middle
Cambrian Burgess Shale".
131:
1726:
1704:
913:"Early ontogeny and soft tissue preservation in siphonotretide brachiopods: New data from the Cambrian–Ordovician of Iran"
755:
1142:
1003:
1135:
1792:
823:. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas. pp. 2575–2577.
1697:
727:. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas. pp. 136–146.
1096:
720:
Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Volumes 2 & 3: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and
Rhynchonelliformea (part)
110:
1530:
1514:
1080:
764:
1629:
1262:
912:
1647:
1105:
924:
679:
769:
634:
515:
1568:
1450:
810:
714:
596:
504:
482:
420:
657:
574:
393:
is known from several exceptionally-preserved specimens which reveal lingulid-like traits such as
377:
1787:
1304:
782:
541:
530:
373:
335:
126:
1004:"A new siphonotretid brachiopod from the Silurian of central-western New South Wales, Australia"
878:
646:
585:
552:
493:
303:
1634:
611:
563:
463:
317:
1616:
1577:
981:
940:
911:
Popov, Leonid E.; Bassett, Michael G.; Holmer, Lars E.; Ghobadi Pour, Mansoureh (2009-08-01).
824:
728:
356:
1738:
1681:
1621:
1608:
1113:
1050:
1018:
971:
932:
893:
774:
623:
452:
298:
290:
278:
115:
853:
sp. nov., a new siphonotretid brachiopod from the
Silurian of the Barrandian area, Bohemia"
814:
718:
1161:
443:
389:
247:
236:
1109:
928:
848:
384:
acrotretides, the adult shell is spinose while the larval shell lacks a pitted texture.
1669:
1481:
1434:
1386:
1041:
326:
101:
1781:
1496:
1473:
1455:
1329:
1177:
1054:
1022:
475:
436:
294:
274:
240:
59:
786:
1582:
1286:
1253:
668:
627:
308:
1553:
1562:
1486:
1442:
1429:
1421:
1350:
1342:
1278:
1197:
604:
471:
456:
352:
262:
34:
960:"Chapter 10: Biogeography of Ordovician linguliform and craniiform brachiopods"
1734:
1677:
1491:
1460:
1397:
1376:
1363:
1231:
1223:
1158:
428:
403:
398:
243:
163:
79:
44:
985:
944:
936:
897:
1371:
1202:
1186:
344:
282:
250:
173:
143:
84:
778:
1547:
1405:
1324:
1316:
1270:
619:
523:
407:
348:
312:
119:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1595:
1413:
369:
340:
89:
64:
297:"). More recently, new siphonotretids have been described as early as
1117:
432:
322:
286:
153:
1524:
1127:
976:
959:
359:
waters around
Gondwana and mostly replaced their older relatives.
355:, advanced Ordovician-style spiny siphonotretids spread out from
289:), and were traditionally considered to have gone extinct in the
394:
1528:
1131:
809:
Holmer, Lars E.; Popov, Leonid E.; Bassett, Michael G. (2007).
339:, with basic forms of ornamentation, populated the shores of
261:. Siphonotretoids were originally named as a superfamily of
1742:
1685:
966:. Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography.
1470:
1447:
1439:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1360:
1339:
1313:
1283:
1275:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1537:
1469:
1385:
1359:
1338:
1312:
1303:
1261:
1252:
1219:
1185:
1176:
816:
Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised). Volume 6: Supplement
592:(Middle to Upper Ordovician, "Arenig" to "Caradoc")
581:(Middle to Upper Ordovician, "Arenig" to "Ashgill")
253:. The order is equivalent to the sole superfamily
1079:. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011. Archived from
535:Popov & Khazanovitch (in Popov et al., 1989)
329:. Archaic Cambrian-style siphonotretids such as
321:). Isolated fragments are even known from the
1762:
1705:
1143:
459:; provisionally assigned to Siphonotretoidea)
8:
1034:
1032:
351:by the start of the Ordovician. In the late
601:Streng, Mellbin, Landing & Keppie, 2011
1769:
1755:
1712:
1698:
1525:
1309:
1258:
1249:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1150:
1136:
1128:
1002:Valentine, James L.; Brock, Glenn (2003).
877:Mergl, M.; Fryda, J.; Kubajko, M. (2018).
713:Holmer, Lars E.; Popov, Leonid E. (2000).
686:(Lower Ordovician, "Tremadoc" to "Arenig")
522:(Lower to Middle Ordovician, "Arenig" to "
265:, before being raised to their own order.
100:
20:
975:
768:
653:(Middle Cambrian to Ordovician, "Arenig")
273:Spihonotretids were most abundant in the
748:
746:
744:
696:
570:(Lower to Middle Ordovician, "Arenig")
821:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
725:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
590:Popov (in Kolobova & Popov, 1986)
7:
1723:
1721:
1666:
1664:
997:
995:
842:
840:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
664:(Ordovician, "Tremadoc" to "Arenig")
257:, itself containing the sole family
964:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
675:(Ordovician, "Arenig" to "Caradoc")
16:Extinct order of marine lamp shells
1741:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1684:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
811:"Chapter 3 (part): Siphonotretida"
14:
1725:
1668:
1513:
1055:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00241.x
1023:10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1378
1011:Records of the Australian Museum
130:
546:Pander (in von Helmersen, 1861)
717:. In Kaesler, Roger L. (ed.).
640:Bednarczyk & Biernat, 1978
548:(Upper Cambrian to Ordovician)
1:
756:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
715:"Chapter 1 (part): Lingulata"
559:(Middle Ordovician, "Arenig")
511:(Middle Ordovician, "Arenig")
1798:Prehistoric protostome stubs
1077:Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery
813:. In Selden, Paul A. (ed.).
406:lifestyle dissimilar to the
616:Valentine & Brock, 2003
387:The possible siphonotretid
114:, a siphonotretid from the
1814:
1720:
1663:
557:Williams & Curry, 1985
509:Williams & Curry, 1985
1511:
1248:
1172:
1168:
127:Scientific classification
125:
111:"Schizambon" perspinosum
108:
99:
23:
937:10.1016/j.gr.2009.01.009
898:10.3140/bull.geosci.1710
684:Popov & Holmer, 1994
449:Holmer & Caron, 2006
1097:Journal of Paleontology
1071:Acanthotretella spinosa
886:Bulletin of Geosciences
860:Bulletin of Geosciences
410:(burrowing) lingulids.
30:Cambrian Stage 4–Ludlow
1680:-related article is a
642:(Ordovician, "Arenig")
500:(Ordovician, "Arenig")
489:(Ordovician, "Arenig")
1630:Paleobiology Database
779:10.4202/app.2009.1106
307:) and as late as the
1110:2011JPal...85..122S
929:2009GondR..16..151P
603:(Upper Cambrian to
1305:Rhynchonelliformea
851:Orbaspina chlupaci
847:Mergl, M. (2003).
374:Lingulellotretidae
1750:
1749:
1733:This prehistoric
1693:
1692:
1658:
1657:
1617:Open Tree of Life
1531:Taxon identifiers
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
917:Gondwana Research
830:978-0-8137-3136-0
685:
674:
673:de Verneuil, 1845
663:
652:
641:
617:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
547:
536:
521:
510:
499:
488:
469:
450:
426:
397:, a spirolophous
230:
229:
226:
209:
192:
1805:
1793:Brachiopod stubs
1771:
1764:
1757:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1526:
1517:
1472:
1449:
1441:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1362:
1341:
1315:
1310:
1285:
1277:
1259:
1250:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1118:10.1666/10-074.1
1091:
1085:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1008:
999:
990:
989:
979:
955:
949:
948:
908:
902:
901:
883:
874:
868:
867:
857:
844:
835:
834:
806:
791:
790:
772:
750:
739:
738:
710:
683:
672:
661:
650:
639:
615:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
545:
537:(Upper Cambrian)
534:
519:
508:
497:
486:
468:Goryanskij, 1969
467:
451:(mid-Cambrian, "
448:
424:
299:Cambrian Stage 4
291:Upper Ordovician
279:Early Ordovician
255:Siphonotretoidea
224:
219:
207:
204:Siphonotretoidea
202:
190:
185:
135:
134:
116:Upper Ordovician
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1719:
1718:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1501:
1465:
1381:
1355:
1334:
1291:
1236:
1215:
1164:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1006:
1001:
1000:
993:
957:
956:
952:
910:
909:
905:
881:
876:
875:
871:
855:
846:
845:
838:
831:
808:
807:
794:
770:10.1.1.729.8220
752:
751:
742:
735:
712:
711:
698:
693:
680:Siphonotretella
444:Acanthotretella
416:
390:Acanthotretella
365:
271:
259:Siphonotretidae
223:
221:Siphonotretidae
217:
206:
200:
189:
183:
129:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1673:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1569:Siphonotretida
1559:
1543:
1541:
1539:Siphonotretida
1535:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Billingsellida
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1435:Rhynchonellida
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1387:Rhynchonellata
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1211:Siphonotretida
1205:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1104:(1): 122–155.
1086:
1083:on 2020-11-12.
1060:
1042:Acta Zoologica
1028:
1017:(2): 231–244.
991:
977:10.1144/M38.10
970:(1): 117–126.
950:
923:(1): 151–161.
903:
892:(3): 369–400.
869:
836:
829:
792:
763:(3): 495–505.
740:
733:
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
676:
665:
662:Havlíček, 1982
654:
643:
635:Quasithambonia
631:
608:
593:
582:
571:
560:
549:
538:
527:
520:Havlíček, 1982
516:Eosiphonotreta
512:
501:
498:Havlíček, 1982
490:
479:
470:(Ordovician, "
460:
440:
415:
414:List of genera
412:
364:
361:
327:Lower Devonian
270:
267:
235:is an extinct
233:Siphonotretida
228:
227:
215:
211:
210:
198:
194:
193:
187:Siphonotretida
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
24:Siphonotretida
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:article is a
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1498:
1497:Strophomenida
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1474:Strophomenata
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Terebratulida
1454:
1452:
1451:Spiriferinida
1446:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1330:Dictyonellida
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Linguliformea
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
873:
870:
866:(4): 419–421.
865:
861:
854:
852:
843:
841:
837:
832:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
757:
749:
747:
745:
741:
736:
734:0-8137-3108-9
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
690:
682:
681:
677:
671:
670:
666:
660:
659:
655:
651:Walcott, 1884
649:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
629:
625:
621:
614:
613:
609:
606:
599:
598:
597:Oaxaquiatreta
594:
588:
587:
583:
577:
576:
572:
568:Kutorga, 1848
566:
565:
561:
555:
554:
550:
544:
543:
539:
533:
532:
528:
525:
518:
517:
513:
507:
506:
505:Cyrbasiotreta
502:
496:
495:
491:
485:
484:
483:Collarotrella
480:
477:
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421:Acanthambonia
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325:stage of the
324:
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311:Epoch of the
310:
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296:
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284:
280:
276:
275:late Cambrian
268:
266:
264:
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238:
234:
225:Kutorga, 1848
222:
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208:Kutorga, 1848
205:
199:
197:Superfamily:
196:
195:
188:
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46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1743:expanding it
1732:
1686:expanding it
1675:
1660:
1538:
1287:Trimerellida
1254:Craniiformea
1210:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1081:the original
1076:
1070:
1063:
1046:
1040:
1014:
1010:
967:
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916:
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872:
863:
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815:
760:
754:
719:
678:
669:Siphonotreta
667:
658:Siphonobolus
656:
645:
633:
610:
595:
584:
579:Rowell, 1962
575:Multispinula
573:
562:
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540:
529:
514:
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481:
462:
442:
425:Cooper, 1956
419:
388:
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378:Dysoristidae
366:
334:
330:
316:
302:
272:
258:
254:
232:
231:
220:
203:
186:
109:
18:
1563:Wikispecies
1487:Orthotetida
1443:Spiriferida
1430:Protorthida
1422:Pentamerida
1351:Kutorginida
1343:Kutorginata
1279:Craniopsida
1198:Acrotretida
605:Tremadocian
542:Helmersenia
531:Gorchakovia
487:Mergl, 1997
457:Miaolingian
353:Tremadocian
336:Helmersenia
263:Acrotretida
244:brachiopods
241:linguliform
164:Brachiopoda
1782:Categories
1735:protostome
1678:brachiopod
1492:Productida
1461:Thecideida
1398:Athyridida
1377:Obolellida
1364:Obolellata
1232:Paterinida
1224:Paterinata
1159:Brachiopod
1049:(4): 273.
691:References
647:Schizambon
624:Llandovery
586:Nushbiella
553:Karnotreta
494:Celdobolus
429:Ordovician
404:epibenthic
399:lophophore
331:Schizambon
304:Schizambon
191:Kuhn, 1949
1788:Lingulata
1554:Q21291019
1372:Naukatida
1203:Lingulida
1187:Lingulata
986:0435-4052
945:1342-937X
765:CiteSeerX
612:Orbaspina
564:Mesotreta
464:Alichovia
357:temperate
345:Laurentia
318:Orbaspina
283:Furongian
269:Evolution
251:Lingulata
174:Lingulata
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
1548:Wikidata
1406:Atrypida
1325:Chileida
1317:Chileata
1271:Craniida
1263:Craniata
787:59439966
620:Silurian
524:Llanvirn
472:Tremadoc
408:infaunal
349:Gondwana
313:Silurian
214:Family:
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
120:Oklahoma
1622:7491157
1596:9311931
1414:Orthida
1106:Bibcode
925:Bibcode
622:, late
476:Caradoc
453:Stage 4
437:Ashgill
370:apatite
363:Anatomy
341:Baltica
295:Ashgill
246:in the
180:Order:
170:Class:
1648:991168
1162:orders
984:
943:
827:
785:
767:
731:
628:Ludlow
474:" to "
435:" to "
433:Arenig
347:, and
323:Emsian
309:Ludlow
287:Floian
1676:This
1643:WoRMS
1635:82434
1609:13048
1604:IRMNG
1583:8FSYL
1007:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
783:S2CID
455:" to
395:setae
248:class
237:order
1739:stub
1682:stub
1591:GBIF
982:ISSN
941:ISSN
825:ISBN
729:ISBN
333:and
277:and
35:PreꞒ
1578:CoL
1114:doi
1051:doi
1019:doi
972:doi
933:doi
894:doi
775:doi
626:to
431:, "
376:or
285:to
239:of
118:of
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1471:†
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184:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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